📚 AS WJEC Media Studies: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | AS WJEC 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
This quick-reference guide packs together the essential media terminology for WJEC AS Media Studies. Each term is explained in a way that’s easy to remember, with practical links to textual analysis and exam-style thinking. You’ll find camera language, editing, sound, narrative theories, representation, audience models, semiotics and more – all organised so you can learn, revise and recall fast.
这本速记指南汇集了 WJEC AS 媒体研究考试的核心术语。每个术语都配有易于记忆的解释，并与文本分析和考试思维紧密衔接。内容涵盖镜头语言、剪辑、声音、叙事理论、表征、受众模型、符号学等领域，帮你高效学习、复习和回忆。
1. Camera Shots and Angles | 镜头与角度
Extreme Long Shot (ELS): Often used as an establishing shot; shows a vast area, placing the subject in a wider context.
极远景 (ELS)：常作为定场镜头，展示广阔空间，将主体置于更大的环境背景中。速记：ELS = Extremely Large Setting。
Long Shot (LS): Frames the whole body of the subject, allowing us to see posture, costume and setting clearly.
全景 (LS)：框取人物全身，清晰呈现体态、服装和环境。速记：LS 让我们看到主体与空间的完整关系。
Medium Shot (MS): Typically cuts at the waist, common in dialogue scenes; balances character and background.
中景 (MS)：通常在腰部取景，多用于对话场景，平衡人物与背景信息。
Close-up (CU): Focuses tightly on a character’s face, revealing subtle emotions and reactions.
特写 (CU)：紧凑聚焦面部，揭示细微情感和反应。速记：CU = Close Up，靠近看清情绪。
Extreme Close-up (ECU): Magnifies a specific detail such as eyes or a ring, heightening intensity.
大特写 (ECU)：放大特定细节，如眼睛或戒指，强化紧张感。
Low Angle: Camera looks up at the subject, making it appear dominant or threatening.
仰拍：摄影机从下往上拍，使主体显得强势或具威胁性。
High Angle: Camera looks down on the subject, diminishing its power and implying vulnerability.
俯拍：摄影机从上往下拍，削弱主体力量，暗示脆弱。
Point-of-View Shot (POV): Shows exactly what a character sees, drawing the audience into their perspective.
主观视角镜头 (POV)：展示角色所见，将观众拉入其视角。
Over-the-shoulder Shot: Frames a conversation from behind one character’s shoulder, bridging speaker and listener.
过肩镜头：从一名角色肩后拍摄对话，连接说话者与听者。
2. Camera Movement | 镜头运动
Pan: Horizontal rotation of the camera on a fixed tripod; often used to follow action or scan a scene.
摇镜：摄影机在三脚架上水平转动，常用以追随动作或扫视场景。
Tilt: Vertical rotation, moving up or down, to reveal height or depth.
俯仰摇摄：垂直转动，上摇或下摇，展现高度或深度。
Tracking Shot (Dolly): Camera moves smoothly along tracks, paralleling the action for fluid motion.
推轨镜头：摄影机沿轨道平稳移动，与动作同步，营造流畅感。
Crane Shot: Camera is mounted on a crane, sweeping up and away to deliver grand, dramatic perspectives.
升降镜头：摄影机装在摇臂上，可大幅升降，带来宏大的戏剧性视角。
Zoom: Lens changes focal length to move closer or farther from the subject without camera movement.
变焦：改变镜头焦距，在不移动机身的情况下拉近或推远主体。
Handheld: Camera is held by the operator, producing a shaky, immediate, documentary-style feel.
手持拍摄：操作员手持摄影机，产生晃动、即时纪实感。
3. Editing Techniques | 剪辑技巧
Continuity Editing: A system of cutting that maintains seamless narrative flow, respecting the 180-degree rule.
连续性剪辑：保持叙事流畅的剪辑系统，遵循180度规则，让观众不易察觉剪辑点。
Cut: An instant transition between two shots; the basic building block of editing.
剪切：两个镜头之间的瞬时转换，是剪辑的基本单位。
Fade: Gradual transition to or from black; often signals the beginning or end of a sequence.
淡入淡出：逐渐过渡到黑屏或从黑屏显现，通常标示段落的开始或结束。
Dissolve: One shot blends into another, suggesting a connection in time or theme.
叠化：一个镜头融入另一个，暗示时间或主题的关联。
Cross-cutting: Alternating between two or more lines of action occurring simultaneously, building suspense.
交叉剪辑：在同时发生的两条或多条动作线之间交替，营造悬念。
Match on Action: A cut made during a movement so the action continues smoothly across both shots.
动作衔接：在动作进行中剪切，使动作在两个镜头间流畅延续。
Shot Reverse Shot: Typical dialogue pattern: alternating over-the-shoulder shots of two speakers.
正反打镜头：典型的对话模式，交替出现两个说话者的过肩镜头。
Jump Cut: A disorienting cut that breaks continuity, often drawing attention to the editing itself.
跳切：打破连续性的突兀剪切，常使观众注意到剪辑的存在。
4. Sound Techniques | 声音技巧
Diegetic Sound: Sound that originates from within the story world, such as dialogue or footsteps; characters can hear it.
故事内声音：源于叙事世界内部的声音，如对话或脚步声，角色可以听见。
Non-diegetic Sound: Sound added from outside the story, like film scores or voiceover; the characters cannot hear it.
故事外声音：来自故事世界外部的声音，如电影配乐或旁白，角色听不到。
Ambient Sound: Background environmental noises (wind, traffic) that create a sense of place.
环境音：背景的环境噪音（风声、车流声），营造空间感。
Sound Bridge: Sound from the next scene begins before the visual cut, linking the two.
声音桥接：下一场景的声音在视觉切换前提前进入，衔接两个段落。
Synchronous Sound: Sound that exactly matches the on-screen action, like lips matching words.
同步声：与画面动作精确匹配的声音，如口型与对白同步。
Asynchronous Sound: Sound that is out of sync with the visuals, often used for emotional impact or confusion.
非同步声：与视觉不同步的声音，常用于营造情感冲击或困惑感。
Voiceover: Non-diegetic spoken commentary, often providing narrative insight.
旁白：故事外的口头解说，常提供叙事视角。
Sound Motif: A recurring sound element associated with a character, place or idea.
声音主题：与角色、地点或观念关联的重复出现的声音元素。
5. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène: Everything placed in front of the camera – setting, lighting, costume, props and performance – used to create meaning.
场面调度：放置于摄影机前的一切——场景、灯光、服装、道具和表演——用以创造意义。
Key Light: The main source of light, highlighting the subject and creating primary shadows.
主光：主要光源，照亮主体并产生主要阴影。
Fill Light: Reduces harsh shadows created by the key light, softening the image.
补光：削弱主光造成的硬阴影，柔化画面。
Back Light: Placed behind the subject to separate it from the background, adding depth.
背光：置于主体后方，将主体与背景分离，增加纵深感。
High-key Lighting: Bright, even illumination with little contrast; often connotes optimism or realism.
高调照明：明亮均匀，低反差；常暗示乐观或真实感。
Low-key Lighting: Strong contrasts, deep shadows; creates drama, mystery or menace.
低调照明：强对比，浓重阴影；营造戏剧性、神秘或威胁感。
Costume and Props: Convey character traits, status, era and genre expectations instantly.
服装与道具：即时传达角色特质、地位、时代与类型期待。
Colour: Carries symbolic weight – red for danger/passion, blue for coldness/calm – and can set mood.
色彩：具有符号重量——红色表危险/激情，蓝色表冰冷/平静——并能定调情绪。
6. Narrative Theories | 叙事理论
Todorov’s Equilibrium: Stories move from equilibrium through disruption, recognition, repair and a new equilibrium.
托多罗夫叙事平衡论：故事从平衡状态，经打破、认知、修复，进入新的平衡。
Propp’s Character Archetypes: Identifies seven recurring roles, including hero, villain, donor, helper and princess.
普罗普角色原型：归纳七种反复出现的角色，包括英雄、恶棍、赠与者、帮手和公主。
Barthes’ Enigma Code: Narratives plant mysteries that hook audiences; answers are delayed to sustain interest.
巴特谜题码：叙事埋下谜题吸引观众，答案延后以维持兴趣。
Levi-Strauss’ Binary Oppositions: Conflict is structured around opposing values, e.g. good vs evil, civilisation vs wilderness.
列维-斯特劳斯二元对立：冲突围绕对立价值构建，如善/恶、文明/荒野。
Linear and Non-linear Narrative: Linear follows chronological order; non-linear uses flashbacks or disjointed time.
线性与非线性叙事：线性遵循时间顺序；非线性使用闪回或破碎时间。
7. Genre | 类型
Genre: A category of media text defined by shared codes, conventions and audience expectations.
类型：由共享符码、惯例和观众期待界定的媒体文本
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