A-Level CCEA Geography: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | A-Level CCEA 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level CCEA Geography: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | A-Level CCEA 地理：词汇术语速记指南

This article serves as a quick-reference memorisation guide for high-frequency terms found throughout the CCEA A-Level Geography specification. It covers physical and human geography topics, providing concise English definitions alongside Chinese translations and simple memory triggers. Use it to reinforce classroom learning, prepare for data-response questions, and ensure that critical terminology is at your fingertips for both AS and A2 examinations.

本文是一份速记指南，聚焦 CCEA A-Level 地理课程中出现的高频术语。内容涵盖自然地理与人文地理两大板块，提供简明的英文定义、中文翻译以及简单的记忆窍门。你可以用它巩固课堂所学，为数据分析题做准备，并确保在 AS 和 A2 考试中准确掌握关键术语。

1. Fluvial Processes and Landforms | 河流作用与地貌

Hydraulic action: The force of moving water dislodges and carries away particles from the river bed and banks. Imagine a pressure washer peeling off loose material.

水力作用：流水产生的力冲刷并带走河床与河岸的颗粒物质，犹如高压水枪剥离松散碎屑。

Abrasion: The grinding action of sediment particles carried by the river scraping and scouring the channel, often compared to sandpaper wearing down a surface.

磨蚀：河流携带的泥沙颗粒通过摩擦刨蚀河槽，类似砂纸打磨表面。

Solution (erosion): Chemical weathering where slightly acidic river water dissolves soluble minerals such as limestone. Think of ‘dissolving like sugar in tea’.

溶蚀：呈弱酸性的河水溶解石灰岩等可溶性矿物的化学侵蚀过程，想象‘像糖溶于茶’。

Traction: Large boulders and stones roll or slide along the river bed, moving only during high-energy conditions. Visualise heavy rocks being dragged along the bottom.

推移：大型石块沿河床滚动或滑移，仅在高能量水流下发生，想象沉重的岩石被拖拽向前。

Meander: A winding bend in a river channel formed by lateral erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank. Remember ‘river snakes its way across the floodplain’.

曲流：河流外侧岸遭受侧蚀、内侧岸发生沉积而形成的蜿蜒河道，记作‘河流在泛滥平原上蜿蜒蛇行’。

2. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸作用与地貌

Longshore drift: The zigzag movement of sediment along a coastline caused by waves approaching at an angle, with swash pushing material up the beach and backwash dragging it straight down by gravity.

沿岸漂移：波浪以斜角逼近海岸时，冲流将泥沙推上海滩，回流因重力直接下退，形成锯齿状物质移动。

Spit: A narrow ridge of sand or shingle attached to the land at one end, extending into the sea, formed by longshore drift depositing material where the coastline changes direction. Like a sandy finger pointing into the water.

沙嘴：一端与陆地相连、向海延伸的狭长沙砾脊，由沿岸漂移在海岸线转折处沉积形成，好比伸向水中的沙质‘手指’。

Wave-cut platform: A gently sloping rocky surface at the base of a retreating cliff, created by wave erosion undercutting the cliff face. Think of a ‘sliced-off step’ left behind as the cliff moves inland.

波蚀平台：海崖后退后在其基部留下的缓坡岩面，由波浪掏蚀崖脚形成，可想象成海崖内移后留下的‘切割台阶’。

Headlands and bays: Formed on coastlines with alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock; the softer rock erodes into bays while the harder rock juts out as headlands. Picture a coastline with ‘sticking-out arms and scooped-out hollows’.

岬湾相间海岸：在软硬岩层交替分布的海岸，软弱岩石被侵蚀成海湾，坚硬岩石突出为岬角，形态如‘凸出的臂膀与凹进的空腔’。

Cave-arch-stack-stump sequence: Hydraulic action and abrasion enlarge a crack into a cave; continued erosion creates a through passage (arch); roof collapse leaves an isolated tower (stack); further erosion reduces it to a stump. Use the acronym ‘CASS’ to remember the order.

海蚀洞—海蚀拱—海蚀柱—海蚀残桩演变序列：水力作用与磨蚀将裂隙扩成洞穴，贯穿后形成拱，顶部坍塌留下孤立柱，风化成残桩。用缩写‘CASS’记住次序。

3. Population Dynamics | 人口动态

Crude birth rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year. A ‘crude’ measure because it does not account for age and sex structure.

粗出生率：每年每千人口中的活产数。称‘粗’是因为未考虑年龄与性别结构。

Total fertility rate (TFR): The average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years. A TFR of about 2.1 is considered replacement level. Remember ‘2.1 keeps the population steady’.

总和生育率：一位妇女育龄期间平均生育的子女数。约 2.1 被视为更替水平，记住‘2.1 维持人口稳定’。

Demographic transition model (DTM): A theoretical five-stage model describing population change over time linked to economic development. Key transitions: high stationary → early expanding → late expanding → low stationary → decline. Picture a gentle S-shaped curve.

人口转变模型：描述随着经济发展人口随时间变化的五阶段理论模型，从高位静止经早期扩张、晚期扩张到低位静止直至衰减，形态呈平缓 S 形曲线。

Dependency ratio: The proportion of the population aged 0–14 and 65+ relative to the working-age population (15–64). High ratios indicate greater economic pressure on the workforce.

扶养比：0–14岁及65岁以上人口与劳动年龄（15–64岁）人口的比例，比值高意味着劳动力经济压力大。

Push-pull factors: Push factors drive people away from an area (e.g., war, famine, unemployment); pull factors attract them to a new location (e.g., jobs, safety, better services). Think ‘push you out, pull you in’.

推拉因素：推力因素使人们离开某地（如战争、饥荒、失业），拉力因素吸引人们迁入（如就业、安全、更好的服务），即‘推出去，拉进来’。

4. Settlement and Urbanisation | 聚落与城市化

Central place theory (Christaller): Explains the size, number, and spatial distribution of settlements based on the provision of goods and services. Settlements form a hierarchical pattern, with higher-order places offering more specialised functions.

中心地理论：依据商品与服务的供给解释聚落规模、数量与空间分布，聚落形成等级体系，高阶中心地提供更专业的功能。

Range and threshold: Range is the maximum distance consumers will travel to purchase a good; threshold is the minimum population required to support a service. High-order goods have large ranges and high thresholds.

销售范围与门槛：范围是消费者愿意出行的最远距离，门槛是维持服务的最低人口数量。高阶商品范围大、门槛高。

Counter-urbanisation: The process of population movement away from urban areas into rural or small-town settings, often driven by a desire for improved quality of life. Visualise ‘city dwellers moving to the countryside’.

逆城市化：人口由都市区向乡村或小城镇迁移的过程，常因追求更高生活质量而驱动，想象‘城市居民移居乡间’。

Urban heat island (UHI): Urban areas recording higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to heat-absorbing materials, waste heat from buildings and traffic, and reduced vegetation. Think of the city as a ‘warm bubble’.

城市热岛：城市区域因吸热材料、建筑与交通废热及植被减少而比周边乡村温度更高，把城市视作一个‘热气泡’。

Megacity: A city with a population exceeding 10 million. Many megacities are located in developing regions, experiencing rapid, often unplanned, growth.

超级城市：人口超过 1000 万的城市，多数分布在发展中地区，经历快速且常未经规划的增长。

5. Development and Inequalities | 发展与发展不平衡

Human Development Index (HDI): A composite indicator combining life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling), and Gross National Income per capita. A value closer to 1 indicates higher development.

人类发展指数：综合预期寿命、教育（平均与预期受教育年限）以及人均国民总收入的指标，数值越接近 1 代表发展水平越高。

Gini coefficient: A statistical measure of income inequality within a country, represented by a value between 0 (perfect equality) and 1 (perfect inequality). Visualise the Lorenz curve bowing away from the diagonal.

基尼系数：衡量一国内部收入不平等的统计指标，取值 0（完全平等）到 1（完全不平等）。可通过洛伦兹曲线离对角线的弯曲程度想象。

Bottom-up development: Projects planned and implemented at the local community level, using appropriate technology and local knowledge. Think ‘grassroots’ – people directly affected are involved in decision-making.

自下而上发展：由地方社区层面规划和实施的项目，运用适宜技术与本土知识，即‘草根’式，直接受影响者参与决策。

Dependency theory: Argues that underdevelopment is caused by the exploitation of peripheral (developing) countries by core (developed) countries through unequal trade and investment relations. Remember ‘rich core, poor periphery’.

依附理论：认为欠发达是因核心（发达）国家通过不平等贸易与投资关系剥削边缘（发展中）国家所致，即‘富裕核心，贫穷边缘’。

Foreign direct investment (FDI): Investment by a company based in one country into the physical capital or assets of a business in another country, often seen as a driver of economic growth. ‘Money crossing borders to build factories and offices’.

外商直接投资：一国企业在他国投入实物资本或资产的投资行为，常被视为经济增长的驱动力，‘跨境建厂设办公室的钱’。

6. Globalisation and Transnational Corporations | 全球化与跨国公司

Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of countries through the flow of goods, services, capital, information, and people. Visualise the world ‘shrinking’ due to technology and trade.

全球化：通过商品、服务、资本、信息与人员流动，各国相互联系日益紧密的过程，世界因技术与贸易仿佛‘缩小’。

Glocalisation: The adaptation of a global product or service to meet local tastes, laws, or cultural preferences. Think ‘think global, act local’ – McDonald’s menu variations across countries.

全球本地化：调整全球性产品或服务以适应本地偏好、法规或文化的做法，即‘全球思考，在地行动’，如麦当劳在不同国家的菜单差异。

Transnational corporation (TNC): A large company that operates in multiple countries, coordinating production, marketing, and management across borders. Often has headquarters in a home country but assets worldwide.

跨国公司：在多个国家运营并在全球协调生产、营销与管理的大型企业，总部常在母国但资产遍布全球。

Outsourcing vs offshoring: Outsourcing means contracting a business function to an external provider, possibly domestically; offshoring specifically relocates business processes to another country, usually for lower costs. ‘Outsource: hire outside; offshoring: move overseas’.

业务外包与离岸外包：外包指将业务职能签约给外部供应商（可在国内），离岸外包特指为降低成本将业务流程移至他国。‘外包：聘用外部；离岸：迁往海外’。

Fair trade: A trading partnership that aims for greater equity by paying producers in developing countries a fair price, respecting labour standards, and supporting community development. ‘Fair price, not charity’.

公平贸易：旨在通过向发展中国家生产者支付公平价格、遵守劳工标准并支持社区发展，实现更大公平的贸易伙伴关系。‘公平价格，而非施舍’。

7. Plate Tectonics and Hazards | 板块构造与灾害

Constructive (divergent) boundary: Two tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust. Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Visualise ‘pulling apart and filling the gap with fresh rock’.

建设性（离散）边界：两板块相互分离，岩浆上涌形成新地壳，如大西洋中脊，想象‘拉开并填入新鲜岩石’。

Subduction zone: An area where a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath a less dense continental or oceanic plate, forming deep ocean trenches and triggering volcanic arcs. ‘One plate dives under another’.

俯冲带：密度较大的大洋板块俯冲至较轻的大陆或大洋板块之下的区域，形成深海沟并触发火山弧，‘一块板块俯冲到另一块之下’。

Epicentre and focus: The focus (hypocentre) is the point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts; the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus. ‘Focus deep, epicentre on top’.

震源与震中：震源是地球内部地震破裂起始点，震中是震源正上方的地表点。‘震源在深处，震中在顶上’。

Composite volcano: A steep-sided cone built by alternating layers of viscous lava, ash, and pyroclastic material, typically found at destructive boundaries. Stratovolcano is another name; think of ‘layer cake’ shape.

复合火山：由粘稠熔岩、火山灰与火成碎屑物交替堆积而成的陡峭锥形山，常分布于破坏性边界，层状火山是另一名称，形态如‘千层蛋糕’。

Hazard management cycle: A continuous loop of preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation that aims to reduce the impacts of tectonic hazards. Use the phrase ‘Plan, Act, Rebuild, Reduce’.

灾害管理循环：包含备灾、响应、恢复与减灾的持续循环，旨在降低构造灾害影响，用‘预案、行动、重建、减险’记忆。

8. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Coriolis effect: The apparent deflection of moving air (and ocean currents) caused by Earth’s rotation – to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. ‘Right in North, Left in South’.

科里奥利效应：由于地球自转导致的运动空气（及洋流）的视偏转——北半球向右，南半球向左。‘北右南左’。

Frontal rainfall: Occurs when a warm air mass meets a cooler one; the less dense warm air is forced to rise over the cold air, cools, condenses, and produces rain. Typical of depressions in the UK.

锋面降水：暖气团与冷气团相遇时，较轻的暖空气被迫沿冷空气爬升，冷却凝结致雨，英国常见于低压系统。

Anticyclone: A high-pressure system with descending air, leading to clear skies and settled weather. In summer it brings heatwaves; in winter, frost and fog. ‘High pressure = happy weather (usually)’.

反气旋：空气下沉的高压系统，带来晴朗天气。夏季常致热浪，冬季则致霜冻与雾。‘高压常带来好天气’。

Enhanced greenhouse effect: The increase in Earth’s natural greenhouse effect due to human activities that release greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O), trapping more heat and leading to global warming.

增强温室效应：人类活动释放的温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O）加剧了地球自然温室效应，捕获更多热量，导致全球变暖。

Climate change mitigation vs adaptation: Mitigation aims to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases (e.g., renewable energy); adaptation involves adjusting to actual or expected climate effects (e.g., flood defences). ‘Reduce causes vs cope with effects’.

减缓与适应：减缓旨在减少或防止温室气体排放（如可再生能源），适应则是针对实际或预期气候影响做出调整（如防洪工程）。‘减少成因 vs 应对后果’。

9. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群落

Biome: A large-scale ecosystem classified by dominant vegetation type, climate, and location, such as tropical rainforest, tundra, or savannah. Think ‘climate decides the vegetation giants’.

生物群落：以优势植被类型、气候和位置划分的大尺度生态系统，如热带雨林、苔原、稀树草原。‘气候决定了植被的巨人’。

Nutrient cycling: The continuous movement of nutrients between the biomass, litter, and soil stores. In tropical rainforests, rapid cycling keeps most nutrients in the biomass, not the soil.

养分循环：养分在生物量、凋落物与土壤库之间持续移动。热带雨林中养分循环极快，大部分储存在生物量而非土壤。

Biodiversity hotspot: A region with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species that is under significant threat from human activity. Conservation priority areas.

生物多样性热点：特有物种极为丰富且受到人类活动严重威胁的区域，是优先保护地。

Ecological footprint: The area of biologically productive land and sea needed to provide the resources a person or population consumes and to absorb its waste. Measured in global hectares (gha). ‘How many Earths do you need?’

生态足迹：支撑一个人或群体消费资源并吸纳其废物所需的生物生产性土地和海洋面积，以全球公项计。‘你需要几个地球？’

Succession: The orderly and predictable process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time, from pioneer species to a climax community. ‘Bare rock to mature forest’.

演替：生态群落物种结构随时间有序且可预测的变化过程，从先锋物种发展至顶级群落，‘由裸岩到成熟森林’。

10. Sustainability and Resource Management | 可持续性与资源管理

Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland definition). ‘Think three pillars: environment, society, economy’.

可持续发展：既满足当代人需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力的发展。（布伦特兰定义）‘三根支柱：环境、社会、经济’。

Carrying capacity: The maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available. ‘How many can the land support?’

环境承载力：给定食物、栖息地、水等资源条件下，环境可无限期维持的物种最大种群数量。‘土地能养活多少？’

Virtual water: The hidden flow of water embedded in the production of food and other commodities. For example, producing 1 kg of beef requires approximately 15,000 litres of water. ‘Water you don’t see’.

虚拟水：隐含在食品和其他商品生产中的隐藏水流，例如生产1公斤牛肉约需15000升水。‘看不见的水’。

Energy security: The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price. Nations seek to diversify energy supply to reduce reliance on imports. ‘Keep the lights on without dependency’.

能源安全：能源以可负担价格不间断供应的状态。各国寻求供应多元化以减少进口依赖。‘不依赖他方，保持灯亮’。

Circular economy: An economic system aimed at eliminating waste by designing products for reuse, repair, and recycling, creating a closed-loop system opposite to the ‘take-make-dispose’ linear model.

循环经济：通过设计可重复使用、维修和回收的产品来消除废物，构建闭环系统，与‘取用—制造—丢弃’的线性模式相对。

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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