📚 AS WJEC Geography: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | AS WJEC 地理：术语速记指南
Mastering the extensive terminology of AS WJEC Geography can feel like climbing a mountain, but with the right memory hooks, every term can become a stepping stone. This guide breaks down the must-know concepts from both physical and human geography, along with fieldwork and skills vocabulary, pairing each definition with a bite-sized memorisation trick. By focusing on roots, wordplay, and simple mental images, you will turn passive recognition into active recall, boosting your confidence for the exam hall.
掌握 AS WJEC 地理的大量术语有时让人望而却步，但借助合适的记忆挂钩，每个术语都能成为进步的基石。本指南将自然地理、人文地理以及野外考察与技能相关的核心词汇逐一拆解，为每条定义配上轻巧的记忆小窍门。通过抓住词根、联想和简单的心理图像，你就能把被动的知识识别转化为主动回忆，在考场上信心倍增。
1. Hydrological Cycle Terms | 水循环术语
Evapotranspiration is the combined loss of water from soil and plants through evaporation and transpiration. Picture ‘Eva-po-transpiration’: Eva the evaporator and Po the plant pore both releasing water into the air.
蒸散发 是土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾共同造成的水分流失。想象 “Eva-po-transpiration”：Eva 代表蒸发的蒸发器，Po 代表植物气孔，双双把水汽送上天。
Interception occurs when precipitation is caught by leaves and branches before it hits the ground. Think of the canopy ‘intercepting’ raindrops like an umbrella — ‘inter-‘ means between, ‘-ception’ from capture.
截留 指降水在到达地面前被枝叶拦截。把林冠想象成一把伞，’intercept’ 就是半空截住雨滴——词根 ‘inter-‘ 意为在中间，’-ception’ 来源于捕捉。
Infiltration is the downward entry of water into the soil. Remember ‘in-fill-tration’: water fills the tiny soil pores. The rate depends on soil type and moisture content.
入渗/下渗 是水向下进入土壤的过程。记住“in-fill-tration”：水填满土壤微小孔隙。速率取决于土壤类型和现有含水量。
Throughflow is the lateral movement of water within the soil layer, typically downslope. ‘Through’ the soil it flows, like a hidden river just beneath your feet.
壤中流 是水在土壤层中侧向向下坡移动。词面意思就是水“穿过”土壤流动，如同脚底下隐形的水流。
Baseflow is the portion of a river’s discharge fed by groundwater. Think of it as the river’s ‘base’ supply that keeps flowing even without rain — base + flow.
基流 是河川中由地下水补给的流量部分。把它看作河流的“基底”供给，即使没有降雨也持续流动——基 + 流，简单直白。
2. Fluvial Processes and Landforms | 河流作用与地貌
Hydraulic action is the sheer force of moving water that breaks rock particles from the river bed and banks. Imagine a high-pressure ‘hydraulic’ jackhammer, but made of water, prying rock loose.
水力作用 是流水对河床与河岸的直接冲击力，将岩石颗粒剥离。想象一台高压“液压”冲击钻，只是工作介质是水流，把岩石生生撬开。
Abrasion (or corrasion) is the scraping of the river bed and banks by the sediment load. Picture sandpaper — the river rubs its stony ‘tools’ against the channel, deepening and widening it.
磨蚀作用 是河流携带的泥沙对河床与河岸的刮削。想象砂纸打磨——河流用它的碎石“工具”不断摩擦河道，使其变深变宽。
Attrition is the process by which transported particles collide and become smaller, rounder and smoother. ‘At-tri-tion’ sounds like ‘a trite’ — pieces get worn down and trite, tired out from bumping.
磨圆作用 是搬运中的颗粒互相碰撞，变得更小、更圆、更光滑。听起来像 ‘a trite’（陈旧）——石子在碰撞中渐渐磨去棱角，变得精疲力竭。
Meander is a pronounced bend in a river, formed by both erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank. The word itself ‘meanders’ slowly, just like the river’s lazy curves.
曲流/蛇曲 是河流明显的弯曲段，由凹岸侵蚀和凸岸堆积共同塑造。这个词本身读起来就蜿蜒舒缓，和河流的慵懒曲线如出一辙。
Oxbow lake is a horseshoe-shaped lake created when a meander is cut off from the main channel. Visualise an ox’s bow-shaped yoke — the lake mimics that U-shape left behind after a neck cut-off.
牛轭湖 是曲流截弯取直后遗留下来的马蹄形湖泊。联想牛轭的形状——那种U形木轭恰好是残留水体的模样，因此得名。
3. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸作用与地貌
Longshore drift describes the zigzag movement of sediment along a coastline caused by waves approaching at an angle. ‘Long’ + ‘shore’ drift: material drifts along the shore, like a slow conveyor belt of sand.
沿岸漂沙 是波浪斜射海岸时引起的泥沙锯齿状移动。字面就是“沿海岸的漂移”——沙粒就像坐着一条缓慢的传送带，沿着岸线搬运。
Fetch is the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows to generate waves. A long ‘fetch’ brings big waves — think of a dog fetching a stick from far away, covering plenty of open water.
风区长度/风程 是风在海面不受阻碍地吹拂以生成海浪的距离。长长的 fetch 带来大浪——想象一条狗跑老远去“取”木棍，经过大片开阔水域。
Destructive waves are high-frequency, steep waves with a strong backwash that erode the beach. ‘Destructive’ = destroy; their backwash is stronger than swash, dragging sand away like a thief.
破坏性波浪 频率高、波陡大、回流强劲，侵蚀海滩。顾名思义“破坏”——回流比前冲更强，像小偷一样把沙子拽回海里。
Constructive waves are low-frequency, gently sloping waves with a strong swash that builds up the beach. ‘Constructive’ = construct; they deposit more sediment than they remove, like a builder adding sand.
建设性波浪 频率低、波缓、前冲力强，使海滩加积。词根“建设”——它们沉积的泥沙多于移除的，像施工队不断为海滩添沙。
Spit is a narrow ridge of sand or shingle attached to the coast at one end and extending into the sea. Imagine the land ‘spitting’ sand out into the water, forming a long tongue.
沙嘴 是一端连接陆地、向海延伸的狭长沙砾脊。仿佛大地朝海里“吐”出一条沙舌，长舌状地貌由此而来。
4. Tectonic Hazards Terms | 构造灾害术语
Focus (hypocentre) is the exact point inside the Earth where an earthquake rupture begins. Like the sharp ‘focus’ point of a magnifying glass, all seismic energy radiates from this spot underground.
震源 是地球内部地震破裂开始的精确位置。就像放大镜的“焦点”，所有地震波能量都从地下这个点辐射出去。
Epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus. ‘Epi-‘ means ‘upon’, so it is the place upon the centre — usually the area suffering the strongest shaking.
震中 是震源正上方的地表点。前缀 ‘epi-‘ 表示“在……之上”，因此就是中心之上的地方，通常晃动最剧烈。
Subduction is the process where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another into the mantle. ‘Sub-‘ = below, ‘-duction’ = leading; the denser plate is led below, recycling into Earth’s interior.
俯冲作用 是一个构造板块受迫插入另一个板块之下进入地幔的过程。’Sub-‘ 向下，’-duction’ 引导；较重的板块被引向深处，回炉重熔。
Richter scale is a logarithmic measure of earthquake magnitude based on seismic wave amplitude. Each whole number jump means 10 times the ground motion — think ‘Richer’ shaking, but logarithmic.
里氏震级 是根据地震波振幅衡量规模的常用对数标度。每增大1级，地面振幅放大10倍——“里氏”听起来像“厉害的震动”，记住是对数关系。
Mercalli scale measures earthquake intensity through observed effects on people and structures. Memory aid: ‘Mercalli’ sounds like ‘mercy’ — how much mercy do you need from the damage?
麦卡利震度 依据地震对人和建筑的可观察影响评定烈度。谐音联想“麦卡利” -> “没卡力”——感觉地都没卡稳的力量，看破坏程度。
5. Weather and Climate Terms | 天气与气候术语
Anticyclone is a high-pressure system where air descends, bringing stable, dry weather. ‘Anti’ + ‘cyclone’: opposite of a cyclone, with air spiralling outwards clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere — imagine an ‘anti’ storm.
反气旋 是高压系统，气流下沉，带来稳定干燥的天气。’Anti’ 反对 + ‘cyclone’ 气旋：气旋的对立物，北半球顺时针外旋——把它想成“反”风暴。
Depression is a low-pressure system where air rises, producing cloud, rain and wind. Think of it as the weather being ‘depressed’ — grey, wet and windy, not the happiest mood.
低气压/气旋 是低压系统，空气上升，带来云、雨、风。类似情绪上的“低落”——天灰、潮湿、大风，一副闷闷不乐的样子。
Front is a boundary between warm and cold air masses. A cold front forces warm air up rapidly; a warm front slides gently. Recall the ‘front line’ in battle where two armies meet — here two air masses clash.
锋面 是冷暖气团的交界面。冷锋迫使暖空气急升，暖锋则平缓爬升。就像战场上的“前线”，两股势力在此交汇对抗。
Lapse rate is the rate at which temperature decreases with altitude. ‘Lapse’ means a decline — temperature lapses as you climb, roughly 6.5°C per 1000 m in still air.
气温直减率 是气温随高度上升而下降的速率。’Lapse’ 有下滑之意——你越往高处气温越下降，静止大气中约每千米降6.5°C。
Albedo is the reflectivity of a surface, expressed as a fraction. High albedo (e.g. fresh snow, 0.9) reflects most sunlight. Link ‘albedo’ to ‘albino’ — pale, bright, reflective.
反照率 是表面对太阳辐射的反射率。高反照率（如新雪，0.9）反射大部分阳光。将 ‘albedo’ 联想到 ‘albino’（白化），苍白发亮、善于反射。
6. Urban Models and Settlement Change | 城市模型与聚落变迁
CBD (Central Business District) is the commercial heart of a city, with the highest land values and accessibility. Picture the ‘C-B-D’ as the city’s ‘busy beating heart’ where all roads meet.
中央商务区 (CBD) 是城市的商业核心，地价和通达性最高。把 ‘C-B-D’ 想象成城市“忙碌跳动的中心”，所有道路汇聚于此。
Burgess model is a concentric ring model of urban land use: CBD, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, commuter zone. Think of tree rings (Burgess = ‘burgess’ like ‘bulging’ rings) radiating outward.
伯吉斯模型 是用同心圆描绘城市土地利用的模型：中心商务区、内城、内郊、外郊、通勤带。联想树木年轮，Burgess 像“鼓出”的环，一圈圈向外扩展。
Counter-urbanisation is the net movement of people from urban to rural areas. ‘Counter’ means against — going against urbanisation, people flee the city for the countryside.
逆城市化 是人口从城市向农村的净迁移。’Counter’ 表示逆向——与城市化背道而驰，人们逃离城市奔赴乡村。
Suburbanisation is the outward growth of suburbs, extending the urban area. ‘Sub’ + ‘urban’ — below the city centre, but still urban; imagine the city spreading like a jam stain on a tablecloth.
郊区化 是城市向外蔓延形成郊区。’Sub-‘ 下 + ‘urban’ 城市——市中心之外的边缘，像果酱在桌布上扩散一样城市铺开。
Re-urbanisation is the movement of people and activities back into inner-city areas. ‘Re-‘ meaning again; after decline, people return to urban cores, often due to regeneration.
再城市化 是人口与经济活动重新向城市中心区集聚。前缀 ‘re-‘ 表示再次；衰落后，受城市更新吸引，居民重新流入内城。
7. Population Change Terms | 人口变化术语
Natural increase is the difference between the number of live births and deaths in a population. No migration involved; think of it as the ‘natural’ balance sheet — births minus deaths.
自然增长 是一段时间内出生人数减去死亡人数的差值，不涉及迁移。把它看作一张“自然”的资产负债表，出生入账、死亡出账。
Dependency ratio compares the economically dependent population (0-14 and 65+) to the working-age group (15-64). High ratio means more people ‘depending’ on each worker — like a heavy backpack on a few shoulders.
抚养比 是被抚养人口（0-14岁和65岁以上）与劳动适龄人口（15-64岁）的比值。比率高意味着每个劳动者肩上要“抚养”更多人，好比为数不多的肩膀背起沉重的背包。
Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration. ‘Net’ as in fishing net — capture what comes in, release what goes out, the net result is the balance.
净迁移 是迁入人口减去迁出人口的差额。’Net’ 像渔网——网住搬进来的，放走搬出去的，入网净计数就是迁移差额。
Fertility rate (total fertility rate) is the average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime. Link ‘fertility’ to ‘fertiliser’ — a numeric gauge of childbearing, like soil productivity measured.
生育率（总和生育率）是妇女一生平均生育的子女数。’Fertility’ 联想到肥料——一种衡量生育能力的数字，就像测量土壤生产力一样。
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live. Think ‘expectancy’ as ‘what you can expect’ — at birth, how many birthdays can a person realistically anticipate?
预期寿命 是某一年龄的人平均还能存活的年数。从出生起，一个人能够“期待”过多少个生日？它就是测量这份期待的指标。
8. Development and Globalisation | 发展与全球化
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year. Imagine ‘Gross Domestic Pie’ — the whole economic pie baked inside the country’s borders.
国内生产总值 (GDP) 是一国境内一年生产的全部货物与服务的总价值。想象一份“国内的总馅饼”，边界内烘焙出的经济大饼。
HDI (Human Development Index) combines life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling) and GNI per capita. Remember ‘Human + Health + Education + Income’ — the three legs of the HDI stool.
人类发展指数 (HDI) 综合预期寿命、教育（平均受教育年限）与人均国民总收入。把 HDI 记成“健康 + 学历 + 收入”三脚凳——缺少任何一条腿都会不稳。
TNC (Transnational Corporation) is a company that operates in more than one country. ‘Trans-‘ means across, ‘national’ borders — a business that stretches across nations, like a giant octopus with global arms.
跨国公司 (TNC) 在多个国家开展业务的企业。’Trans-‘ 跨越，’national’ 国家——跨越国界的公司，像一只触手伸向全球的章鱼。
Multiplier effect describes how an initial injection of investment leads to further rounds of spending and economic growth. ‘Multiply’ — one job creates more jobs, like a ripple effect.
乘数效应 指初始投资注入后引发后续多轮支出和经济增长的现象。’乘数’ 意指不断放大——一个岗位创造更多岗位，如同涟漪扩散。
Global shift is the relocation of manufacturing from developed countries to lower-cost locations in Asia, Latin America and elsewhere. ‘Shift’ of global production — factories moved east, a tectonic shift in the industrial map.
全球转移 是制造业从发达国家向亚洲、拉美等低成本地区迁移的过程。全球生产的“大挪移”——工厂东迁，如同一场产业地图的板块运动。
9. Sustainability and Resource Management | 可持续性与资源管理
Carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event or product, expressed as CO₂ equivalent. Think of every activity leaving a ‘carbon’ footprint — the deeper the print, the heavier the impact.
碳足迹 衡量某个个体、活动或产品导致的温室气体排放总量，以二氧化碳当量表示。想象每种活动都留下一个碳的“脚印”——印迹越深，影响越重。
Ecological footprint is the area of productive land and water needed to support a population’s lifestyle. Picture your lifestyle requiring so many planet ‘footprints’ — how many Earths would we need if everyone lived like you?
生态足迹 是支持某人口的生活方式所需的生产性土地与水域面积。你的生活需要踩出多少个地球的“足迹”——如果人人都像你一样，需要几个地球？
Renewable energy comes from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass. ‘Renew’ + ‘able’ — able to be renewed, like a phone battery you can recharge endlessly.
可再生能源 来自能够自然补充的源头，如太阳能、风能、水力和生物质能。’Renew’ 更新 + ‘able’ 能够——可以不断充电，像一块永不枯竭的电池。
Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Think of ‘sustain’ as holding up a building so it lasts — balancing economy, society and environment.
永续发展/可持续发展 既满足当代需求，又不损害后代满足其需求的能力。’Sustain’ 如同支撑一座持久的建筑——平衡经济、社会与环境三大支柱。
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