A-Level AQA Physical Education: Key Terminology Memory Guide | AQA A-Level 体育：核心术语速记指南

📚 A-Level AQA Physical Education: Key Terminology Memory Guide | AQA A-Level 体育：核心术语速记指南

Mastering subject-specific terminology is the foundation of exam success in AQA A-Level Physical Education. This guide presents core terms from every key topic area, with clear definitions, real-world sporting contexts, and memory shortcuts designed to accelerate your revision and deepen your understanding.

掌握学科专用术语是攻克 AQA A-Level 体育考试的基础。本指南汇集了每个核心主题的关键词汇，提供清晰的定义、真实的运动场景和行之有效的速记窍门，帮助你加速复习、深化理解。

1. Exercise Physiology Terminology | 运动生理学术语

VO₂ max is the maximum volume of oxygen that an athlete can take in, transport, and utilise per minute during intense whole-body exercise. It is often regarded as the ultimate measure of aerobic power and can be improved through continuous and interval training. Memory tip: think of it as your body’s “engine size” – larger capacity means better endurance performance.

最大摄氧量（VO₂ max） 指运动员在高强度全身运动中，每分钟能摄取、运输和利用的最高氧气体积。它通常被视为有氧能力的最佳衡量指标，可通过持续训练和间歇训练加以提升。速记法：将其想象成身体的 “发动机排量” —— 排量越大，耐力表现越强。

Lactate threshold marks the exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration begins to rise sharply above resting levels. Above this point, lactic acid accumulates faster than it can be cleared, causing rapidly increasing fatigue. Endurance athletes aim to push this threshold to a higher percentage of VO₂ max through specific training adaptations such as tempo runs.

乳酸阈 是指血乳酸浓度开始超过静息水平并急剧升高的运动强度临界点。超过该点，乳酸生成速度快于清除速度，导致疲劳急剧加重。耐力运动员通过节奏跑等专门训练，力求将乳酸阈推向 VO₂ max 的更高百分比。

EPOC stands for excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, historically called “oxygen debt”. After strenuous exercise, the body’s oxygen uptake remains elevated to restore ATP and phosphocreatine stores, clear lactate, and return body temperature and heart rate to resting levels. High-intensity sessions produce a larger EPOC, boosting post-exercise calorie burn.

运动后过量氧耗（EPOC） 以往称为 “氧债”。剧烈运动后，身体摄氧量会持续偏高，用于补充 ATP 和磷酸肌酸储备、清除乳酸，并使体温和心率恢复至安静水平。高强度训练能产生更大的 EPOC，从而增加运动后的热量消耗。

Aerobic capacity refers to the total amount of work that can be sustained using the aerobic energy system. It is closely linked to VO₂ max and is developed through prolonged, moderate-intensity training that enhances mitochondrial density and capillary networks in muscles.

有氧能力 指的是动用有氧供能系统所能维持的总运动负荷。它与 VO₂ max 密切相关，通过长时间中强度训练可增加肌肉线粒体密度和毛细血管网络，从而得以提升。

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2. Sport Psychology Terminology | 运动心理学术语

Arousal represents the physiological and psychological readiness to perform. It ranges from deep sleep to extreme excitement and influences performance according to the inverted-U hypothesis. Each athlete has an optimum arousal zone; too little leads to dulled reactions, too much triggers anxiety and impaired decision-making.

唤醒水平 代表生理和心理的准备状态，从深度睡眠到极度兴奋不等，并根据倒U型假说影响表现。每位运动员都有最佳唤醒区间：唤醒过低则反应迟钝，过高则引发焦虑、削弱决策能力。

Anxiety is a negative emotional state associated with feelings of worry, nervousness, and apprehension. In sports psychology, a distinction is made between cognitive anxiety (negative thoughts) and somatic anxiety (physical symptoms like racing heart). Techniques such as breathing exercises and positive self-talk help manage both forms.

焦虑 是一种负性情绪，伴随担忧、紧张和不安感。运动心理学区分认知焦虑（消极思维）与躯体焦虑（心跳加速等身体症状）。呼吸练习和积极自我暗示等手段可帮助管控这两种焦虑。

Self-efficacy describes an individual’s belief in their own ability to execute a specific task successfully. It is built through performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional control. Higher self-efficacy correlates with greater effort, persistence, and resilience under pressure.

自我效能 指个体对自己成功完成某一特定任务能力的信念。它通过亲身成就、替代经验、言语说服和情绪调控建立起来。自我效能越高，运动员在压力下越能付出努力、坚持不懈、快速反弹。

Intrinsic motivation drives athletes to participate for the inherent enjoyment and satisfaction of the activity rather than for external rewards. It is central to long-term engagement and is fostered by giving choice, recognition of personal improvement, and creating a mastery-oriented climate.

内在动机 驱使运动员因活动本身带来的愉悦和满足感而参与其中，并非为了外部奖励。它是长期投入的核心，提供自主选择权、认可个人进步以及创造以掌握为导向的氛围都有助于培养内在动机。

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3. Skill Acquisition Terminology | 技能习得术语

Open skills are performed in environments that are unpredictable and rapidly changing. The performer must constantly adapt movements in response to external factors. Examples include receiving a pass in football or rallying in tennis against an unpredictable opponent.

开放式技能 是在不可预测且快速变化的环境中执行的技能。执行者必须根据外部因素持续调整动作，例如足球中的接传球或者面对多变对手的网球对打。

Closed skills take place in stable, predictable settings where the performer has full control over timing and execution. A free throw in basketball or a set dive in swimming illustrates a closed skill, allowing pre-planned, self-paced movement.

闭锁式技能 发生在稳定、可预测的环境中，执行者完全掌控时机和动作。篮球罚球或跳水规定动作就是典型的闭锁式技能，其动作可预先计划，自我定速。

Intrinsic feedback comes from the performer’s own sensory systems – proprioception, vision, and hearing – providing immediate information about movement execution. Extrinsic feedback is supplied by an external source such as a coach or video replay and is especially valuable when intrinsic feedback is unclear or absent.

内在反馈 来自执行者自身的感觉系统，如本体感觉、视觉和听觉，能即时提供动作执行的信息。外在反馈则由教练或视频回放等外部源提供，在内在反馈不清晰或缺失时尤其有价值。

Motor programmes are stored sets of movement commands in the long-term memory that can be retrieved and executed with minimal conscious control. A well-learned skill, like a golf swing, relies on a generalised motor programme that can be scaled to produce variations in force, speed, and amplitude.

动作程序 是长时记忆中储存的运动指令集，可在极少意识控制下被提取和执行。像高尔夫挥杆这样熟练掌握的技能，依赖的就是一个可缩放力值、速度和幅度的通用动作程序。

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4. Biomechanics Terminology | 生物力学术语

Newton’s First Law (Inertia) states that a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. In sport, this explains why a sprinter must produce a large force to overcome inertia at the start of a race.

牛顿第一定律（惯性定律） 表明，物体在无外力作用时保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。在体育中，这解释了为何短跑选手起跑时必须产生巨大力量来克服惯性。

Newton’s Second Law (Acceleration) is captured by F = m × a; the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to its mass. Throwing a lighter javelin with the same force yields greater acceleration and distance.

牛顿第二定律（加速度定律） 用 F = m × a 表示；物体的加速度与所受净外力成正比，与质量成反比。以相同的力投掷较轻的标枪能产生更大的加速度和距离。

Newton’s Third Law (Action-Reaction) asserts that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a swimmer pushes back against the water, the water pushes the swimmer forward with equal force.

牛顿第三定律（作用与反作用） 指出每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。游泳者向后推水时，水以同样大小的力将游泳者向前推进。

A lever system in the skeleton consists of a lever arm (bone), fulcrum (joint), effort (muscle force), and resistance (weight). Third-class levers, the most common in the body, place the effort between fulcrum and resistance, favouring range and speed of movement over raw strength, as seen in a bicep curl.

杠杆系统 在骨骼中由杠杆臂（骨）、支点（关节）、动力（肌肉拉力）和阻力（重力）构成。人体中最常见的第三类杠杆将动力置于支点和阻力之间，虽在纯粹力量上不占优，但有利于产生更大的活动范围和速度，如肱二头肌弯举。

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5. Sport and Society Terminology | 体育与社会术语

Socialisation into sport is the lifelong process through which individuals acquire the attitudes, values, and behaviours that shape their involvement. Primary socialisation occurs within the family, while secondary socialisation takes place through school, peer groups, and media, influencing participation patterns and identities.

体育社会化 是个体终生习得态度、价值观和行为方式，进而塑造其体育参与的过程。初级社会化发生在家庭内部，次级社会化则通过学校、同伴群体和媒体进行，影响着参与模式和身份认同。

Commercialisation is the transformation of sport into a marketable commodity driven by profit. It involves sponsorship, broadcasting rights, and merchandising. While commercialisation can increase funding and visibility, critics argue it shifts control away from players and traditional fans toward corporate interests.

商业化 是指体育因利润驱动转变为可销售商品的过程，涉及赞助、转播权和衍生品开发。商业化虽能增加资金与曝光，但也招致批评，认为它使赛事控制权从运动员和传统球迷移向企业利益。

Globalisation refers to the worldwide spread and interconnectedness of sporting culture, leagues, and events. The Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup exemplify globalised sport, accelerating the exchange of talent, styles, and commercial brands across borders, while also raising debates about cultural homogenisation.

全球化 指体育文化、联赛和赛事在全球范围内传播并相互关联。奥运会和国际足联世界杯正是全球化体育的典范，加速了人才、打法和商业品牌的跨国交流，同时也引发了文化同质化方面的争议。

Deviance in sport covers any behaviour that violates norms or rules, ranging from on-field fouls to doping and match-fixing. Positive deviance involves over-conformity to a sport ethic, such as training through injury; negative deviance breaks formal rules and often carries sanctions.

越轨行为 在体育中泛指违反规范或规则的任何行为，从场上犯规到使用兴奋剂和操纵比赛均属此类。正向越轨是对运动伦理的过度遵循，如带伤训练；而负向越轨则违反正式规则并常遭制裁。

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6. Training and Nutrition Terminology | 训练与营养术语

Periodisation is the systematic planning of training over a set time frame, typically divided into macrocycles, mesocycles, and microcycles. It varies volume and intensity to peak at the right moment, prevent plateauing, and reduce injury risk.

周期化训练 是在既定时间框架内对训练进行系统性规划，通常分为大周期、中周期和小周期。它通过调整训练量和强度，使运动员在恰当时机达到峰值状态，避免平台期并降低损伤风险。

Tapering involves a gradual reduction in training load prior to a major competition, allowing the body to recover and supercompensate while maintaining fitness. Effective tapering reduces fatigue without losing training adaptations, leading to improved performance on race day.

赛前减量 指在重大比赛前逐步降低训练负荷，使身体得以恢复并实现超量补偿，同时保持体能。有效减量可在不丧失训练适应的情况下减轻疲劳，从而提升比赛日表现。

Glycaemic index (GI) ranks carbohydrate-containing foods by how quickly they raise blood glucose. High-GI foods provide rapid energy and are suitable for intra-competition fueling, whereas low-GI meals promote sustained release, ideal for pre-event meals to avoid energy crashes.

血糖生成指数（GI） 是根据食物升高血糖的速度对含碳水化合物食物进行的排序。高 GI 食物能快速供能，适合赛间补给；低 GI 膳食则促进持续释放，适合赛前摄入，以避免能量骤降。

Ergogenic aids are substances, devices, or practices that enhance sports performance. These include pharmacological aids like anabolic steroids, physiological aids such as altitude training, nutritional aids like creatine, and mechanical aids like lightweight running shoes. Many are tightly regulated due to health and ethical concerns.

增效手段 指能提升运动表现的物品、装置或实践，包括药理学手段（如合成代谢类固醇）、生理学手段（如高原训练）、营养学手段（如肌酸）以及机械手段（如轻量跑鞋）。出于健康和伦理考量，其中许多受到严格管制。

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7. Injuries and Rehabilitation Terminology | 运动损伤与康复术语

Acute injuries occur suddenly during activity, such as sprained ankles, fractures, or dislocations, and are typically caused by a specific traumatic impact or excessive force. Immediate treatment follows RICE principles to minimise swelling and pain.

急性损伤 在运动中骤然发生，如脚踝扭伤、骨折或脱臼，通常由特定创伤冲击或过度外力引起。应立即按 RICE 原则处理，以减轻肿胀和疼痛。

Chronic injuries develop gradually over time, often due to repetitive stress and overuse. Examples include shin splints, tendinopathies, and stress fractures. Management requires load modification, rest, and addressing underlying biomechanical flaws.

慢性损伤 随时间推移逐渐形成，往往由重复应力与劳损导致，如胫骨应力综合征、肌腱病变和应力性骨折。处理需要调整负荷、休息并纠正根本的生物力学缺陷。

RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. It serves as the immediate first-aid protocol for soft tissue injuries: rest prevents further damage, ice reduces blood flow and swelling, compression restricts fluid build-up, and elevation uses gravity to drain excess fluid from the site.

RICE 原则 代表休息、冰敷、加压和抬高。这是软组织损伤的即时急救方案：休息避免加重损伤，冰敷减少血流与肿胀，加压限制积液，抬高则利用重力引流患处多余体液。

Proprioception is the body’s awareness of joint position, movement, and force in space. Rehabilitation programmes frequently include balance exercises and wobble boards to restore proprioceptive feedback after injuries such as ankle sprains, lowering the risk of recurrence.

本体感觉 是身体对关节位置、运动和空间力量的感知能力。康复计划常将平衡练习和使用摇摆板纳入其中，以在脚踝扭伤等损伤后恢复本体感觉反馈，降低复发风险。

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8. Movement Analysis Terminology | 动作分析术语

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves. Movements such as running, cycling, and bicep curls occur around a frontal axis and include flexion, extension, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion. It is the plane of most forward and backward actions.

矢状面 将身体分为左右两半。跑步、骑行和肱二头肌弯举等动作在该平面内进行，围绕额状轴完成屈、伸、跖屈和背屈等运动。大多数前后方向的动作都发生在矢状面。

Frontal plane bisects the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections. Abduction, adduction, and lateral flexion occur in this plane, rotating around a sagittal axis. A cricket batter raising the bat sideways in a pull shot exemplifies frontal plane motion.

额状面 将身体分为前后两部分。外展、内收和侧屈发生在此平面，绕矢状轴转动。板球击球手侧向引拍的拉击动作即是额状面运动的典型。

Transverse plane separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Rotational movements such as a discus spin, a golf swing, or horizontal shoulder adduction occur around a longitudinal axis within this plane.

水平面 将身体分为上下两部分。旋转类动作，如铁饼旋转、高尔夫挥杆或肩关节水平内收，均在此平面内绕纵轴完成。

Longitudinal axis runs vertically from head to toe. Twisting and spinning movements like ice skating pirouettes or a swimmer’s tumble turn rotate around this axis. Matching the correct axis to the plane of motion is essential for successful biomechanical analysis.

纵轴 从头顶垂直贯穿至足底。像冰上旋转或游泳滚翻转身这类扭转、旋转动作均绕该轴运动。将正确的轴与运动平面相匹配，对成功的生物力学分析至关重要。

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9. Health and Fitness Terminology | 健康与健身术语

Health-related fitness comprises components that directly affect physiological well-being: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. These are developed through regular physical activity and have a strong protective effect against lifestyle diseases.

健康相关体适能 包含直接影响生理健康的要素：心血管耐力、肌力、肌耐力、柔韧性和身体成分。这些要素可通过规律的身体活动加以发展，对抵御生活方式疾病具有显著保护作用。

Hypokinetic disease is a medical condition caused or exacerbated by insufficient physical activity. Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis are classic hypokinetic conditions. The term “hypokinetic” literally means “under-movement”, highlighting the central role of sedentary behaviour in modern ill-health.

运动不足性疾病 是因体力活动不足而引发或加重的医学状况。冠心病、2型糖尿病和骨质疏松就是典型的运动不足疾病。该词的字面意思即 “活动不足”，凸显久坐行为在现代健康问题中的核心角色。

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple weight-for-height ratio calculated as mass in kilograms divided by height in metres squared (kg/m²). It provides a rough population-level indicator of body fatness, but its limitations include failing to distinguish between muscle and fat, making it less reliable for heavily muscled athletes.

身体质量指数（BMI） 是一个简单的体重相对于身高的比值，计算方式为体重（公斤）除以身高（米）的平方（kg/m²）。它可作为人群层面体

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