KS3 AQA German: Summer Preparation and Transition Course | KS3 AQA 德语：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 KS3 AQA German: Summer Preparation and Transition Course | KS3 AQA 德语：暑期预习与衔接课程

This summer preparation course is designed to give you a confident start in KS3 German following the AQA syllabus. You will be introduced to the sounds, essential vocabulary, basic grammar and everyday topics that form the foundation of German learning at Key Stage 3. By working through this article, you will feel ready to engage with lessons, communicate in simple German and understand how the language is built.

本暑期预习课程旨在让你自信地开启 AQA 教学大纲下的 KS3 德语学习。你将初步接触德语语音、必备词汇、基础语法以及构成 Key Stage 3 学习底座的日常话题。通读本文后，你会做好上课准备，能够用简单的德语进行交流，并理解这门语言是如何构句的。

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1. Welcome to KS3 German: An Overview | 欢迎来到 KS3 德语：概述

In KS3 German you will gradually build skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing. The AQA specification encourages learning through topics such as personal identity, family, school, hobbies, home and local area. You will also explore aspects of German-speaking cultures, which makes the language come alive. Lessons typically include songs, games, role plays and simple conversations to help you use German from day one.

在 KS3 德语阶段，你将逐步培养听、说、读、写四项技能。AQA 的课程设置鼓励通过个人身份、家庭、学校、爱好、家庭与周边环境等主题进行学习。你还将了解德语国家和地区的文化，让语言充满生命力。课堂上通常会有歌曲、游戏、角色扮演和简单对话，帮助大家从第一天起就开始使用德语。

The transition from primary or from a beginner level means you do not need any prior knowledge. However, preparing some key words and phrases over the summer will give you a real head start and boost your confidence. The course is structured so that you can always revisit the basics while moving forward.

从小学或零起点过渡到中学德语，你并不需要任何基础。然而，如果能在暑假预习一些关键单词和短语，你就会获得真正的先机并增强自信。该课程的设计也保证你在前进的同时总能回顾基础内容。

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2. The German Alphabet and Pronunciation | 德语字母表与发音

The German alphabet has the same 26 letters as English, plus four extra characters: the umlauts Ä, Ö, Ü and the sharp s (Eszett) ß. These letters are not mere decorations – they change both meaning and pronunciation. For example, ‘schon’ (already) and ‘schön’ (beautiful) differ only by the umlaut. The letter ß stands for a double ‘s’ sound and is written after long vowels or diphthongs, as in ‘Straße’ (street).

德语字母表与英语一样拥有 26 个字母，此外还有四个额外字符：变音字母 Ä, Ö, Ü 以及尖 s（Eszett）ß。这些字母并非装饰——它们会改变词义和发音。例如，schon（已经）和 schön（美丽的）的区别仅在于一个变音符号。字母 ß 表示双 s 音，出现在长元音或双元音之后，如 Straße（街道）。

Pronunciation in German is quite regular once you learn the rules. Some key points are:

德语发音一旦掌握了规律其实是相当有规则的。以下是几个要点：

• Vowels with umlauts: ä sounds like the ‘e’ in ‘bed’, ö is similar to the ‘i’ in ‘bird’ but with rounded lips, and ü is made by saying ‘ee’ while pursing your lips as if whistling.
• 带变音的元音：ä 的发音类似英语 bed 中的 e，ö 类似 bird 中的 ir 但嘴唇撮圆，ü 则是发“ee”音的同时嘴唇做出吹口哨的形状。
• Consonant combinations: ‘ch’ after a, o, u is a throaty sound like in Scottish ‘loch’, while after e, i, ä, ö, ü it is softer, like the ‘h’ in ‘huge’. ‘Sch’ is pronounced as ‘sh’ in ‘shoe’. ‘ei’ is like ‘eye’, and ‘ie’ is a long ‘ee’ as in ‘see’.
• 辅音组合：ch 在 a, o, u 之后发喉咙音，类似苏格兰语 loch 中的 ch；在 e, i, ä, ö, ü 之后则较轻，像 huge 中的 h。sch 发成 shoe 中的 sh。ei 读作 eye，而 ie 则是长音 ee，如 see。

A good start to pronunciation is to listen and repeat. Try saying ‘Hallo, ich heiße …’ aloud. Concentrate on the clear vowels and the ‘ich’ sound, which is the soft ‘ch’. Repeat until your mouth feels comfortable with the new shapes.

练习发音的好方法是听后跟读。试着大声说 Hallo, ich heiße …。注意清晰的元音以及 ich 中的轻 ch 音。反复练习，直到你的口腔习惯这些全新的口型。

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3. Greetings and Introductions | 问候与自我介绍

Learning how to greet people and introduce yourself is the first step towards real communication. In German you can choose formal or informal language depending on whom you are speaking to. With friends and young people you use ‘du’, while for adults you do not know well you use ‘Sie’.

学习如何问候和自我介绍是走向真实交流的第一步。在德语中，你根据谈话对象可以选择正式或非正式用语。和朋友及年轻人说话时用 du，和不太熟悉的成年人说话则用 Sie。

Common greetings include: ‘Hallo’ (hello), ‘Guten Morgen’ (good morning), ‘Guten Tag’ (good day/afternoon) and ‘Guten Abend’ (good evening). To say goodbye you can use ‘Tschüss’ (bye) or ‘Auf Wiedersehen’ (goodbye, formal). ‘Wie geht’s?’ means ‘How are you?’ and you can answer with ‘Gut, danke’ or ‘Es geht’.

常见问候语有：Hallo（你好），Guten Morgen（早上好），Guten Tag（你好／午安）和 Guten Abend（晚上好）。道别时你可以用 Tschüss（再见）或正式场合的 Auf Wiedersehen。Wie geht’s? 意为“你好吗？”，你可以回答 Gut, danke（很好，谢谢）或 Es geht（还行）。

For introductions: ‘Ich heiße Anna.’ (My name is Anna.) ‘Wie heißt du?’ (What is your name? informal) or ‘Wie heißen Sie?’ (formal). ‘Ich bin dreizehn Jahre alt.’ (I am thirteen years old.) Practise these sentence patterns until they become automatic.

自我介绍时可说：Ich heiße Anna.（我叫安娜。）Wie heißt du?（你叫什么名字？非正式）或 Wie heißen Sie?（正式）。Ich bin dreizehn Jahre alt.（我十三岁。）反复练习这些句式直至脱口而出。

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4. Numbers, Days and Months | 数字、星期与月份

Numbers are essential for giving your age, telling the time and talking about dates. Here are the numbers 1 to 20 in German:

数字在表达年龄、时间和日期时必不可少。下面是德语 1 到 20 的数字：

Number	German	Pronunciation guide
1	eins	eyents
2	zwei	tsv-eye
3	drei	dry
4	vier	fear
5	fünf	fuenf
6	sechs	zex
7	sieben	zee-ben
8	acht	ahkht
9	neun	noyn
10	zehn	tsayn
11	elf	elf
12	zwölf	tsvoolf
13	dreizehn	dry-tsayn
14	vierzehn	fear-tsayn
15	fünfzehn	fuenf-tsayn
16	sechzehn	zech-tsayn
17	siebzehn	zeep-tsayn
18	achtzehn	ahkht-tsayn
19	neunzehn	noyn-tsayn
20	zwanzig	tsvan-tsikh

The days of the week are: Montag (Monday), Dienstag (Tuesday), Mittwoch (Wednesday), Donnerstag (Thursday), Freitag (Friday), Samstag/Sonnabend (Saturday), Sonntag (Sunday). Months are very similar to English: Januar, Februar, März, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, Oktober, November, Dezember. When saying what day it is, use ‘Heute ist Montag’ (Today is Monday). To talk about your birthday, say ‘Ich habe am [date] [month] Geburtstag.’

星期分别是：Montag（周一），Dienstag（周二），Mittwoch（周三），Donnerstag（周四），Freitag（周五），Samstag/Sonnabend（周六），Sonntag（周日）。月份和英语非常相似：Januar, Februar, März, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, Oktober, November, Dezember。要表达今天星期几，可以说 Heute ist Montag。谈论生日时，则说 Ich habe am [日期] [月份] Geburtstag。

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5. Classroom Language and Instructions | 课堂用语与指令

Understanding classroom language will help you follow lessons from the very beginning. Teachers often use simple commands such as: ‘Hör zu!’ (Listen!), ‘Schau!’ (Look!), ‘Schreib!’ (Write!), ‘Lies!’ (Read!) and ‘Sprich nach!’ (Repeat after me!). ‘Macht die Bücher auf!’ means ‘Open your books!’ and ‘Macht die Bücher zu!’ means ‘Close your books!’.

听懂课堂用语能让你从一开始就跟上课程。老师常使用简单指令，例如：Hör zu!（注意听！），Schau!（看！），Schreib!（写！），Lies!（读！）以及 Sprich nach!（跟我重复！）。Macht die Bücher auf! 意为“打开书！”，而 Macht die Bücher zu! 则意为“合上书！”。

You will also need to ask for help. Learn these useful phrases: ‘Ich verstehe nicht.’ (I don’t understand.), ‘Können Sie das bitte wiederholen?’ (Could you repeat that, please? formal.), ‘Wie sagt man … auf Deutsch?’ (How do you say … in German?) and ‘Darf ich auf die Toilette gehen?’ (May I go to the toilet?). Using German for these everyday requests shows your teacher you are making an effort.

你还需要会寻求帮助。记住这些有用的句子：Ich verstehe nicht.（我不明白。），Können Sie das bitte wiederholen?（请您再说一遍好吗？正式说法。），Wie sagt man … auf Deutsch?（……用德语怎么说？）以及 Darf ich auf die Toilette gehen?（我可以去厕所吗？）。用德语表达这些日常请求会让老师看到你的努力。

Activities often involve the phrase ‘Steht auf!’ (Stand up!) and ‘Setzt euch!’ (Sit down!). When working in pairs you might hear ‘Arbeitet zu zweit!’ (Work in pairs!). Remember that ‘Bitte’ means ‘please’ and ‘Danke’ means ‘thank you’. These small words go a long way in building a positive classroom atmosphere.

课堂活动中常有 Steht auf!（起立！）和 Setzt euch!（坐下！）。进行结对活动时你可能会听到 Arbeitet zu zweit!（两人一组！）。别忘了 Bitte 是“请”，Danke 是“谢谢”。这些简短词汇对营造积极的课堂氛围大有益处。

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6. Basic Grammar: Nouns and Articles | 基础语法：名词与冠词

One of the first things you notice in German is that all nouns are written with a capital letter, whether they are at the beginning of a sentence or not. For example: ‘der Hund’ (the dog), ‘die Katze’ (the cat), ‘das Buch’ (the book). This rule helps you spot nouns quickly and is a huge help when reading.

你首先会注意到，德语中的所有名词无论是否在句首都首字母大写。例如：der Hund（狗），die Katze（猫），das Buch（书）。这条规则能帮你迅速辨认名词，对阅读极有助益。

Every German noun has a gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. The definite article (the) changes accordingly: ‘der’ for masculine, ‘die’ for feminine and ‘das’ for neuter. The indefinite article (a/an) also changes: ‘ein’ for masculine and neuter, ‘eine’ for feminine. There is no easy way to guess the gender; you simply have to learn the article with the noun. Always memorise new words as a unit, e.g. ‘der Tisch’ not just ‘Tisch’.

每个德语名词都有语法性别：阳性、阴性或中性。定冠词（the）相应变化：阳性用 der，阴性用 die，中性用 das。不定冠词（a/an）也变：阳性和中性用 ein，阴性用 eine。名词的性别没有简单的猜测办法；你只能连同冠词一起记忆。永远把新单词当作整体来记，如 der Tisch，而不只是记 Tisch。

Plural forms also need attention. While many plurals are unpredictable, one common pattern is adding -e: ‘der Stift’ becomes ‘die Stifte’; ‘das Heft’ becomes ‘die Hefte’. Some add -er or -s, and some add an umlaut. At KS3, you will focus on high-frequency nouns and build up your knowledge step by step.

复数形式也需要注意。虽然很多复数没有规律，但一个常见模式是加 -e：der Stift 变成 die Stifte；das Heft 变成 die Hefte。有些加 -er 或 -s，还有些同时加上变音符号。在 KS3 阶段，你将集中学习高频名词，逐步积累。

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7. Present Tense of Regular Verbs | 规则动词的现在时

Verbs are the engines of sentences. Most German verbs are regular, meaning they follow a fixed pattern. Let’s take the verb ‘spielen’ (to play) as an example. The stem is ‘spiel-‘, and you add the following endings:

动词是句子的引擎。多数德语动词是规则动词，也就是遵循固定变化模式。以动词 spielen（玩）为例。词干是 spiel-，然后加上如下词尾：

ich spiele   du spielst   er/sie/es spielt   wir spielen   ihr spielt   sie/Sie spielen

Notice the changes: ‘ich’ has -e, ‘du’ has -st, ‘er/sie/es’ has -t, ‘wir’ and ‘sie/Sie’ use the infinitive stem + -en. The ‘ihr’ (you plural, informal) form adds -t. This pattern works for many verbs such as ‘wohnen’ (to live), ‘lernen’ (to learn) and ‘machen’ (to do/make). For example, ‘wohnen’: ich wohne, du wohnst, er wohnt, wir wohnen, ihr wohnt, sie wohnen.

请留意：ich 加 -e，du 加 -st，er/sie/es 加 -t，wir 和 sie/Sie 用词干加 -en。ihr（你们，非正式）形式加 -t。这一模式适用于 wohnen（居住）、lernen（学习）和 machen（做）等众多动词。例如 wohnen：ich wohne, du wohnst, er wohnt, wir wohnen, ihr wohnt, sie wohnen。

To use verbs actively, start building mini-sentences: ‘Ich wohne in London.’ (I live in London.) ‘Du spielst Gitarre.’ (You play guitar.) ‘Er lernt Deutsch.’ (He learns German.) Make sure the verb is the second idea in a statement. That will always be the case in simple main clauses.

要主动使用动词，可以开始构建短句：Ich wohne in London.（我住在伦敦。）Du spielst Gitarre.（你弹吉他。）Er lernt Deutsch.（他学德语。）确保动词在陈述句中位处第二成分。简单的主动句永远如此。

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8. Building Simple Sentences | 构建简单句

German word order might feel different from English. The most important rule in a main clause is: the conjugated verb is the second idea. ‘Idea’ does not necessarily mean the second word; it means the second grammatical element. So you could say ‘Ich spiele Fußball.’ (I play football.) The subject ‘Ich’ is first, then the verb ‘spiele’.

德语的语序可能和英语感觉不同。主句中最关键的一条规则是：变位动词是句子的第二个“成分”。成分不一定指第二个单词，而是第二个语法单元。所以你可以说 Ich spiele Fußball.（我踢足球。）主语 Ich 是第一成分，动词 spiele 是第二成分。

However, if you start with something else, the verb stays in second position and the subject moves after it: ‘Am Wochenende spiele ich Fußball.’ (At the weekend I play football.) Notice that ‘spiele’ is still the second idea, even though it is the third word. ‘Am Wochenende’ counts as one idea. This pattern is called inversion and is very common with time expressions.

然而，如果你用其他成分开头，动词依然保持在第二位，而主语挪到动词之后：Am Wochenende spiele ich Fußball.（周末我踢足球。）请注意，尽管 spiele 是第三个单词，但它仍是第二个成分。Am Wochenende 算作一个成分。这种句型叫做倒装，在时间表达中非常常见。

To form questions you can put the verb first: ‘Spielst du Tennis?’ (Do you play tennis?) Or use a question word: ‘Wie heißt du?’ (What is your name?) ‘Wo wohnst du?’ (Where do you live?) Practise turning statements into questions. This will make your spoken German much more flexible.

要构成疑问句，你可以把动词放在第一位：Spielst du Tennis?（你打网球吗？）或者使用疑问词：Wie heißt du?（你叫什么名字？）Wo wohnst du?（你住在哪里？）练习把陈述句变为疑问句，这会让你的德语口语灵活很多。

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9. Family and Descriptions | 家庭与描述

Talking about your family is one of the most common topics in KS3 German. Key vocabulary includes: die Familie (family), die Mutter (mother), der Vater (father), die Eltern (parents), der Bruder (brother), die Schwester (sister), die Geschwister (siblings), der Opa (grandpa) and die Oma (grandma). To say ‘I have’, use ‘Ich habe …’. For example: ‘Ich habe einen Bruder.’ (I have a brother.) Notice the accusative form ‘einen’ for masculine nouns. ‘Ich habe eine Schwester.’ (I have a sister.) uses ‘eine’ for feminine.

谈论家庭是 KS3 德语中最常见的话题之一。核心词汇包括：die Familie（家庭），die Mutter（母亲），der Vater（父亲），die Eltern（父母），der Bruder（兄弟），die Schwester（姐妹），die Geschwister（兄弟姐妹），der Opa（爷爷）和 die Oma（奶奶）。要说“我有”，用 Ich habe …。例如：Ich habe einen Bruder.（我有一个哥哥/弟弟。）注意阳性名词用宾格 einen。而 Ich habe eine Schwester. 中女性名词用 eine。

To describe people use ‘Er ist …’ or ‘Sie ist …’ plus adjectives such as nett (nice), lustig (funny), groß (tall), klein (small/short), jung (young), alt (old). Adjectives before a noun take different endings, but at beginner level you can often use them after the verb: ‘Meine Mutter ist sehr nett.’ (My mother is very nice.) or ‘Mein Vater ist groß.’ (My father is tall.)

描述他人时使用 Er ist … 或 Sie ist … 加上形容词，如 nett（和蔼的），lustig（有趣的），groß（高的），klein（矮的/小的），jung（年轻的），alt（年老的）。形容词位于名词前时有不同的词尾变化，但在初学阶段你完全可以把形容词放在动词之后：Meine Mutter ist sehr nett.（我的妈妈人很好。）或 Mein Vater ist groß.（我的爸爸个子高。）

You can also say how old your family members are: ‘Meine Schwester ist zehn Jahre alt.’ (My sister is ten years old.) Remember that ages use ‘Jahre alt’ and the verb ‘sein’. Practise describing a photo of your family or draw a family tree and label it in German.

你还可以说出家人的年龄：Meine Schwester ist zehn Jahre alt.（我的妹妹十岁。）记住年龄要使用 Jahre alt 和动词 sein。试着描述一张你的家庭合照，或者画一棵家谱树并用德语标注。

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10. Hobbies and Free Time | 爱好与休闲时光

Talking about what you like to do in your free time is a great way to connect with others. The question is ‘Was machst du in deiner Freizeit?’ (What do you do in your free time?) To answer, you can use ‘Ich’ + verb, or add ‘gern’ to show you like doing something: ‘Ich spiele gern Fußball.’ (I like playing football.) ‘Ich höre gern Musik.’ (I like listening to music.) ‘Ich lese gern.’ (I like reading.)

谈论你在闲暇时间喜欢做什么是与人建立联系的好方式。提问句是 Was machst du in deiner Freizeit?（你闲暇时间做些什么？）回答时，你可以用 Ich 加动词，或者加上 gern 来表示喜欢做某事：Ich spiele gern Fußball.（我喜欢踢足球。）Ich höre gern Musik.（我喜欢听音乐。）Ich lese gern.（我喜欢

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