KS3 AQA Physical Education: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 AQA Physical Education: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of Physical Education is the first step towards exam success. This guide breaks down the essential terminology from the KS3 AQA PE specification into clear, memorable components. Use it to test yourself, create flashcards, and build the vocabulary you need to describe movement, fitness, training and the human body with confidence.

掌握体育学科的语言是迈向考试成功的第一步。本指南将 KS3 AQA 体育大纲中的核心术语拆解为清晰易记的要点。用它进行自测、制作闪卡，积累描述运动、体能、训练和人体所需的词汇，让你自信应考。

1. Health-related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能组成

Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic endurance) is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles during sustained exercise.

心血管耐力（有氧耐力）是指心脏、肺和血管在持续运动中向工作肌肉供给氧气的能力。

Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions over a period of time without becoming fatigued.

肌肉耐力是指肌肉或肌群在一段时间内重复收缩而不会疲劳的能力。

Muscular strength is the maximum amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort against a resistance.

肌肉力量是指一块肌肉或一个肌群在单次最大用力时对抗阻力所产生的力。

Flexibility is the range of movement possible around a joint, determined by the elasticity of muscles, tendons and ligaments.

柔韧性是指一个关节周围可能的活动范围，由肌肉、肌腱和韧带的弹性决定。

Body composition refers to the proportion of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues that make up a person’s total body mass.

身体成分指脂肪、肌肉、骨骼及其他组织在总体重中所占的比例。

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2. Skill-related Fitness Components | 技能相关体能组成

Agility is the ability to change the position of the body quickly and precisely while maintaining balance and control.

敏捷性是指在保持平衡和控制的同时，快速且精确地改变身体位置的能力。

Balance is the maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. It can be static (still) or dynamic (during movement).

平衡是指将重心保持在支撑面内的能力，可分为静态平衡和动态平衡。

Coordination is the smooth integration of body movements involving different parts of the body or senses working together at the same time.

协调性是指身体不同部位或多个感官同时工作时，动作顺畅整合的能力。

Power is the product of strength and speed – the ability to exert maximum force in the shortest possible time.

爆发力是力量与速度的乘积，即在最短时间内发挥最大力的能力。

Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. It involves the sensory system, brain processing and muscle response.

反应时间是指对刺激作出响应所需的时间，涉及感觉系统、大脑处理和肌肉反应。

Speed is the ability to move the body or a body part from one point to another in the shortest time possible.

速度是指身体或某一部位在最短时间内从一点移动到另一点的能力。

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3. Principles of Training (FITT & SPORT) | 训练原则（FITT与SPORT）

Specificity means that training must be matched to the needs of the sporting activity and the individual to improve the relevant components of fitness.

专项性指训练必须与运动项目和个体的需求相匹配，以提升相应的体能成分。

Progression is gradually increasing the amount of exercise or the intensity level over time so that fitness improvements continue without injury.

渐进性是指随着时间的推移逐步增加运动量或强度，使体能持续进步而不受伤。

Overload means working the body harder than normal in order to bring about improvement. This is achieved by applying the FITT variables.

超负荷指让身体承受超于正常的负荷以促使进步，可通过调节 FITT 变量实现。

Reversibility (or detraining) means that any improvements gained through training are lost when training stops or intensity drops significantly.

可逆性（或称训练减退）指通过训练获得的提高会在停训或强度大幅下降时消退。

Tedium occurs when training becomes boring and monotonous; variety is needed to maintain motivation and effort.

单调性是指训练变得乏味单调；需要多样性来保持动力和努力。

The FITT principle helps apply overload: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), Type (what method of training).

FITT 原则帮助应用超负荷：频率（多常练）、强度（多费力）、时间（练多久）、类型（哪种训练方法）。

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4. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Key Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统关键术语

Heart rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute. Resting HR is lower in fitter individuals; maximum HR is approximately 220 minus age.

心率是心脏每分钟跳动的次数。体能较好者静息心率更低；最大心率约等于 220 减去年龄。

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It increases with aerobic training.

每搏输出量是左心室每次心跳射出的血液量，随有氧训练而增加。

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume × heart rate.

心输出量是心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量，计算方式为每搏输出量 × 心率。

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath at rest. It increases during exercise.

潮气量是安静状态下每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量，运动时会增加。

Minute ventilation (or minute volume) is the total amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute, calculated as tidal volume × breathing rate.

每分钟通气量是每分钟进出肺部的空气总量，计算方式为潮气量 × 呼吸频率。

Oxygen debt (EPOC) is the extra oxygen required after strenuous activity to repay the oxygen deficit built up during anaerobic work and restore the body to its resting state.

氧债（运动后过量氧耗）指剧烈活动后需要额外氧气来偿还无氧工作时积累的氧亏，并使身体恢复到安静状态。

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5. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语

The skeleton has five main functions: support (holds the body upright), protection (shields vital organs such as brain and heart), movement (provides attachment points for muscles), blood cell production (bone marrow makes red and white blood cells) and mineral storage (stores calcium and phosphorus).

骨骼有五大功能：支撑（支撑身体直立）、保护（保护大脑和心脏等重要器官）、运动（为肌肉提供附着点）、造血（骨髓生成红细胞和白细胞）和矿物质储存（储存钙和磷）。

Major bones to remember: cranium (skull), clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), sternum (breastbone), ribs, humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), pelvis, femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula (lower leg).

需记住的主要骨骼：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、胸骨、肋骨、肱骨、桡骨和尺骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨。

Synovial joints are freely movable joints characterised by a joint capsule containing synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage.

滑膜关节是可自由活动的关节，其关节囊含有滑液，可润滑并营养软骨。

Key joint types: ball-and-socket (e.g. shoulder, hip) allows movement in all directions; hinge (e.g. knee, elbow) allows flexion and extension only; pivot (e.g. neck) allows rotation.

关键关节类型：球窝关节（如肩、髋）可向各方向运动；屈戌关节（铰链关节，如膝、肘）只允许屈伸；车轴关节（如颈部）允许旋转。

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6. Muscular System Key Terms | 肌肉系统关键术语

Voluntary muscles (skeletal muscles) are under conscious control and attach to bones to bring about movement when they contract.

随意肌（骨骼肌）受意识支配，附着于骨骼，收缩时产生运动。

Involuntary muscles work automatically and are found in the walls of internal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels.

不随意肌自动工作，分布于肠道和血管等内脏器官的管壁上。

Cardiac muscle is a specialised involuntary muscle found only in the heart; it never fatigues and beats rhythmically throughout life.

心肌是仅存在于心脏的特化不随意肌，永不疲劳，有节律地终生跳动。

Antagonistic pairs describe how muscles work in opposition across a joint – as one muscle contracts (agonist), the other relaxes (antagonist). For example: biceps and triceps at the elbow; quadriceps and hamstrings at the knee.

拮抗肌对描述肌肉在关节处反向配合工作——一块肌肉收缩（主动肌），另一块放松（拮抗肌）。例如：肘部的肱二头肌和肱三头肌；膝部的股四头肌和腘绳肌。

Isotonic contraction involves movement at a joint with muscle length changing under constant tension. It includes concentric (muscle shortens) and eccentric (muscle lengthens) phases.

等张收缩指关节产生运动、肌肉长度在恒张力下改变的收缩，包括向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（肌肉拉长）阶段。

Isometric contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension but there is no visible change in joint angle or muscle length.

等长收缩指肌肉产生张力但关节角度和肌肉长度无可见变化的收缩形式。

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7. Joint Movements & Planes | 关节动作与平面

Flexion decreases the angle at a joint (e.g. bending the elbow or knee). Extension increases the angle, straightening the joint.

屈曲减小关节角度（如屈肘或屈膝）。伸展增大关节角度，使关节伸直。

Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body; adduction moves it towards the midline.

外展使肢体远离身体中线；内收使肢体移向中线。

Rotation is the turning movement around the long axis of a bone, such as turning the head side to side.

旋转是围绕骨骼长轴进行的转动运动，如左右转头。

Circumduction is a circular or cone-shaped movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, possible at ball-and-socket joints.

环转是一种圆形或圆锥形的复合运动，结合了屈、伸、外展和内收，常见于球窝关节。

Plantar flexion points the toes downward (like pressing a car pedal); dorsiflexion lifts the toes towards the shin.

跖屈指脚趾向下绷直；背屈指脚趾向小腿方向抬起。

Movements occur in three planes: sagittal (divides body into left and right, e.g. walking), frontal (divides into front and back, e.g. star jumps) and transverse (divides into top and bottom, e.g. discus rotation).

运动发生在三个平面内：矢状面（将身体分为左右，如步行）、额状面（分为前后，如开合跳）和横切面（分为上下，如旋转掷铁饼）。

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8. Training Methods & Exercise Terms | 训练方法与运动术语

Continuous training involves exercising at a steady, moderate intensity for at least 20 minutes without rest, improving cardiovascular endurance.

持续训练法指以稳定中等强度连续运动至少 20 分钟且无间歇，可提升心血管耐力。

Fartlek training (‘speed play’) blends continuous work with bursts of speed, changing pace and terrain to develop both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.

法特莱克训练法（“速度游戏”）将持续运动与变速冲刺结合，改变速度和地形，以同时发展有氧与无氧能力。

Interval training alternates periods of high-intensity work with periods of rest or low-intensity recovery, suitable for developing speed, power and anaerobic capacity.

间歇训练法在高强度运动期与休息或低强度恢复期之间交替，适合发展速度、爆发力和无氧能力。

Circuit training involves moving around a series of exercise stations targeting different muscle groups or fitness components in sequence with minimal rest.

循环训练法指按顺序逐一完成针对不同肌群或体能成分的练习站，中间休息极少。

Weight training uses free weights or resistance machines to develop muscular strength and endurance, applying the principles of overload and progression.

负重训练使用自由重量或抗阻器械发展肌肉力量和耐力，运用超负荷和渐进原则。

Plyometric training uses rapid, explosive movements such as jumping and bounding to improve power by stretching and then rapidly contracting muscles.

增强式训练利用跳跃、弹跳等快速爆发动作，通过先拉长后急速收缩肌肉来提升爆发力。

HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) alternates very short, maximal-effort bursts with brief rest or active recovery, known for improving cardiovascular fitness efficiently.

高强度间歇训练 将极短时间、最大努力的运动与短暂休息或积极恢复交替，以高效提升心血管适能著称。

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9. Nutrition, Hydration & Recovery | 营养、水分与恢复

Carbohydrates are the body’s main energy source, stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. They are vital for high-intensity exercise.

碳水化合物是身体的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中，对高强度运动至关重要。

Proteins are essential for muscle repair, growth and recovery. Athletes need slightly higher intakes after intense training.

蛋白质对肌肉修复、生长和恢复必不可少。运动员在大强度训练后需要稍高的摄入量。

Fats provide a concentrated source of energy for low-intensity, long-duration activity and help absorb fat-soluble vitamins.

脂肪为低强度长时间活动提供浓缩能量，并有助于脂溶性维生素的吸收。

Hydration is the process of maintaining adequate body water levels. Even small fluid losses can impair performance and concentration.

水分补充是维持体内适宜水分的过程。即使少量失水也会影响运动表现和注意力。

Dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds intake, leading to symptoms like fatigue, dizziness and reduced coordination.

脱水指水分流失超过摄入，导致疲劳、头晕和协调性下降等症状。

Recovery strategies include rest, sleep, active recovery (light movement), nutrition timing and stretching, all designed to restore the body for the next session. DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) is muscle pain experienced 24-72 hours after unfamiliar or intense exercise.

恢复策略包括休息、睡眠、积极恢复（轻微运动）、营养时机安排和拉伸，旨在为下一次训练恢复身体。延迟性肌肉酸痛 (DOMS) 是指不习惯或高强度运动后 24-72 小时出现的肌肉疼痛。

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10. Testing, Measurement & Data | 测试、测量与数据术语

Multi-stage fitness test (bleep test) is a progressive 20 m shuttle run that estimates maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) and predicts cardiovascular endurance.

多阶段体能测试（哔声测试）是逐步加速的 20 米折返跑，用于估算最大摄氧量并预测心血管耐力水平。

Cooper 12-minute run measures the distance covered in 12 minutes; results are compared against normative tables to assess aerobic fitness.

库珀 12 分钟跑测量 12 分钟内所跑的距离，结果与常模表对比以评估有氧适能。

Sit and reach test uses a box or ruler to measure lower back and hamstring flexibility; commonly used in fitness testing batteries.

坐位体前屈测试利用测试箱或尺子测量下背部和腘绳肌柔韧性，常用于体能测试组套。

Handgrip dynamometer squeezes a handle to record grip strength in kilograms, giving an indication of upper body muscular strength.

握力计通过挤压手柄记录以公斤为单位的握力，反映上半身肌肉力量水平。

Illinois agility test assesses speed and agility when changing direction around a set of cones in a specific pattern.

伊利诺伊敏捷性测试评估在特定路线绕锥筒改变方向时的速度和敏捷性。

Skinfold calipers measure subcutaneous fat at specific body sites to estimate body fat percentage and monitor body composition changes.

皮褶卡尺测量特定身体部位的皮下脂肪厚度，以估算体脂百分比并监测身体成分变化。

Qualitative data is descriptive and non-numerical (e.g. coach observations); quantitative data is numerical (e.g. sprint time in seconds). Both are valuable for evaluating performance.

定性数据是描述性的非数值信息（如教练观察记录）；定量数据是数值化的（如以秒计的冲刺时间）。两者对评估运动表现都很有价值。

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