A-Level CAIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level CAIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering A-Level CAIE Physical Education requires more than just knowing facts – you must be fluent in the subject-specific vocabulary. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms by topic, pairing each with a clear definition and a practical memory tip. Use these strategies to speed up your revision and boost your exam confidence.

学好A-Level CAIE体育远不止记住知识点，你还必须熟练掌握学科专用术语。本指南按主题拆解高频词汇，为每个术语配上清晰定义和实用记忆技巧。用这些方法加速复习，提升考试信心。

1. Skeletal Anatomy Terms | 骨骼解剖术语

The skeleton is the framework for all movement. Key terms include ‘articulating bones’ (the bones that meet at a joint), ‘condyle’ (a rounded projection for articulation), and ‘fossa’ (a shallow depression). Visualise the femur’s condyles fitting into the tibial plateau to remember the knee structure.

骨骼是一切运动的框架。重点术语包括 articulating bones（在关节处相遇的骨骼）、condyle（用于关节连接的圆形突起）和 fossa（浅凹）。想象股骨髁装入胫骨平台的过程，来记住膝关节结构。

For joints, ‘synovial joint’ is freely movable and contains synovial fluid. Think ‘synovial = slippery oil’. ‘Ligament’ connects bone to bone, while ‘tendon’ connects muscle to bone – remember ‘tendon rhymes with tension’, so it carries tension from muscle.

关于关节，synovial joint 是可自由活动的关节，内含滑液。联想成“synovial = 滑润油”。Ligament 连接骨与骨，而 tendon 连接肌肉与骨——记住 tendon 与 tension 押韵，它传递来自肌肉的张力。

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2. Muscular System Keywords | 肌肉系统关键词

Muscle roles vary during contraction. ‘Agonist’ (prime mover) contracts to produce movement; ‘antagonist’ relaxes to allow it. Think ‘agonist = action’. ‘Fixator’ stabilises the origin so the agonist can work efficiently – picture the rotator cuff muscles fixing the shoulder during a bicep curl.

肌肉在收缩时扮演不同角色。Agonist（主动肌）收缩产生动作；antagonist 舒张以允许动作进行。把 agonist 联想成“行动者”。Fixator 稳定起点，让主动肌高效工作——想象做二头弯举时，肩袖肌群固定肩关节。

‘Isotonic contraction’ involves movement; it splits into ‘concentric’ (shortening) and ‘eccentric’ (lengthening under tension). ‘Isometric’ means same length – no movement. Recall: ‘metric = measure’, so isometric = length unchanged.

Isotonic contraction 伴随动作产生，分为 concentric（向心缩短）和 eccentric（离心拉长）。Isometric 表示长度不变——无动作。联想：metric 意为测量，所以 isometric 就是长度不变。

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3. Energy Systems Terminology | 供能系统术语

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the immediate energy currency. ‘Phosphocreatine (PC)’ resynthesises ATP rapidly without oxygen – think ‘PC = powerful quick charge’. ‘Lactic acid system’ provides energy for high-intensity efforts lasting up to 90 seconds, producing lactate and hydrogen ions that cause fatigue.

ATP（三磷酸腺苷）是即时能量货币。Phosphocreatine (PC) 在无氧条件下快速再合成 ATP，可联想为“PC = 强力快充”。Lactic acid system 为持续约90秒的高强度运动供能，产生乳酸和氢离子，导致疲劳。

‘Aerobic system’ uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates and fats slowly but with huge ATP yield. ‘VO₂ max’ is the maximum volume of oxygen the body can use per minute per kilogram – a key measure of aerobic endurance.

Aerobic system 利用氧气缓慢分解碳水化合物和脂肪，ATP产量巨大。VO₂ max 是每分钟每公斤体重最大摄氧量，是衡量有氧耐力的关键指标。

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4. Biomechanics: Forces and Motion | 生物力学：力与运动

Newton’s laws are fundamental. ‘Law of Inertia’: a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. ‘Law of Acceleration’: F = ma. ‘Law of Reaction’: every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Memorise the mnemonic ‘I Am Ready’ (Inertia, Acceleration, Reaction).

牛顿定律是基础。惯性定律：物体保持静止或匀速运动，除非受到外力作用。加速度定律：F = ma。作用力与反作用力定律：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。用口诀“I Am Ready”来记忆。

‘Lever systems’ help generate force or speed. A ‘first-class lever’ has the fulcrum between load and effort (e.g., neck extension). ‘Second-class’ has the load in the middle (e.g., calf raise – effort at toes, fulcrum at ankle, load through body). ‘Third-class’ has the effort in the middle (most body levers, e.g., bicep curl). Think ‘FLE’ – Fulcrum, Load, Effort to identify order.

杠杆系统用于产生力量或速度。第一类杠杆支点在中间（如颈部伸展）。第二类负荷在中间（如提踵——力点在脚趾，支点在踝，负荷在身体）。第三类力点在中间（多数人体杠杆，如二头弯举）。用“FLE”顺序来辨别。

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5. Skill Acquisition: Learning and Practice | 技能习得：学习与练习

‘Skill’ is a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with minimum outlay of time or energy. ‘Ability’ is innate, stable, and enduring. Use the analogy: ability is the hardware, skill is the software you install.

Skill 是习得的能力，能以最少时间或精力达到预定结果。Ability 是与生俱来、稳定持久的。打个比方：ability 是硬件，skill 是你安装的软件。

Types of practice: ‘massed’ (continuous, no rest – good for discrete skills), ‘distributed’ (with rest intervals – better for continuous, fatiguing skills). ‘Variable practice’ uses changing conditions to develop schema; ‘mental rehearsal’ improves without physical execution. Remember: ‘Massed = marathon, Distributed = dash with rest’.

练习类型：massed（连续无间歇，适合分立技能），distributed（有间歇，适合持续易疲劳的技能）。variable practice 变换条件以构建图式；mental rehearsal 不执行动作就能提高表现。记忆：massed 像马拉松，distributed 像跑跑停停。

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6. Feedback and Information Processing | 反馈与信息处理

‘Intrinsic feedback’ comes from proprioceptors – you feel the movement. ‘Extrinsic feedback’ is provided by an external source, e.g., coach or video. It can be ‘knowledge of performance’ (how it felt) or ‘knowledge of results’ (outcome). Think: ‘Inside info = intrinsic, External = Extrinsic’.

Intrinsic feedback 来自本体感受器——你感受到动作。Extrinsic feedback 来自外部，如教练或录像。可分为 knowledge of performance（动作质量）和 knowledge of results（结果）。窍门：内部信息是 intrinsic，外部是 extrinsic。

Information processing follows: input → decision-making → output → feedback. ‘Reaction time’ is the time from stimulus onset to start of movement; ‘movement time’ is the time to complete the movement; ‘response time’ is reaction time + movement time. Use the formula RT = ReT + MT.

信息加工流程：输入→决策→输出→反馈。Reaction time 是从刺激出现到开始动作的时间；movement time 是完成动作的时间；response time 是两者之和。公式：RT = ReT + MT。

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7. Sport Psychology: Arousal, Anxiety, and Motivation | 运动心理：唤醒、焦虑与动机

‘Arousal’ is the energised state of readiness. The ‘inverted-U theory’ predicts optimal performance at moderate arousal. ‘Anxiety’ can be ‘somatic’ (physical symptoms like sweaty palms) or ‘cognitive’ (mental worry). Use ‘Somatic = Symptoms in body, Cognitive = Concerns in mind’.

Arousal 是精力充沛的准备状态。倒U型理论预测中等唤醒水平下表现最佳。Anxiety 可分为 somatic（身体症状如手心出汗）和 cognitive（心理担忧）。记忆：Somatic 是身体症状，Cognitive 是头脑担忧。

‘Intrinsic motivation’ comes from within (enjoyment, satisfaction); ‘extrinsic motivation’ comes from external rewards (trophies, praise). ‘Achievement motivation’ relates to the need to succeed, balancing ‘nAch’ (need to achieve) and ‘nAf’ (need to avoid failure). High nAch performers choose challenging but realistic tasks.

Intrinsic motivation 来自内部（乐趣、满足感）；extrinsic motivation 来自外部奖励（奖杯、表扬）。Achievement motivation 涉及成功需求，平衡 nAch（成就需求）和 nAf（避免失败需求）。高成就需求者选择有挑战但现实的任务。

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8. Social and Cultural Influences | 社会与文化影响

‘Commercialisation’ is the process by which sport becomes a commodity to be bought and sold. Key terms: ‘sponsorship’ (financial support in return for publicity), ‘media rights’ (exclusive broadcasting deals). The ‘golden triangle’ links sport, media, and business.

Commercialisation 是体育变为可买卖商品的过程。关键术语：sponsorship（以宣传换资金支持），media rights（独家转播权）。黄金三角连接体育、媒体和商业。

‘Globalisation’ sees sport spread worldwide, e.g., the Premier League’s international fan base. ‘Ethics’ relates to morals in sport – ‘gamesmanship’ (bending rules to gain advantage) vs ‘sportsmanship’ (fair play). Remember: gamesmanship is cunning, sportsmanship is honourable.

Globalisation 让体育传播全球，如英超的国际球迷基础。Ethics 涉及体育道德——gamesmanship（钻规则空子获利）对比 sportsmanship（公平竞争）。记忆：gamesmanship 是耍小聪明，sportsmanship 是光明正大。

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9. Training Principles and Methods | 训练原则与方法

‘SPORT’ acronym for training principles: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. Overload is achieved by ‘FITT’ – Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. Write SPORT on one card, FITT on another; always link them.

训练原则用 SPORT 记忆：specificity(专项性)、progression(渐进性)、overload(超负荷)、reversibility(可逆性)、tedium(趣味性)。超负荷通过 FITT 实现——Frequency、Intensity、Time、Type。用两张卡片把 SPORT 和 FITT 连在一起。

‘Periodisation’ divides the training year into macrocycle (annual), mesocycle (monthly), microcycle (weekly). Think ‘macro = massive, meso = medium, micro = mini’. ‘Tahering’ reduces training load before competition to ensure peak freshness.

Periodisation 将训练年分为大周期(宏观)、中周期(月度)、小周期(每周)。联想：macro = 大，meso = 中，micro = 小。Tapering 在赛前减量以达最佳状态。

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10. Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation | 损伤预防与康复

‘Acute injury’ occurs suddenly (e.g., sprain); ‘chronic injury’ develops over time (e.g., shin splints). ‘RICE’ protocol for acute injury: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. Ice reduces swelling by vasoconstriction.

Acute injury 突然发生（如扭伤）；chronic injury 逐渐形成（如胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎）。急性损伤的 RICE 原则：Rest、Ice、Compression、Elevation。冰敷通过收缩血管减轻肿胀。

‘Proprioceptive training’ improves joint position sense to prevent re-injury. ‘Rehabilitation’ follows stages: pain management, range of motion, strength, proprioception, sport-specific skills. Recall the mnemonic ‘Please Rest So Players Succeed’ (Pain, ROM, Strength, Proprioception, Sport-specific).

Proprioceptive training 增强本体感觉以防再伤。Rehabilitation 分阶段：疼痛处理、活动度、力量、本体感觉、专项技能。用口诀“Please Rest So Players Succeed”记忆。

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11. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与水分

Macronutrients: ‘carbohydrates’ are primary energy source (stored as glycogen), ‘fats’ provide energy at low intensity, ‘proteins’ repair and build muscle. ‘Carb-loading’ boosts glycogen stores before endurance events. Key micronutrients: ‘calcium’ for bone strength, ‘iron’ for oxygen transport.

宏量营养素：carbohydrates 是主要能源（以糖原储存），fats 在低强度时供能，proteins 修复和构建肌肉。Carb-loading 在耐力赛前增加糖原储备。关键微量营养素：calcium 壮骨，iron 携氧。

‘Dehydration’ impairs performance; ‘hypohydration’ is a physiological state of low body water. ‘Isotonic drinks’ replace fluids and electrolytes with same concentration as body fluids for rapid absorption. ‘Ergogenic aids’ are substances that enhance performance, but many are banned.

Dehydration 损害运动表现；hypohydration 是身体水分偏低的生理状态。Isotonic drinks 含有与体液相同浓度的电解质，能快速吸收。Ergogenic aids 是提升表现的物质，但很多属违禁。

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12. Data and Measurement Vocabulary | 数据与测量词汇

Quantitative data is numerical (e.g., heart rate, times); qualitative data is descriptive (e.g., coach observation). ‘Validity’ means the test measures what it claims to measure; ‘reliability’ means results are consistent. Valid fitness test example: the Cooper run estimates VO₂ max reliably.

定量数据是数字（如心率、时间）；定性数据是描述性（如教练观察）。Validity 指测试衡量了目标指标；reliability 指结果可重复。有效的体能测试如库珀跑可靠地估算 VO₂ max。

‘Rate of Perceived Exertion’ (RPE) is a subjective scale of intensity (6–20 Borg scale). ‘Baseline data’ is collected before an intervention. Use ‘BD = Before Doing’ to recall that baseline data provides a starting point for comparison.

自感用力度 RPE 是主观强度量表（博格6-20级）。Baseline data 在干预前收集。联想 BD = Before Doing，记住基线数据为对比提供起点。

Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com

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