📚 GCSE OCR Music: Formulae & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | GCSE OCR 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook gathers the essential music theory ‘formulae’ you need for the GCSE OCR Music exam. From interval calculation to chord construction and cadence rules, these patterns will help you analyse set works and compose with confidence. Keep this quick-reference guide at your side while revising.
本手册汇总了 GCSE OCR 音乐考试所需的核心乐理“公式”。从音程计算到和弦构建，再到终止式规则，这些模式将帮助你深入分析规定作品并自信地进行创作。复习时请随身携带这份速查手册。
1. Pitch and Note Naming Rules | 音高与音名规则
The smallest interval in Western music is a semitone (half step). On a keyboard, this is the distance from one key to the very next, including black keys. A whole tone (whole step) equals two semitones. Notes are named using letters A–G and are altered by accidentals: ♯ (sharp), ♭ (flat) and ♮ (natural). Enharmonic equivalents sound the same but are spelled differently, such as F♯ and G♭. The distance between any two notes is measured in semitones.
西方音乐中最小的音程是半音。在键盘上，这是一个键到相邻下一个键的距离（包括黑键）。全音等于两个半音。音符以字母 A–G 命名，并由变音记号加以改变：♯（升号）、♭（降号）和 ♮（还原号）。等音是发音相同但记谱不同的音，例如 F♯ 和 G♭。任何两个音之间的距离都用半音来测量。
2. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
All major scales follow the same pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S):
T T S T T T S
Starting on any note and applying this sequence creates a major scale. For C major (no sharps or flats): C (T) D (T) E (S) F (T) G (T) A (T) B (S) C. The pattern is also remembered as whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half. The seventh degree is the leading note, a semitone below the tonic, which creates a strong pull back to the home note.
所有大调音阶都遵循相同的全音（T）与半音（S）排列：
全 全 半 全 全 全 半
从任意音开始并套用这个序列即可构成大调音阶。以 C 大调为例（无升降号）：C (全) D (全) E (半) F (全) G (全) A (全) B (半) C。该模式亦可记为全全半全全全半。第七级音是导音，距离主音半音，能产生强烈的回到主音的倾向。
3. Minor Scale Formulae | 小调音阶公式
Natural minor scale follows the pattern: T S T T S T T. In A natural minor (relative of C major): A (T) B (S) C (T) D (T) E (S) F (T) G (T) A. The harmonic minor raises the seventh degree by a semitone, creating a gap of a tone-plus-semitone (augmented 2nd) between degrees 6 and 7. Pattern: T S T T S 3S S. The melodic minor has raised 6th and 7th degrees ascending (T S T T T T S) and reverts to natural minor descending.
自然小调音阶排列为：全 半 全 全 半 全 全。以 A 自然小调为例（C 大调的关系小调）：A (全) B (半) C (全) D (全) E (半) F (全) G (全) A。和声小调把第七级音升高半音，使得六级到七级之间形成一个增二度间隔。排列为：全 半 全 全 半 增二度 半。旋律小调在上行时升高六级和七级音（全 半 全 全 全 全 半），下行时还原为自然小调。
4. Pentatonic and Blues Scale Formulae | 五声音阶与布鲁斯音阶公式
The major pentatonic scale uses scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 — omitting the 4th and 7th. On C: C D E G A. The minor pentatonic uses 1, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭7. On A: A C D E G. The blues scale adds a ♭5 (the ‘blue note’) to the minor pentatonic: 1, ♭3, 4, ♭5, 5, ♭7. These scales are common in popular, folk and world music and are useful for improvisation in OCR listening and composing tasks.
大调五声音阶使用第 1、2、3、5、6 级音，省略第 4 和第 7 级。C 大调五声音阶：C D E G A。小调五声音阶使用 1、♭3、4、5、♭7 级。A 小调五声音阶：A C D E G。布鲁斯音阶在小调五声音阶基础上加入 ♭5（“蓝调音符”）：1、♭3、4、♭5、5、♭7。这些音阶常见于流行、民族和世界音乐中，对 OCR 听力与创作任务中的即兴创作很有帮助。
5. Interval Calculation Formulae | 音程计算公式
Intervals are measured by the number of semitones between two notes. Use this table to quickly identify the interval quality and size:
音程由两个音之间的半音数来测量。使用下表可快速辨认音程的质量和大小：
| Semitones 半音 | Interval (EN) | 音程 (中文) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Perfect unison | 纯一度 |
| 1 | Minor 2nd | 小二度 |
| 2 | Major 2nd | 大二度 |
| 3 | Minor 3rd | 小三度 |
| 4 | Major 3rd | 大三度 |
| 5 | Perfect 4th | 纯四度 |
| 6 | Augmented 4th / Diminished 5th (tritone) | 增四度/减五度 |
| 7 | Perfect 5th | 纯五度 |
| 8 | Minor 6th | 小六度 |
| 9 | Major 6th | 大六度 |
| 10 | Minor 7th | 小七度 |
| 11 | Major 7th | 大七度 |
| 12 | Perfect octave | 纯八度 |
To invert an interval, subtract the number from 9 (for simple intervals) and reverse the quality: major becomes minor, perfect stays perfect, augmented becomes diminished. For example, a major 3rd (C–E) becomes a minor 6th (E–C).
音程转位的规则：用 9 减去原位音程度数（单音程），同时翻转性质——大变小，小变大，纯不变，增变减。例如大三度 (C–E) 转位后成为小六度 (E–C)。
6. Chord Construction Formulae | 和弦构建公式
Chords are built by stacking intervals. Learn these semitone patterns from the root:
和弦通过堆叠音程构建。请记住以下从根音开始的半音排列模式：
| Chord type 和弦类型 | Semitone pattern (root upwards) 半音模式 | Example on C 以 C 为例 |
|---|---|---|
| Major triad 大三和弦 | 4 + 3 | C E G |
| Minor triad 小三和弦 | 3 + 4 | C E♭ G |
| Diminished triad 减三和弦 | 3 + 3 | C E♭ G♭ |
| Augmented triad 增三和弦 | 4 + 4 | C E G♯ |
For seventh chords, add a further third on top. The dominant 7th (major triad + minor 7th above root) has the pattern 4+3+3 (e.g. C7: C E G B♭). The major 7th uses 4+3+4 (Cmaj7: C E G B). The minor 7th uses 3+4+3 (Cm7: C E♭ G B♭). Half-diminished 7th: 3+3+4 (Cø7: C E♭ G♭ B♭). Diminished 7th: 3+3+3 (C°7: C E♭ G♭ B♭♭, enharmonically A).
七和弦则在三和弦上方再叠置一个三度。属七和弦（大三和弦 + 根音上方小七度）的模式为 4+3+3（如 C7：C E G B♭）。大七和弦为 4+3+4（Cmaj7：C E G B）。小七和弦为 3+4+3（Cm7：C E♭ G B♭）。半减七和弦：3+3+4（Cø7：C E♭ G♭ B♭）。减七和弦：3+3+3（C°7：C E♭ G♭ B♭♭，等音为 A）。
7. Key Signatures and Circle of Fifths | 调号与五度圈
Key signatures follow fixed orders of sharps and flats. Sharps: F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯. Flats: B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭. To find the major key from sharps, look at the last sharp and go up a semitone (e.g. last sharp F♯ → G major). For flats, the second-to-last flat names the key (e.g. B♭, E♭, A♭ → A♭ major). The relative minor is three semitones below the major tonic. The circle of fifths arranges keys by the number of sharps/flats, moving clockwise for 5ths up.
调号的升号和降号有固定顺序。升号：F♯、C♯、G♯、D♯、A♯、E♯、B♯。降号：B♭、E♭、A♭、D♭、G♭、C♭、F♭。通过升号找大调：看最后一个升号再上行半音（如最后一个升号为 F♯ → G 大调）。通过降号找大调：倒数第二个降号即为调名（如 B♭、E♭、A♭ → A♭ 大调）。关系小调在其大调主音下方小三度。五度圈按升降号数目排列各调，顺时针为向上五度。
8. Rhythmic Formulae | 节奏公式
Time signatures: the top number indicates how many beats per bar; the bottom number gives the beat value (4 = crotchet, 8 = quaver, 2 = minim). Dotted notes add half the original value: dotted crotchet = crotchet + quaver. Triplets fit three notes into the time normally taken by two — e.g. a quaver triplet fills one crotchet beat. Ties add durations across barlines. For tempo and metre analysis, remember duple, triple and quadruple groupings, and know the difference between simple and compound time (compound divides each beat into three).
拍号：上方数字表示每小节拍数，下方数字表示以什么音符为一拍（4 = 四分音符，8 = 八分音符，2 = 二分音符）。附点音符增加原时值的一半：附点四分音符 = 四分音符 + 八分音符。三连音在原本两个音符的时值内均匀地演奏三个音符——例如八分音符三连音占一个四分音符的时值。延音线将时值跨小节相加。在速度与节拍分析中，记住二拍子、三拍子、四拍子的分组，并区分单拍子与复拍子（复拍子每一拍拆分为三等份）。
9. Cadence Rules | 终止式公式
Cadences are the musical equivalent of punctuation marks and follow these harmonic formulas:
- Perfect cadence: V – I (or V7 – I). Sounds final, complete.
- Plagal cadence: IV – I. The ‘Amen’ cadence.
- Imperfect cadence: any chord to V (commonly I – V, II – V, IV – V). Sounds unfinished.
- Interrupted (deceptive) cadence: V – vi (or V – VI). The expected I is replaced by the submediant.
终止式相当于音乐的标点符号，遵循以下和声公式：
- 完全终止：V – I（或 V7 – I）。听起来稳定、结束感强。
- 变格终止：IV – I。“阿们”终止。
- 不完全终止：任何和弦进行到 V（常见 I – V、II – V、IV – V）。听起来未完成。
- 阻碍终止：V – vi（或 V – VI）。期待的 I 被下中音和弦取代。
In OCR exams, identify these in scores by looking at the final two chords of a phrase and checking the bass line movement (stepwise or leap).
在 OCR 考试中，通过查看乐句最后两个和弦并检查低音线条的走向（级进或跳进），即可辨认这些终止式。
10. Chord Progression Patterns | 和弦进行公式
Common functional progressions help you analyse harmony and create effective accompaniments. The most frequent patterns include:
- I – IV – V – I: the basic ‘three-chord trick’ in major keys.
- I – vi – IV – V (50s progression): used in countless pop songs.
- II – V – I: the essential cadential movement in jazz and classical styles.
- 12-bar blues: I7 (4 bars) – IV7 (2 bars) – I7 (2 bars) – V7 (1 bar) – IV7 (1 bar) – I7 (2 bars), with variations.
常见的功能和声进行能帮助你分析和声并创作有效的伴奏。最常见的模式包括：
- I – IV – V – I：大调中的基础“三和弦窍门”。
- I – vi – IV – V（50 年代进行）：用于无数流行歌曲中。
- II – V – I：爵士与古典风格中核心的终止进行。
- 12 小节布鲁斯：I7（4 小节）– IV7（2 小节）– I7（2 小节）– V7（1 小节）– IV7（1 小节）– I7（2 小节），并包含各种变体。
When transposing, move every note by the same interval. Always check key signature and any accidentals that may need respelling as enharmonic equivalents. Applying these formulae will sharpen your score-reading and composition skills for OCR.
进行移调时，将每个音符按相同音程移动。务必检查调号以及可能需要重新记为等音的临时记号。运用这些公式将提升你为 OCR 考试准备时所需的阅谱和创作技能。
Published by TutorHao | Music Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导