📚 GCSE WJEC Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | GCSE WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册
Many students think of Chinese grammar as a set of patterns to memorise, much like mathematical formulas. Once you internalise the key structures, you can apply them to any topic, from daily life to future plans. This handbook collects the most essential GCSE WJEC Chinese sentence patterns and presents them as formulas that are easy to recall, use in writing and speaking, and adapt under exam pressure.
许多学生认为中文语法就像需要记忆的数学公式。一旦内化了这些关键结构，就能在日常生活到未来计划等各种话题中灵活运用。本手册汇集了 GCSE WJEC 中文考试中最重要的句式，并以公式形式呈现，便于记忆，适合在写作和口语中使用，也方便在考试压力下灵活变通。
1. The ‘Shì…de’ Structure for Emphasis | “是……的”强调结构公式
Use this pattern to emphasise when, where, how or with whom an action took place. The basic formula is: Subject + 是 + Time/Place/Manner + Verb + 的. The element placed between 是 and 的 receives the focus. For example, ‘Tā shì qùnián lái Zhōngguó de.’ (He/She came to China last year.)
用这个结构来强调动作发生的时间、地点、方式或人物。基本公式为：主语 + 是 + 时间/地点/方式 + 动词 + 的。放在“是”和“的”之间的部分就是强调的重点。例如：“他是去年来中国的。”（强调“去年”）。
2. The ‘Bǎ’ Sentence Formula | “把”字句公式
The 把 construction shifts the object before the verb to show disposal or a change of state. The formula is: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/了. Always ensure the verb has a complement or 了。For instance, ‘Wǒ bǎ zhuōzi cā gānjìng le.’ (I wiped the table clean.)
“把”字句将宾语提前，表示对某物的处置或状态的改变。公式为：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了。一定要有补语或“了”使句子完整。例如：“我把桌子擦干净了。”
3. The ‘Bèi’ Passive Formula | “被”字被动句公式
Use 被 to express the passive voice, often with a negative or unexpected connotation. Structure: Object + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement. The agent can be omitted if unknown. Example: ‘Wǒ de píngguǒ bèi mèimei chī le.’ (My apple was eaten by my younger sister.)
用“被”来表示被动，常带消极或意外的意味。结构：宾语 + 被 (+ 施事者) + 动词 + 补语。如果施事者不明可以省略。例如：“我的苹果被妹妹吃了。”
4. Comparison Formulas: ‘bǐ’ and ‘yíyàng’ | 比较句公式：“比”和“一样”
To compare differences, use A + 比 + B + Adjective. You can add degree modifiers like 一点儿 or 得多. For equality, use A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adjective/Verb. ‘Tā bǐ wǒ gāo’ means ‘He/She is taller than me.’ ‘Zhè tiáo qúnzi gēn nà tiáo yíyàng piàoliang’ means ‘This skirt is as pretty as that one.’
比较差异用公式 A + 比 + B + 形容词，可加“一点儿”“得多”表示程度。表示等同用 A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词/动词。“他比我高”是前者例子，“这条裙子跟那条一样漂亮”是后者例子。
5. Aspect Particles: ‘le’, ‘guo’, ‘zhe’, ‘zài’ | 动态助词公式：“了、过、着、在”
These particles indicate the aspect of an action. Verb + 了 signals completion. Verb + 过 indicates past experience. Verb + 着 expresses a continuous state. 在 + Verb marks an ongoing action. Examples: ‘Wǒ chī le fàn’ (I ate the meal); ‘Wǒ qù guo Běijīng’ (I have been to Beijing); ‘Mén kāi zhe’ (The door is open); ‘Tā zài kàn shū’ (She is reading).
这些助词表示动作的体貌。动词 + 了表示完成；动词 + 过表示经历；动词 + 着表示持续状态；在 + 动词表示动作正在进行。例如：“我吃了饭”“我去过北京”“门开着”“她在看书”。
6. Causal and Consequential Link: ‘yīnwèi…suǒyǐ…’ | 因果联词公式：“因为……所以……”
The formula 因为 + Reason, 所以 + Result clearly links cause and effect. Both clauses can also stand alone informally. A similar contrastive pattern is 虽然 + Situation, 但是/可是 + Contrast. ‘Yīnwèi xià yǔ, suǒyǐ wǒmen méi qù gōngyuán’ (Because it rained, we did not go to the park.) ‘Suīrán hěn lèi, dànshì hěn kāixīn’ (Although I was very tired, I was very happy.)
公式 因为 + 原因，所以 + 结果 清晰标明因果关系。类似结构有 虽然 + 情况，但是/可是 + 转折。例如：“因为下雨，所以我们没去公园。”“虽然很累，但是很开心。”
7. The ‘yuè…yuè…’ Construction | “越……越……”结构公式
To express ‘the more… the more…’, use 越 + Adjective/Verb + 越 + Adjective/Verb. It shows a proportional increase. ‘Tiān yuè lái yuè rè’ (The weather is getting hotter and hotter) follows a variant 越来越. ‘Nǐ yuè kuài kāishǐ, yuè zǎo wánchéng’ (The sooner you start, the earlier you finish.)
表示“越……越……”关系，用公式 越 + 形容词/动词 + 越 + 形容词/动词，表示程度的等比变化。还有一个变体“越来越……”如“天越来越热”。“你越快开始，越早完成”则用两个“越”。
8. The ‘yī…jiù…’ Construction | “一……就……”结构公式
This pattern links two immediate actions or results: 一 + Verb₁ + 就 + Verb₂/就 + Adjective. It means ‘as soon as… then…’. ‘Tā yī huí jiā jiù kāishǐ zuò fàn’ (As soon as she gets home she starts cooking.) ‘Wǒ yī kàn dào chéngjì jiù xiào le’ (The moment I saw my grade I smiled.)
该结构连接先后紧接的动作或结果，公式为 一 + 动词₁ + 就 + 动词₂/形容词，意为“刚……就……”。例如：“她一回家就开始做饭。”“我一看到成绩就笑了。”
9. Question Formulas: ‘ma’, ‘ne’, ‘ba’ and Wh-words | 疑问句式公式：吗、呢、吧与疑问词
Switch a statement to a yes-no question by adding …… + 吗？. Speculative questions use …… + 吧？. For open or follow-up queries, use …… + 呢？. Wh-questions follow the formula: Question word + Statement, with word order staying the same as the statement. ‘Nǐ chīfàn le ma?’ (Have you eaten?) ‘Tā ne?’ (How about him?) ‘Nǐ qù nǎr?’ (Where are you going?)
把陈述句变为是非问句，加 …… + 吗？。推测式疑问用 …… + 吧？。询问上文或承接话题用 …… + 呢？。特殊疑问句公式：疑问词 + 陈述句，语序与肯定句相同。例如：“你吃饭了吗？”“他呢？”“你去哪儿？”
10. The Duration Complement Formula | 时量补语公式
To express how long an action lasts, use Subject + Verb + 了 + Duration + (的) + Object. If the verb has no object, just Verb + 了 + Duration. ‘Wǒ xué le sān nián Zhōngwén’ (I have studied Chinese for three years.) Alternatively, ‘Tā kàn le liǎng gè xiǎoshí de diànshì’ (He watched TV for two hours.)
表示动作持续的时间，用公式 主语 + 动词 + 了 + 时间段 + (的) + 宾语。宾语可带“的”或放在句首。如果无宾语则为 动词 + 了 + 时间段。例如：“我学了三年中文。”“他看了两个小时的电视。”
11. The ‘lián…dōu/yě…’ Structure for ‘Even’ | “连……都/也……”结构公式
To highlight an extreme case meaning ‘even…’, use 连 + Noun + 都/也 + Verb. This stresses that even the least likely element is included. ‘Tā lián kāfēi dōu bù hē’ (She doesn’t even drink coffee.) ‘Wǒ lián yī kuài qián yě méi yǒu’ (I don’t even have one yuan.)
用“连……都/也……”来突出极端情况，意为“甚至……”。公式：连 + 名词 + 都/也 + 动词。例如：“她连咖啡都不喝。”“我连一块钱也没有。”
12. The ‘chúle…yǐwài’ Formula | “除了……以外”公式
Use 除了 + Noun/Clause + 以外, 还/也/都 + VP to express inclusion or exclusion. 还/也 means ‘besides… also…’; 都 means ‘except… all…’. ‘Chúle yīngyǔ yǐwài, wǒ hái huì shuō fǎyǔ’ (Besides English, I also speak French.) ‘Chúle tā yǐwài, dàjiā dōu lái le’ (Everybody came except him.)
结构 除了 + 名词/小句 + 以外，还/也/都 + 动词短语 表示递加或排除。“还/也”表示“除了……还……”；“都”表示“除了……其他都……”。例如：“除了英语以外，我还会说法语。”“除了他以外，大家都来了。”
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