KS3 AQA Economics: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Study Guide | KS3 AQA 经济：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 AQA Economics: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Study Guide | KS3 AQA 经济：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering economic terminology is essential for KS3 AQA students. This guide simplifies key terms, helping you build a strong foundation for future studies.

掌握经济学术语对KS3 AQA学生至关重要。本指南简化关键术语，帮助你为未来学习打下坚实基础。

1. Introduction to Economics | 经济学入门

Economics is the social science that studies how individuals, businesses, and governments make choices about allocating scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants.

经济学是一门社会科学，研究个人、企业和政府如何做出选择来分配稀缺资源以满足无限的欲望。

The fundamental economic problem is scarcity — the situation where there are not enough resources to produce all the goods and services people desire.

基本经济问题是稀缺性——没有足够的资源来生产人们想要的所有商品和服务。

Economic agents include consumers, producers, and the government, each with their own objectives and constraints.

经济主体包括消费者、生产者和政府，各自有其目标和限制。

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2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望

Needs are essential items required for survival, such as food, clean water, shelter, and clothing.

需要是生存所必需的物品，如食物、清洁饮水、住所和衣物。

Wants are things people desire but are not necessary for survival, like smartphones, holidays, or designer clothes.

欲望是人们渴望但并非生存所必需的东西，比如智能手机、假期或名牌服装。

Understanding the difference helps economists analyse spending patterns and resource allocation.

理解这种差异有助于经济学家分析消费模式和资源配置。

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3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务

Goods are physical, tangible products that can be seen and touched, such as cars, books, and food.

商品是有形、看得见摸得着的实物产品，例如汽车、书籍和食物。

Services are intangible activities provided by others, like haircuts, education, banking, and public transport.

服务是他人提供的无形活动，如理发、教育、银行服务和公共交通。

Free goods are naturally abundant and have no opportunity cost, such as air or sunshine, while economic goods are scarce and command a price.

免费品是自然充足、没有机会成本的物品，如空气或阳光，而经济品是稀缺的，需要支付价格。

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4. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择

Scarcity forces people to make choices because resources like time, money, and raw materials are limited.

稀缺性迫使人们做出选择，因为时间、金钱和原材料等资源有限。

Every choice involves a trade-off, where selecting one option means giving up another.

每个选择都涉及权衡，选择某一选项意味着放弃另一个。

Economists use the concept of choice to understand decision-making at personal, business, and government levels.

经济学家利用选择的概念来理解个人、企业和政府层面的决策。

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5. Factors of Production | 生产要素

The four factors of production are resources used to create goods and services: land, labour, capital, and enterprise.

四种生产要素是用于创造商品和服务的资源：土地、劳动、资本和企业才能。

Land includes all natural resources such as forests, minerals, and water. Its reward is rent.

土地包括所有自然资源，如森林、矿产和水源。其报酬是地租。

Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. The reward for labour is wages.

劳动是用于生产的人的体力和脑力付出。劳动的报酬是工资。

Capital refers to man-made goods used to produce other goods, like machinery and factories. Its reward is interest.

资本指用于生产其他产品的人造物品，如机器和工厂。其报酬是利息。

Enterprise is the ability to combine the other factors and take risks. Its reward is profit.

企业才能是组合其他生产要素并承担风险的能力。其报酬是利润。

To remember these, use the acronym CELL (Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour).

为方便记忆，可使用首字母缩略词CELL（Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour）。

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6. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when a choice is made.

机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。

For example, if you spend £10 on a cinema ticket instead of a book, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment and knowledge you would have gained from the book.

例如，如果你花10英镑买电影票而不是一本书，机会成本就是你从书中能获得的乐趣和知识。

Opportunity Cost = Value of Next Best Alternative Forgone

机会成本 = 放弃的次优选择的价值

Considering opportunity cost helps individuals and businesses make more rational decisions by weighing what is sacrificed.

考虑机会成本有助于个人和企业通过衡量所牺牲的内容做出更理性的决策。

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7. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求

Demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time.

需求是指消费者在一段时间内、在不同价格水平上愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。

The law of demand states that, all else being equal, as the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases — an inverse relationship.

需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格下降，需求量增加——这是反比关系。

Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices.

供给是生产者在不同价格水平上愿意并且能够提供出售的数量。

The law of supply suggests that a higher price leads to a higher quantity supplied, other factors constant — a direct relationship.

供给定律表明，其他因素不变时，价格越高，供给量越大——呈正比关系。

The interaction of supply and demand determines the market equilibrium price and quantity.

供给与需求的相互作用决定了市场均衡价格和数量。

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8. Markets and Prices | 市场与价格

A market is any place or mechanism where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services, or resources.

市场是买卖双方聚集交换商品、服务或资源的任何场所或机制。

The price mechanism, often called the ‘invisible hand’, coordinates decisions by sending signals to producers and consumers.

价格机制（常被称为 “看不见的手”）通过向生产者和消费者发送信号来协调决策。

When demand exceeds supply, a shortage occurs, pushing prices up. When supply exceeds demand, a surplus occurs, pushing prices down.

当需求大于供给时，出现短缺，价格上升。当供给大于需求时，出现过剩，价格下降。

Published by TutorHao | KS3 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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