📚 AS Eduqas Geography: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AS Eduqas 地理：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology is essential for success in AS Eduqas Geography, particularly across the Changing Landscapes and Changing Places units. This guide presents high-frequency geographical terms paired with concise definitions and memorable associations, enabling you to internalise concepts quickly and apply them accurately in examinations. Each section targets a core topic from the specification, reinforcing both your theoretical understanding and your ability to use specialist language with confidence.
掌握精确术语是在AS Eduqas地理考试中取得高分的关键，尤其在”变化的地貌”和”变化的地方”两大单元中。本指南精选高频地理词汇，搭配简明定义与速记联想，帮助你快速内化概念并在考试中准确运用。每一节紧扣考纲核心主题，既巩固理论理解，又提升你自如运用专业语言的能力。
1. Coastal Landscapes and Processes | 海岸景观与过程
Abrasion (Wave Abrasion) – The wearing away of cliff faces and shore platforms by sediment flung against them by breaking waves.
磨蚀（波浪磨蚀） – 破碎波浪将沉积物抛掷到海岸崖壁和浪蚀台上，使岩面被磨耗侵蚀。
Memory Tip: Picture sandpaper ‘abrading’ a wooden surface; the sea uses pebbles as its sandpaper. | 速记技巧：想象砂纸打磨木头表面；海水把卵石当作砂纸使用。
Attrition – The process where rock fragments carried by waves collide with each other and with the seabed, becoming progressively smaller and more rounded.
磨耗 – 波浪携带的岩石碎块相互碰撞或与海底碰撞，体积逐渐变小、棱角变成圆滑。
Memory Tip: ‘Attrition’ sounds like ‘a-trit-ion’ – think of ‘triturate’, meaning to crush or grind. | 速记技巧：“Attrition” 发音类似 “a-trit-ion”，联想 “triturate”（研磨、捣碎）。
Longshore Drift – The movement of sediment along a coastline in a zigzag pattern, driven by waves approaching at an oblique angle.
沿岸漂移 – 波浪以斜角逼近海岸，使沉积物沿之字形路径沿海岸线移动。
Memory Tip: Picture a broken zigzag line along the shore; ‘longshore’ means along the shore, and ‘drift’ hints at the slow migration. | 速记技巧：在脑海中画一条沿岸的之字线；”longshore” 是沿着岸线，”drift” 暗示缓慢的迁移。
Fetch – The uninterrupted distance of open water over which the wind blows, influencing wave energy.
风区长度 – 风在开阔水面上无间断吹拂的距离，决定了波浪的能量大小。
Memory Tip: Think of ‘fetch’ as the wave’s ‘runway’ – the longer the runway, the bigger the take-off. | 速记技巧：把”fetch”想成波浪的”跑道”，跑道越长，起飞威力越大。
Swash and Backwash – Swash is the upward surge of water onto a beach after a wave breaks; backwash is the return flow of water down the beach.
冲流与回流 – 冲流是波浪破碎后涌上沙滩的上冲水流；回流是沿滩面向下回流的水体。
Memory Tip: ‘Swash’ sounds like ‘splash’ coming in; ‘backwash’ is the water washing back. | 速记技巧：“Swash” 类似 “splash”（泼溅）进来；”backwash” 就是水又退回去。
2. River Landscapes and Processes | 河流景观与过程
Hydraulic Action – The force of moving water alone removing loose material from the river bed and banks.
水力作用 – 流水本身的冲击力将松散的物质从河床和河岸剥离。
Memory Tip: ‘Hydraulic’ relates to fluid pressure; imagine water forcing its way into cracks like a jet spray. | 速记技巧：“Hydraulic” 指流体压力；想象水流如喷射般冲开岩缝。
Corrasion (Abrasion) – The river uses its load of sediment as a ‘tool’ to scrape and grind the channel floor and sides.
磨蚀 – 河流利用其携带的沉积物作为”工具”，刮擦和研磨河槽底部与两侧。
Memory Tip: It is the river’s version of sandblasting; ‘corrasion’ shares the ‘ras’ with ‘rasp’ (a rough file). | 速记技巧：这就像河流进行的”喷砂”作业；”corrasion” 里有 “ras”，恰似一把粗锉刀。
Traction – The rolling or sliding of large boulders and rocks along the river bed.
推移 – 大块的卵石和岩石沿河床滚动或滑动。
Memory Tip: ‘Traction’ also means grip or pulling – imagine a tractor pulling heavy rocks along. | 速记技巧：“Traction” 也有牵引的意思 – 想象拖拉机拉着大石头走。
Saltation – Small pebbles and sand grains are bounced along the river bed in a ‘leap-frogging’ motion.
跃移 – 小卵石和沙粒沿河床呈跳跃式前进，像玩跳背游戏一样。
Memory Tip: ‘Saltation’ comes from the Latin ‘saltare’, to leap. Think of a jumping stone. | 速记技巧：“Saltation” 源自拉丁语 “saltare”（跳跃），联想一颗跳跳石。
Meander – A pronounced bend in a river’s course, forming on low-gradient plains.
曲流 – 河道上显著弯曲的河段，发育于低坡降平原地区。
Memory Tip: The word ‘meander’ itself winds around – no sharp letters! Also, picture a snake slowly looping. | 速记技巧：“Meander” 这个词的拼写就像蜿蜒曲折，没有尖锐字母！再想象一条蛇缓缓盘绕。
3. Weathering, Mass Movement and Slope Processes | 风化、块体运动和坡面过程
Freeze-Thaw Weathering – Water enters cracks in rocks, freezes and expands by about 9%, exerting pressure that widens the crack.
冻融风化 – 水渗入岩石裂隙，冻结后体积膨胀约9%，产生压力使裂隙逐渐扩大。
Memory Tip: 9% expansion – think of a ‘9’ shaped ice wedge forcing the rock apart. | 速记技巧：膨胀9% – 想象一个”9″字形的冰楔把岩石撑开。
Chemical Weathering (Carbonation) – Rainwater absorbs CO₂ to form weak carbonic acid, which reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone, dissolving the rock.
化学风化（碳酸化） – 雨水吸收二氧化碳形成弱碳酸，与石灰岩中的碳酸钙反应，溶解岩石。
Memory Tip: Carbonation sounds like ‘carbonated drink’ – acid rain slowly ‘fizzes’ away the limestone. | 速记技巧：“Carbonation” 听起来像碳酸饮料 – 酸雨像汽水一样慢慢”嘶嘶”溶掉石灰岩。
Soil Creep – The very slow, downhill movement of soil particles under the influence of gravity, often revealed by terracettes and tilted fence posts.
土蠕 – 在重力作用下土壤颗粒极其缓慢地向坡下移动，常表现为小阶地和倾斜的栅栏柱。
Memory Tip: Creep is so slow it could ‘creep’ up on you without notice; look for tilted features on slopes. | 速记技巧：“Creep” 缓慢得让人察觉不到；寻找山坡上歪斜的物体来帮助记忆。
Slumping – The rotational movement of a large mass of rock and soil along a curved slip plane, often triggered by undercutting at the base.
滑塌 – 大量岩土沿曲面滑动面产生旋转位移，常由基部掏蚀引发。
Memory Tip: Slumping rotates – think of a ‘slump’ in your chair, rotating backwards. | 速记技巧：滑塌是旋转的 – 想一下你往椅子里”slump”（瘫坐），身体向后旋转。
4. Climate Change and Sea-Level Influences | 气候变化和海平面影响
Eustatic Sea-Level Change – A global change in ocean volume due to variations in the amount of water stored as ice or in the thermal expansion of seawater.
海面升降变化 – 因冰储水量变化或海水热膨胀导致的全球海洋体积改变。
Memory Tip: ‘Eustatic’ has ‘static’ – think of the whole ocean ‘static’ level rising or falling everywhere at once. | 速记技巧：“Eustatic” 中有 “static”（静止）– 想象整个海洋的静止水位同步抬升或下降。
Isostatic Change – Localised vertical movements of the Earth’s crust in response to the loading or unloading of ice sheets.
地壳均衡变化 – 地壳因冰盖加载或卸载而发生的局部垂直运动。
Memory Tip: ‘Iso’ means equal; the crust adjusts to balance the weight, like a boat rising when cargo is removed. | 速记技巧：“Iso” 表示相等；地壳调整以求平衡，好比卸货后船身上浮。
Emerged Coastline – A coastline that has risen relative to sea level, often marked by raised beaches and relict cliffs.
上升海岸线 – 相对于海平面抬升的海岸，常有抬升海滩和古海蚀崖等地貌。
Memory Tip: ‘Emerged’ sounds like ’emerged from the water’ – the land has popped up. | 速记技巧：“Emerged” 像 “从水中浮现”（emerged），陆地一下子冒了出来。
5. Population Change and Structure | 人口变迁与结构
Natural Increase – The difference between the birth rate and the death rate, excluding migration.
自然增长 – 出生率与死亡率之差，不含迁移因素。
Memory Tip: ‘Natural’ means no external movement; calculate: births minus deaths. | 速记技巧：“Natural” 表示无外部移动；公式：出生减死亡。
Dependency Ratio – The proportion of the population either too young (0–14) or too old (65+) compared with the working-age group (15–64).
抚养比 – 低龄人口（0–14岁）和老年人口（65岁以上）之和与劳动年龄人口（15–64岁）的比例。
Memory Tip: These groups ‘depend’ on others; the higher the ratio, the heavier the economic burden. | 速记技巧：这两个群体需要别人”抚养”；比值越大，经济负担越重。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – A theoretical model that illustrates how birth rates, death rates and total population change as a country develops.
人口过渡模型 (DTM) – 一个展现出生率、死亡率和总人口随国家发展而演变的理论模型。
Memory Tip: Five stages – think of a roller coaster: high, high; high, falling; falling, low; low, low; low, very low (with an ageing problem). | 速记技巧：五个阶段，像过山车：高高；高降；降低；低低；低很低（老龄化问题）。
6. Migration and its Impacts | 迁移及其影响
Push-Pull Model – A framework suggesting that migration decisions are influenced by negative ‘push’ factors at the origin and positive ‘pull’ factors at the destination.
推拉模型 – 一种认为迁移决策受原居地负面”推力”因素和目的地正面”拉力”因素影响的框架。
Memory Tip: Picture someone being pushed from behind and pulled from the front simultaneously. | 速记技巧：想象一个人同时被背后推和前方拉。
Net Migration – The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants in an area over a given period.
净迁移 – 一定时期内某地区迁入人数减去迁出人数的差值。
Memory Tip: ‘Net’ as in what remains after you subtract; positive net migration = more people moving in. | 速记技巧：“Net” 如同网中剩下的；正净迁移 = 进来的人更多。
Chain Migration – A sequence of moves in which one migrant paves the way for family or community members to follow.
连锁迁移 – 一个移民先行定居，为家人或社区其他成员前来铺平道路的连续迁移过程。
Memory Tip: Think of a chain of paper dolls – each link pulls the next. | 速记技巧：想象一串纸娃娃，每一个环节都拉动下一个。
7. Urbanisation and Suburbanisation | 城市化与郊区化
Urbanisation – The increasing proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities.
城市化 – 一个国家城镇和城市居住人口比例不断上升的过程。
Memory Tip: Focus on ‘proportion’, not just numbers; measure the shift from rural to urban. | 速记技巧：记住关键是”比例”而不是绝对数量；观察从乡村到城市的转移。
Suburbanisation – The outward expansion of the built-up area, often driven by people moving from inner cities to quieter residential suburbs.
郊区化 – 建成区向外扩张，常因人口从内城迁往更安静的郊区住宅区而引起。
Memory Tip: ‘Sub’ means below or outer; suburbs sit outside the urban core, like a skirt. | 速记技巧：“Sub” 指下方或外围；郊区位于城市核心之外，像一条裙子。
Counter-Urbanisation – The movement of people from urban areas to rural areas, leading to the growth of smaller settlements.
逆城市化 – 人口从城市地区向乡村地区迁移，促使小型聚落成长的过程。
Memory Tip: ‘Counter’ implies opposite direction; a U-turn from city to countryside. | 速记技巧：“Counter” 表示相反方向；从城市调头驶向乡村。
Urban Sprawl – The low-density, unplanned expansion of urban land uses into the surrounding countryside.
城市蔓延 – 城市用地以低密度、无计划的方式向周边乡村无序扩张。
Memory Tip: ‘Sprawl’ sounds like spreading your arms wide and taking up space. | 速记技巧：“Sprawl” 的音听起来就像张开双臂，占据大量空间。
8. Rural Change and Rebranding | 乡村变化与重塑品牌
Rebranding – Strategies aimed at changing the image and perception of a place to attract investment, visitors or new residents.
地方品牌重塑 – 旨在改变某地形象和认知，以吸引投资、游客或新居民的策略。
Memory Tip: Think of a shop giving itself a makeover to bring in more customers. | 速记技巧：想象一家店铺重新装修以吸引更多顾客。
Diversification – The process of a farm or rural business expanding into non-agricultural activities, such as farm shops, camping or renewable energy.
多元化经营 – 农场或乡村企业拓展非农业活动的过程，如开设农场商店、露营地或经营可再生能源。
Memory Tip: ‘Diverse’ means having many forms; imagine a farmer with many ‘hats’. | 速记技巧：“Diverse” 指多种多样；想象农民头戴多顶帽子。
Gentrification (Rural) – The upscale transformation of rural housing often by wealthier in-migrants, which can raise property prices and alter local services.
乡村绅士化 – 较富裕迁入者对乡村住宅进行高档化改造，可能导致房价上涨并改变当地服务业态。
Memory Tip: ‘Gentrification’ contains ‘gentry’ (wealthy class); think of city professionals buying up cottages. | 速记技巧：“Gentrification” 里有 “gentry”（富裕阶层）；联想城市专业人士抢购乡村小屋。
9. Place, Perception and Identity | 地方、感知与认同
Place – A specific location that has acquired meaning and significance through human experience and interaction.
地方 – 一个因人类体验和互动而获得意义与独特性的具体地点。
Memory Tip: ‘Place’ is more than a dot on the map; it holds stories, emotions and identity. | 速记技巧：“Place” 不仅是地图上的一个点；它承载着故事、情感和身份认同。
Sense of Place – The subjective, emotional attachment people feel towards a particular environment.
地方感 – 人们对特定环境产生的主观情感依恋。
Memory Tip: Close your eyes and imagine your hometown – the feelings that arise are your ‘sense of place’. | 速记技巧：闭上眼睛想象家乡，那些涌现出来的感受就是”地方感”。
Perception – The way in which a place is viewed, influenced by media representation, personal experience and cultural background.
地方感知 – 受媒体呈现、个人经历和文化背景影响而对一个地方形成的看法。
Memory Tip: ‘Perception’ shapes whether you think a neighbourhood is dangerous or charming. | 速记技巧：“Perception” 决定了你认定一个街区是危险的还是迷人的。
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors – Endogenous factors are internal characteristics of a place (location, physical geography); exogenous factors are external influences (flows of people, money, ideas).
内生与外来因素 – 内生因素是一个地方的内部特征（位置、自然地理）；外来因素则是外部影响（人员、资金、思想的流动）。
Memory Tip: ‘Endo’ = inside; ‘Exo’ = outside; just like endoskeleton and exoskeleton in biology. | 速记技巧：“Endo” 内，”Exo” 外；就像生物课学的内骨骼和外骨骼。
10. Geographical Skills: Data, Maps and GIS | 地理技能：数据、地图和GIS
GIS (Geographic Information Systems) – A computer-based tool used to capture, store, analyse and display geographically referenced data in layers.
地理信息系统 (GIS) – 一种基于计算机的工具，用于以图层形式采集、存储、分析和展示具有地理坐标的数据。
Memory Tip: Think of a cake; each layer represents a different data set (roads, rivers, buildings) stacked together. | 速记技巧：想象一个千层蛋糕；每一层代表不同的数据集（道路、河流、建筑），层层叠加。
Primary and Secondary Data – Primary data is collected first-hand by the researcher (e.g. questionnaires, measurements); secondary data is obtained from existing sources (e.g. census, maps).
一手与二手数据 – 一手数据由研究者亲自采集（如问卷、测量值）；二手数据来自既有资料（如人口普查、地图）。
Memory Tip: ‘Primary’ means first; you collected it firsthand. ‘Secondary’ means second-hand. | 速记技巧：“Primary” 即首要、亲自获取；”Secondary” 即二手、间接得来。
Choropleth Map – A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed.
分级统计地图 – 一种主题地图，根据所统计变量的数值对区域进行不同深浅或图案的填充。
Memory Tip: ‘Choro’ = area, ‘pleth’ = multitude; map of areas with varying shades. | 速记技巧：“Choro” 指区域，”pleth” 指大量；想象一张区域颜色深浅不一的地图。
Spearman’s Rank Correlation – A statistical test used in fieldwork to measure the strength and direction of association between two sets of ordinal data.
斯皮尔曼等级相关系数 – 野外考察中用于衡量两组顺序数据之间关联强弱和方向的统计检验方法。
Memory Tip: ‘Spearman’ holds the ‘spear’ of correlation strength; rank the data first, then compute the difference squared. | 速记技巧：“Spearman” 手持相关性强度的”长矛”；先把数据排序，再计算差值的平方和。
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