AS Cambridge Philosophy: A Complete Syllabus Breakdown | AS剑桥哲学：课程大纲全面解析

📚 AS Cambridge Philosophy: A Complete Syllabus Breakdown | AS剑桥哲学：课程大纲全面解析

AS Level Philosophy (9694) is an intellectually demanding and rewarding course that introduces you to some of the deepest questions ever asked. It trains you to think clearly, construct rigorous arguments, and critically evaluate different viewpoints. This article provides a complete breakdown of the Cambridge AS Philosophy syllabus, covering both examination papers, the four core themes, assessment objectives, and practical study advice to help you excel in your studies.

AS 阶段哲学课程 (9694) 是一门严谨而富有启发性的学科，它引领你进入人类最深刻的追问。它训练你清晰思考、构建严密的论证，并批判性地评估不同观点。本文全面解析剑桥 AS 哲学大纲，涵盖两份试卷、四个核心主题、评估目标以及实用的学习建议，助你在学习中取得优异表现。

1. Course Overview | 课程概述

The Cambridge International AS Level in Philosophy consists of two compulsory papers, each contributing 50% to the final AS grade. Paper 1 focuses on introducing key philosophical problems, while Paper 2 assesses your ability to analyse and evaluate arguments in an unseen passage. The course is designed to develop transferable skills such as logical reasoning, precise communication, and independent thought.

剑桥国际 AS 哲学由两份必考试卷组成，每份各占 AS 最终成绩的 50%。试卷一侧重于介绍核心哲学问题，试卷二则考查你对一篇陌生文章中论证的分析与评估能力。该课程旨在培养可迁移技能，如逻辑推理、精准表达和独立思考。

2. Paper 1: Introduction to Philosophy | 试卷一：哲学导论

Paper 1 lasts 2 hours and carries 120 marks in total. You must answer two questions from a choice of at least four, each question coming from one of the four prescribed themes. Each question is split into two parts: Part (a) is worth 30 marks and primarily tests knowledge and understanding (AO1); Part (b) is also worth 30 marks and tests analysis and evaluation (AO2). You must select questions from at least two different themes.

试卷一考试时长 2 小时，总分 120 分。你需要从至少四道题中选择两道作答，每道题对应四个指定主题之一。每道题分为两部分：第 (a) 部分占 30 分，主要考查知识与理解 (AO1)；第 (b) 部分同样占 30 分，考查分析与评价 (AO2)。所选题目必须来自至少两个不同的主题。

3. Theme 1: The Problem of Evil | 主题一：邪恶问题

This theme examines whether the existence of evil and suffering is logically compatible with the existence of an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God. You will study the logical problem of evil (e.g., Mackie’s inconsistent triad) and the evidential problem (the sheer quantity and distribution of suffering). Key responses include the Augustinian theodicy, which attributes evil to the misuse of free will, and the soul-making theodicy advanced by Irenaeus and John Hick. You must weigh the strengths and weaknesses of these arguments.

本主题探讨邪恶与苦难的存在是否在逻辑上与全能、全善的上帝存在相容。你将学习邪恶的逻辑问题（如麦基的不相容三元组）和证据问题（苦难的数量与分布）。主要回应包括奥古斯丁的神义论，将邪恶归因于自由意志的滥用，以及爱任纽和约翰·希克提出的灵魂塑造神义论。你需要权衡这些论证的优点与不足。

4. Theme 2: Mind and Body | 主题二：心身问题

Here you explore the relationship between mental states (beliefs, sensations, intentions) and physical states (brain processes, bodily behaviour). You will examine substance dualism (Descartes’ conceivability argument), property dualism, and physicalist theories including behaviourism, type identity theory, and functionalism. The ‘philosophical zombie’ thought experiment and the problem of mental causation are central critical points you need to master.

在此你探索心理状态（信念、感觉、意图）与物理状态（脑过程、身体行为）之间的关系。你将检视实体二元论（笛卡尔的可设想性论证）、属性二元论，以及包括行为主义、类型同一论和功能主义在内的物理主义理论。”哲学僵尸”思想实验和心理因果性问题是你需要掌握的核心批判要点。

5. Theme 3: Personal Identity | 主题三：人格同一性

What makes a person the same over time? This theme investigates criteria such as bodily continuity, psychological connectedness (John Locke’s memory theory), and the animalist view. Thomas Reid’s objections to Locke’s theory, Bernard Williams’ body-swapping thought experiments, and Derek Parfit’s ideas about survival and psychological continuity are typical content areas. You must evaluate whether memory, physical continuity, or some other factor constitutes personal identity.

是什么让一个人历经时间仍保持同一？本主题探讨诸如身体连续性、心理联结（约翰·洛克的记忆理论）以及动物主义观点等标准。托马斯·里德对洛克理论的反对、伯纳德·威廉姆斯的换体思想实验，以及德里克·帕菲特关于存活与心理连续性的思想都是常见的考察内容。你必须评价究竟是记忆、物理连续性还是其他因素构成了人格同一性。

6. Theme 4: Free Will and Determinism | 主题四：自由意志与决定论

Do we have free will, and is it compatible with determinism? You will examine hard determinism, libertarianism, and soft determinism (compatibilism). Key ideas include the consequence argument for incompatibilism, Hume’s compatibilist analysis of ‘could have done otherwise’, and Frankfurt-style cases that challenge the principle of alternate possibilities. You need to assess which position best accounts for moral responsibility.

我们是否拥有自由意志，它能否与决定论相容？你将审视硬决定论、自由意志论和软决定论（相容论）。核心观点包括不相容论的后果论证、休谟对”本可另行其是”的相容论分析，以及挑战其他可能性原则的法兰克福式反例。你需要评估哪种立场能最好地解释道德责任。

7. Paper 2: Critical Thinking | 试卷二：批判性思维

Paper 2 is a 1 hour 30 minute examination, worth 60 marks. You receive a passage of philosophical prose and must answer a series of structured questions. These require you to identify conclusions, reasons, hidden assumptions, and flaws; to clarify and explain ideas; and to construct your own brief but reasoned evaluation of the arguments. This paper tests your ability to think like a philosopher rather than recall content.

试卷二考试时长 1 小时 30 分钟，总分 60 分。你会得到一篇哲学性文章，并需回答一系列结构性问题。这些问题要求你识别结论、理由、隐含预设和谬误；澄清并解释观点；并对论证进行简洁但有推理的评价。该试卷测试你像哲学家一样思考的能力，而非记忆内容。

8. Assessment Objectives & Marking Criteria | 评估目标与评分标准

Both papers are marked according to two assessment objectives that are equally weighted at AS level. Understanding what examiners look for is essential for directing your revision.

两份试卷均根据两个在 AS 阶段权重相等的评估目标进行评分。理解考官的要求对指导复习至关重要。

AO	Description | 描述	Weight in AS
AO1	Knowledge and Understanding: Demonstrate precise knowledge of arguments, concepts, and theories. | 知识与理解：准确展示对论证、概念和理论的知识。	50%
AO2	Analysis and Evaluation: Critically examine arguments, identify assumptions, develop reasoned judgements. | 分析与评价：批判性地审视论证，识别预设，形成有理据的判断。	50%

In Paper 1, Part (a) questions are designed primarily for AO1, and Part (b) for AO2. In Paper 2, marks are distributed across both AOs within the same set of sub-questions.

在试卷一中，第 (a) 部分主要针对 AO1 设计，第 (b) 部分针对 AO2。在试卷二中，同一组子问题中会分配两种 AOs 的分数。

9. How to Study for AS Philosophy | 如何学习 AS 哲学

Start with a reliable textbook, such as ‘Philosophy for AS and A Level’ by Michael Lacewing, and read each chapter actively. Take structured notes that separate factual exposition from critical commentary. Practise writing timed essays for both parts (a) and (b) under exam conditions. For Paper 1, use a clear PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) structure and always relate your evaluation back to the question.

从可靠教材开始，如 Michael Lacewing 的《A Level 哲学》，主动阅读每一章。做结构化笔记，将事实性阐述与批判性评论分开。在考试条件下练习限时撰写 (a) 与 (b) 两部分的论文。针对试卷一，使用清晰的 PEEL（观点、证据、解释、联系）结构，并始终将评价与问题联系起来。

10. Key Skills for Success | 关键成功技能

Beyond content knowledge, you must hone analytical skills. Learn to recognise logical fallacies, distinguish deductive from inductive reasoning, and construct counter-arguments. For Paper 2, regular reading of short philosophical extracts and practising paraphrase and evaluation is essential. Time management in exams is critical; allocate roughly 30 minutes per question in Paper 1 and read the Paper 2 passage carefully before answering.

除了内容知识，你必须磨练分析技能。学会识别逻辑谬误、区分演绎与归纳推理，并构建反面论证。针对试卷二，定期阅读短篇哲学摘录并练习转述与评价至关重要。考试中的时间管理很关键；试卷一每道题分配约 30 分钟，试卷二则先仔细阅读文章再作答。

11. Recommended Resources | 推荐资源

The following resources are widely used by Cambridge AS Philosophy students to support learning:

以下资源被剑桥 AS 哲学学生广泛用于辅助学习：

• ‘Philosophy for AS and A Level’ by Michael Lacewing (Routledge) – comprehensive textbook for all themes. | Michael Lacewing 的《A Level 哲学》（Routledge 出版）—— 涵盖所有主题的综合性教材。
• ‘Cambridge International AS & A Level Philosophy Student Book’ (Hodder) – syllabus-matched guide. | 《剑桥国际 AS 与 A Level 哲学学生用书》(Hodder) —— 匹配大纲的指南。
• ‘The Philosophy Gym’ by Stephen Law – accessible introductions to many problems. | Stephen Law 的《哲学健身房》—— 对许多问题的通俗介绍。
• Past papers from the Cambridge International website – essential for exam practice. | 剑桥国际官方网站的历年真题 —— 备考练习必备。
• A Level Philosophy online (alevelphilosophy.co.uk) – useful summaries and revision notes. | A Level Philosophy 在线网站 —— 有用的总结与复习笔记。

12. Final Tips | 最后提示

Treat philosophy as an active discipline: question everything, discuss ideas with classmates, and refine your own position. When revising, focus on the logic of arguments rather than merely remembering quotes. Use examiners’ reports to understand common mistakes. Above all, keep a balanced perspective and enjoy the process of thinking deeply about the questions that have shaped human thought for centuries.

把哲学当作一门积极的学科：质疑一切，与同学讨论观点，并完善自己的立场。复习时，专注于论证逻辑而非仅仅记忆引文。利用考官报告了解常见错误。最重要的是，保持平衡的视角，并享受深入思考这些塑造了人类思想数个世纪的问题的过程。

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