📚 GCSE WJEC Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | GCSE WJEC 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
In Spanish, mastering grammar structures is like learning the formulas of a language — once you know the patterns, you can build sentences with confidence. This quick reference guide compiles the core ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ you need for GCSE WJEC Spanish, covering verb conjugations, key rules, and essential structures in a clear, revision-friendly format. Use it to memorise, practise, and apply the building blocks of accurate Spanish.
在西班牙语中，掌握语法结构就像学习语言的公式一样——一旦了解了模式，你就能自信地造句。这本速查手册汇集了 GCSE WJEC 西班牙语所需的核心“公式”与“定理”，以清晰、便于复习的形式涵盖动词变位、重要规则和基本结构。用它来记忆、练习并运用精准西班牙语的构建模块。
1. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词
The present tense describes what is happening now or habitual actions. For regular verbs, remove the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add the following endings. Think of this as the ‘base formula’ for all verb conjugation.
现在时描述正在发生或习惯性的动作。对于规则动词，去掉不定式词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）并加上以下词尾。把这个视为所有动词变位的“基础公式”。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/vosotras | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
Formula: Stem + ending (o, as, a, amos, áis, an) for -ar
公式：词干 + 词尾（o, as, a, amos, áis, an）适用于 -ar
Notice that -er and -ir share most endings, except for nosotros and vosotros forms. The stem is the infinitive without the last two letters.
注意 -er 和 -ir 除了 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式外，词尾大多相同。词干是不定式去掉最后两个字母。
2. Stem-Changing Verbs (Boot Verbs) | 词干变化动词（靴子动词）
Many common verbs undergo a vowel change in the stem when conjugated in the present tense. The change occurs in all forms except nosotros and vosotros, forming a ‘boot’ shape on a conjugation table. There are three main patterns: e → ie, o → ue, e → i.
许多常用动词在现在时变位时词干元音发生变化。变化发生在所有人称形式中，除了 nosotros 和 vosotros，在变位表上形成一个“靴子”形状。主要有三种模式：e → ie, o → ue, e → i。
- e → ie: pensar (to think) → pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan
- o → ue: poder (to be able) → puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
- e → i: pedir (to ask for) → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
Memorise the pattern as a ‘stem formula’: for e→ie, the stem vowel e changes to ie in the boot; for o→ue, o changes to ue. There is no stem change in the nosotros/vosotros forms, which keep the original stem vowel.
将这种模式记为“词干公式”：对于 e→ie，词干元音 e 在靴子部分变为 ie；对于 o→ue，o 变为 ue。nosotros/vosotros 形式没有词干变化，保留原始词干元音。
3. Ser vs Estar: The Two ‘To Be’ Verbs | Ser 与 Estar：两个“是”动词
Both ser and estar translate to ‘to be’, but they follow a fundamental rule: ser describes permanent, essential characteristics; estar describes temporary states, locations, and conditions. This is the ‘ser-estar theorem’.
ser 和 estar 都译为“是”，但遵循一条基本规则：ser 描述永久的、本质的特征；estar 描述暂时的状态、位置和情况。这就是“ser-estar 定理”。
Use ser for identity, origin, time, possession, and inherent qualities. Use estar for location (of people/things), health, mood, and ongoing actions (with gerund).
使用 ser 表示身份、来源、时间、拥有的物品和固有属性。使用 estar 表示（人/物的）位置、健康、情绪和正在进行的动作（与副动词连用）。
Ser formula: Subject + soy/eres/es/somos/sois/son
Ser 公式：主语 + soy/eres/es/somos/sois/son
Estar formula: Subject + estoy/estás/está/estamos/estáis/están
Estar 公式：主语 + estoy/estás/está/estamos/estáis/están
Example: ‘She is tall’ (inherent) = Ella es alta. ‘She is tired’ (temporary) = Ella está cansada. Always check whether the attribute is seen as permanent or temporary.
例子：“她个子高”（固有） = Ella es alta。“她累了”（暂时） = Ella está cansada。始终检查属性是被视为永久还是暂时的。
4. Preterite Tense (Simple Past) | 简单过去时
The preterite is used for completed actions in the past, often with a specific time reference. The regular verb endings are like another set of formulas. Watch out for accent marks on yo and él forms.
简单过去时用于过去已完成的动作，通常伴有明确的时间参考。规则动词的词尾是另一组公式。注意 yo 和 él 形式上的重音符号。
| -ar (hablar) | -er/-ir (comer/vivir) | |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hablé | comí / viví |
| tú | hablaste | comiste / viviste |
| él/ella/usted | habló | comió / vivió |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablamos | comimos / vivimos |
| vosotros/vosotras | hablasteis | comisteis / vivisteis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablaron | comieron / vivieron |
Preterite -ar formula: Stem + é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron
简单过去时 -ar 公式：词干 + é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron
Many common verbs are irregular in the preterite, such as tener (tuve), estar (estuve), hacer (hice), ir/ser (fui). These must be memorised separately but often follow the pattern: new stem + e, iste, o, imos, isteis, ieron (for most).
许多常用动词在简单过去时中是不规则的，如 tener (tuve)、estar (estuve)、hacer (hice)、ir/ser (fui)。这些需要单独记忆，但通常遵循以下模式：新词干 + e, iste, o, imos, isteis, ieron（大多数）。
5. Imperfect Tense (Another Past) | 过去未完成时
The imperfect tense describes ongoing or habitual actions in the past, background descriptions, and states without a definite end. Its endings are simpler than the preterite, with only three irregular verbs: ir, ser, ver.
过去未完成时描述过去进行中的或习惯性的动作、背景描写以及没有明确终点的状态。其词尾比简单过去时更简单，只有三个不规则动词：ir、ser、ver。
| -ar (hablar) | -er/-ir (comer/vivir) | |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hablaba | comía / vivía |
| tú | hablabas | comías / vivías |
| él/ella/usted | hablaba | comía / vivía |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablábamos | comíamos / vivíamos |
| vosotros/vosotras | hablabais | comíais / vivíais |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablaban | comían / vivían |
Imperfect formula: Stem + aba/ía endings (all persons carry accent on nosotros)
过去未完成时公式：词干 + aba/ía 词尾（所有人称在 nosotros 上带重音）
Use the imperfect for ‘used to’ do something, ‘was/were doing’, descriptions of weather, age, time in the past, and background scenes. Compare: ‘Ayer comí pizza’ (I ate pizza yesterday – preterite) vs ‘Cuando era niño, comía pizza todos los días’ (When I was a child, I used to eat pizza every day – imperfect).
过去未完成时用于“过去常常”做某事、“正在做某事”、描述过去的天气、年龄、时间以及背景场景。比较：“Ayer comí pizza”（我昨天吃了披萨——简单过去时）与“Cuando era niño, comía pizza todos los días”（我小时候每天都吃披萨——过去未完成时）。
6. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时与条件时
The future and conditional tenses share a similar formation: you add endings to the full infinitive (not the stem). This is one of the easiest formulas because the infinitive acts as the base for all persons.
将来时和条件时的构成相似：把词尾加到完整的不定式上（而不是词干）。这是最简单的公式之一，因为不定式作为所有人称的基础。
Future formula: Infinitive + é, ás, á, emos, éis, án (all forms have accents except nosotros)
将来时公式：不定式 + é, ás, á, emos, éis, án（除 nosotros 外所有形式都有重音）
Conditional formula: Infinitive + ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían (all forms have written accents on í)
条件时公式：不定式 + ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían（所有形式在 í 上都有重音）
Irregular future/conditional verbs use a modified stem but the same endings: tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, poder → podr-, etc. Learn the list of irregular stems.
不规则的将来时/条件时动词使用变体词干，但词尾相同：tener → tendr-、salir → saldr-、poder → podr- 等。记住不规则词干的列表。
7. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接宾语与间接宾语代词
Object pronouns replace nouns that receive the action of the verb. The formula for placement is crucial: they go before a conjugated verb, or attached to an infinitive/gerund/affirmative command. This is the ‘pronoun position theorem’.
宾语代词代替接受动词动作的名词。其位置公式至关重要：它们放在变位动词之前，或附加在不定式/副动词/肯定命令式之后。这就是“代词位置定理”。
Direct object pronouns: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las. Indirect object pronouns: me, te, le, nos, os, les. When both appear, indirect goes before direct, and le/les change to ‘se’ before lo/la/los/las.
直接宾语代词：me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las。间接宾语代词：me, te, le, nos, os, les。当两者同时出现时，间接宾语在直接宾语之前，且 le/les 在 lo/la/los/las 前变为“se”。
Double object formula: Indirect + Direct + Verb (or Verb + Indirect + Direct attached)
双宾语公式：间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + 动词（或 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 连写）
Example: ‘I give it to him’ = Se lo doy. ‘I am going to give it to him’ = Voy a dárselo. Note the written accent when attaching to the infinitive.
例子：“我把它给他” = Se lo doy。“我要把它给他” = Voy a dárselo。注意附加在不定式上时要加重音符号。
8. Reflexive Verbs | 反身动词
Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject performs the action on itself. They are easily identified by the ‘se’ at the end of the infinitive (e.g., levantarse). The reflexive pronoun must agree with the subject.
反身动词表示主语对自身执行动作。它们很容易通过不定式末尾的“se”识别（如 levantarse）。反身代词必须与主语一致。
Reflexive formula: Subject + reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nos, os, se) + conjugated verb
反身公式：主语 + 反身代词 (me, te, se, nos, os, se) + 变位动词
Common reflexives: llamarse, levantarse, ducharse, acostarse. Irregularities such as stem changes still apply within the verb part. Placement: before conjugated verb, attached to infinitive/gerund/affirmative command.
常见反身动词：llamarse、levantarse、ducharse、acostarse。词干变化等不规则形式仍适用于动词部分。位置：在变位动词前，附加在不定式/副动词/肯定命令式后。
9. The Subjunctive Mood (Present Subjunctive) | 虚拟式（现在时虚拟式）
The subjunctive is used to express doubt, desire, emotion, and uncertainty. It is often introduced by ‘que’. The present subjunctive is formed by taking the yo form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel endings.
虚拟式用于表达怀疑、愿望、情绪和不确定性。它通常由“que”引导。现在时虚拟式的构成是：取现在时陈述式的 yo 形式，去掉 -o，然后加上相反的元音词尾。
Subjunctive formula: Yo form (present) minus -o + opposite endings: -ar verbs → e, es, e, emos, éis, en; -er/-ir verbs → a, as, a, amos, áis, an
虚拟式公式：Yo 形式（现在时）减去 -o + 相反词尾：-ar 动词 → e, es, e, emos, éis, en；-er/-ir 动词 → a, as, a, amos, áis, an
Key triggers: es importante que, quiero que, dudo que, para que, aunque. Example: ‘I want you to study’ = Quiero que estudies. Remember that irregular yo forms (tengo, digo, conozco) keep the irregularity in the subjunctive stem.
关键触发词：es importante que, quiero que, dudo que, para que, aunque。例子：“我要你学习” = Quiero que estudies。记住不规则的 yo 形式（tengo, digo, conozco）在虚拟式词干中保留不规则性。
10. Key Connectors and Opinion Phrases | 重要连接词与看法短语
To build complex sentences and express opinions, you need a toolkit of connectors and structures. These act as the ‘linking formulas’ that improve your writing and speaking scores.
为了构建复杂句子并表达看法，你需要一套连接词和结构。它们充当“连接公式”，能提高写作和口语得分。
- Adding information: además (furthermore), también (also).
- Contrasting: sin embargo (however), no obstante (nevertheless), por otro lado (on the other hand).
- Cause and effect: porque (because), ya que (since), por lo tanto (therefore).
- Sequencing: primero (first), luego (then), por último (finally).
- Opinion formulas: Pienso que + indicative (I think that), creo que + indicative, me parece que + indicative. But use subjunctive after no pienso que / no creo que.
Example: ‘I think that it is important, however not everyone agrees’ = Pienso que es importante, sin embargo no todo el mundo está de acuerdo. Use a variety to reach higher grades.
例子：“我认为这很重要，然而并非所有人都同意” = Pienso que es importante, sin embargo no todo el mundo está de acuerdo。使用多样的连接词以获得更高分数。
11. Negation and Question Formation | 否定句与疑问句构成
Forming negatives and questions in Spanish follows simple ‘formulas’. For negation, place ‘no’ before the verb. For yes/no questions, simply raise your intonation or invert subject and verb. No auxiliary verbs are needed.
西班牙语否定句和疑问句的构成遵循简单的“公式”。否定句在动词前加“no”。一般疑问句只需提高语调或把主语和动词倒装。不需要助动词。
Negation formula: No + conjugated verb (+ other negative words after verb if needed: nada, nunca, nadie)
否定公式：No + 变位动词（+ 其他否定词根据需要放在动词后：nada, nunca, nadie）
Question formula: ¿(Question word) + verb + subject? or just ¿Verb + subject?
疑问公式：¿(疑问词) + 动词 + 主语？或仅 ¿动词 + 主语？
Double negatives are grammatically correct in Spanish: ‘No veo nada’ (I don’t see anything). For question words, use qué, cómo, cuándo, dónde, por qué, quién, cuál. Pay attention to accent marks on all question words.
西班牙语中双重否定是合乎语法的：“No veo nada”（我什么都看不见）。疑问词使用 qué、cómo、cuándo、dónde、por qué、quién、cuál。注意所有疑问词上的重音符号。
12. Common Pitfalls and Reminders | 常见陷阱与提醒
GCSE exams often test these tricky areas: agreement of adjectives (gender and number), personal ‘a’ before direct objects that are people, word order, and ser/estar confusion. Apply the ‘error-avoidance formulas’ below.
GCSE 考试常考查这些易错点：形容词的一致性（性和数）、在指人的直接宾语前加“personal a”、语序以及 ser/estar 混淆。运用以下“避错公式”。
- Adjective agreement: ending must match the noun in gender and number (e.g., chico alto / chica alta).
- Personal ‘a’: before a specific person (or pet) as direct object, insert ‘a’. Example: Veo a mi amigo.
- Word order: generally Subject-Verb-Object, but can be flexible. Object pronouns go before verb.
- Time expressions: ‘desde hace’ (for duration since the past continuing) vs ‘hace… que’ (ago).
- Gustar structure: a mí me gusta(n) – the thing liked is the subject, so verb agrees with it. ‘Me gusta el chocolate’ vs ‘Me gustan los libros’.
Always check your work for these small details that make a big difference in accuracy marks.
始终检查作业中的这些小细节，它们对准确性得分有很大影响。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
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