📚 KS3 AQA Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | KS3 AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册
This handbook demystifies Chinese grammar by presenting it as a collection of clear, reusable formulas. Just as you learn equations in mathematics, you can master Mandarin sentence patterns by understanding their structure and logic. Each section gives you the formula then shows you how to apply it, making your speaking and writing accurate from day one.
这本手册将中文语法拆解成一组清晰的、可重复使用的公式。就像学习数学方程一样，你可以通过理解结构和逻辑来掌握普通话的句型。每个部分先给出公式，然后展示如何应用，让你从一开始就说得准确、写得规范。
1. Basic Sentence Structure Formula | 基本句子结构公式
The fundamental word order in Chinese follows Subject + Verb (+ Object). Unlike English, Chinese does not change the verb form for person or number. You can think of it as S + V + O, and you can add time words at the beginning.
汉语的基本词序是：主语 + 动词（+ 宾语）。与英语不同，汉语动词不随人称或数变化。你可以将其记作 S + V + O，并且可以把时间词放在句首。
Formula: S + V + (O)
公式：主语 + 动词 + （宾语）
I eat bread. → Wǒ chī miànbāo.
我吃面包。
She drinks water. → Tā hē shuǐ.
她喝水。
2. Adjectival Predicate Formula | 形容词谓语公式
In Chinese, adjectives can directly act as the predicate without needing a verb like ‘to be’. The common pattern is Subject + (optional Modifier) + Adjective. The word ‘hěn’ (很) is often used as a neutral linker, not necessarily meaning ‘very’.
在汉语中，形容词可以直接作谓语，不需要像“是”这样的动词。常见结构是：主语 +（可选修饰语）+ 形容词。 “很”字常用作中性连系词，并不一定表示“非常”。
Formula: S + hěn + Adj
公式：主语 + 很 + 形容词
She is happy. → Tā hěn gāoxìng.
她很高兴。
This book is interesting. → Zhè běn shū hěn yǒuqù.
这本书很有趣。
3. Yes/No Question with ‘ma’ Formula | 带“吗”的是非问句公式
The simplest way to turn a statement into a question is by adding the particle ‘ma’ (吗) at the end of the sentence. The word order stays exactly the same. This formula works for all declarative sentences.
把陈述句变成疑问句最简单的方法，就是在句末加上语气词“吗”。词序完全不变。这个公式适用于所有陈述句。
Formula: Statement + ma ?
公式：陈述句 + 吗？
You are a student. → Nǐ shì xuésheng ma?
你是学生吗？
He likes coffee. → Tā xǐhuan kāfēi ma?
他喜欢咖啡吗？
4. Wh-Question Word Order Theorem | 疑问词词序定理
In Chinese, wh-question words (what, who, where, when, why, how) do not move to the front of the sentence. They stay in the same position as the answer would be. This ‘in-situ’ rule is like a theorem: the question word simply replaces the unknown information.
在汉语中，疑问词（什么、谁、哪儿、什么时候、为什么、怎么）不移动到句首。它们就待在答案原本的位置上。这个“原位”规则就像一条定理：疑问词直接替代未知信息。
Theorem: S + V + QW (QW stays in place)
定理：主语 + 动词 + 疑问词（疑问词留在原位）
What do you eat? → Nǐ chī shénme?
你吃什么？（什么在宾语位置）
Where does he live? → Tā zhù zài nǎr?
他住在哪儿？（哪儿在位置补语位置）
5. Time-Location Priority Law | 时间地点优先级规律
When a sentence contains both time and location information, the topic or subject comes first, then time, then location, and finally the action. This is sometimes called the ‘big to small’ or ‘when-where-who-does-what’ formula.
当一个句子同时包含时间和地点信息时，主题或主语在前，然后是时间，接着是地点，最后是动作。这有时被称为“从大到小”或“何时-何地-何人-何事”公式。
Formula: S + Time + Place + V + (O)
公式：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + （宾语）
I study at school in the morning. → Wǒ zǎoshang zài xuéxiào xuéxí.
我早上在学校学习。
We will watch a film at home tomorrow. → Wǒmen míngtiān zài jiā kàn diànyǐng.
我们明天在家看电影。
6. Changed State ‘le’ Formula | 变化态“了”公式
The particle ‘le’ (了) at the end of a sentence indicates a change of state or a new situation. It often corresponds to ‘now’, ‘already’, or ‘not anymore’ in English. This formula helps you express that something has become different.
句末语气词“了”表示状态的变化或新情况的出现。它常常对应英语中的“now”、“already”或“not anymore”。这个公式帮助你表达某事已经变得不同了。
Formula: S + (bù) + Adj/V + le
公式：主语 + （不） + 形容词/动词 + 了
I am hungry now. → Wǒ è le.
我饿了。
He does not drink beer anymore. → Tā bù hē píjiǔ le.
他不喝啤酒了。
7. Completed Action ‘le’ Formula | 完成态“了”公式
When ‘le’ is placed directly after a verb, it marks a completed action. This formula is often used for actions that have been finished, especially in narratives. Note: it must not be confused with the sentence-final ‘le’.
当“了”直接放在动词之后时，它标记动作的完成。这个公式常用于叙述已经完成的动作，尤其在讲述中。注意：不能与句末的“了”混淆。
Formula: S + V + le + (Numeral + Measure Word) + O
公式：主语 + 动词 + 了 + （数量词） + 宾语
I ate three apples. → Wǒ chī le sān ge píngguǒ.
我吃了三个苹果。
She wrote a letter. → Tā xiě le yī fēng xìn.
她写了一封信。
8. ‘Shi…de’ Emphasis Pattern | “是……的”强调结构
To emphasise the time, place, or manner of a past action, use the ‘shi…de’ construction. The information you want to highlight goes between ‘shi’ and ‘de’. This is a key formula for asking and answering detail-focused questions.
要强调过去动作的时间、地点或方式，使用“是……的”结构。你想突出的信息放在“是”和“的”之间。这是提问和回答细节问题的关键公式。
Formula: S + shi + [Time/Place/Manner] + V + de
公式：主语 + 是 + [时间/地点/方式] + 动词 + 的
When did you come? → Nǐ shì shénme shíhou lái de?
你是什么时候来的？
I came by bus. → Wǒ shì zuò gōnggòng qìchē lái de.
我是坐公共汽车来的。
9. Comparative Pattern: ‘bi’ | 比较句式：“比”
To compare two things in Chinese, use ‘bi’ (比) to introduce the standard of comparison. The adjective stands alone, without words like ‘more’. This formula is straightforward and never uses ‘gèng’ before the adjective in a simple comparison.
要用汉语比较两个事物，使用“比”引出比较的标准。形容词单独出现，不需要“更”之类的词。在简单比较中，这个公式很直接，形容词前从不加“更”。
Formula: A + bi + B + Adj
公式：A + 比 + B + 形容词
This apple is bigger than that one. → Zhège píngguǒ bǐ nàge dà.
这个苹果比那个大。
He runs faster than me. → Tā pǎo de bǐ wǒ kuài.
他跑得比我快。
10. Resultative Complement Formula | 结果补语公式
A resultative complement describes the outcome of an action. It is formed by attaching a verb or adjective directly after the main verb. The formula is particularly useful for showing that an action achieved a certain result.
结果补语描述动作的结果。它由主动词后直接加上一个动词或形容词构成。这个公式对于表示动作达到了某种结果特别有用。
Formula: S + V + Complement (V/Adj) + (le) + O
公式：主语 + 动词 + 补语（动词/形容词） + （了） + 宾语
I have finished my homework. → Wǒ zuò wán le zuòyè.
我做完作业了。（完 = 完成）
She understood the question. → Tā tīng dǒng le wèntí.
她听懂了问题。（懂 = 明白）
11. ‘Ba’ Object-Disposal Construction | “把”字句处置式
The ‘ba’ sentence pattern places the object before the verb to emphasise what happens to it. It is used when an action is applied to an object and brings about a change in its state or location. The formula must include a verb with a complement or other element.
“把”字句把宾语放在动词前面，以强调宾语怎么样了。当动作施加于某物并使其状态或位置发生变化时使用。这个公式必须包含带有补语或其他成分的动词。
Formula: S + ba + O + V + Complement/le/zhe
公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了/着
Please open the door. → Qǐng bǎ mén dǎkāi.
请把门打开。
I put the book on the table. → Wǒ bǎ shū fàng zài zhuōzi shang le.
我把书放在桌子上了。
12. Progressive Aspect with ‘zài’ and ‘zhe’ | 进行态：用“在”和“着”
To describe an action in progress, Chinese uses ‘zài’ before the verb or ‘zhe’ after the verb for a continuous state. The choice depends on whether you focus on the activity or the resulting state. Both are essential formulas for real-time descriptions.
要描述正在进行的动作，汉语在动词前用“在”，或在动词后用“着”表示持续的状态。选择取决于你关注的是动作本身还是由此产生的状态。这两个公式对实时描述至关重要。
Formula (Action): S + zài + V + O
公式（动作）：主语 + 在 + 动词 + 宾语
I am reading a book. → Wǒ zài kàn shū.
我在看书。
Formula (State): S + V + zhe + (O)
公式（状态）：主语 + 动词 + 着 + （宾语）
She is sitting on the chair. → Tā zuò zhe.
她坐着。
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