📚 KS3 AQA Statistics: Quick Guide to Key Terms | KS3 AQA 统计：关键术语速记指南
In KS3 Statistics, mastering the key vocabulary is the first step to success. Whether you are calculating averages or interpreting graphs, these terms will appear again and again in your AQA syllabus. This guide pairs each term with a simple memory trick and a Chinese explanation, so you can learn faster and remember longer.
在 KS3 统计中，掌握关键词汇是通往成功的第一步。无论你是在计算平均数还是解读图表，这些术语都会在 AQA 考纲中反复出现。本指南为每个术语配上了简单的记忆技巧和中文解释，让你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Key Statistical Measures | 核心统计量
The four most common statistical measures are the mean, median, mode and range. They help you summarise a set of numbers.
最常见的四种统计量是平均数、中位数、众数和极差。它们帮助你概括一组数字的特征。
Mean is the sum of all values divided by the number of values. Think of it as ‘sharing equally’.
平均数是所有数值之和除以数值的个数。可以想象成“平均分配”。
Mean = (Sum of values) ÷ (Number of values)
平均数 = (数值之和) ÷ (数值个数)
Median is the middle value when the data is arranged in order. If there are two middle numbers, take their mean.
中位数是将数据按顺序排列后中间的那个数。如果有两个中间数，则取它们的平均数。
Mode is the value that appears most often. A set may have no mode, one mode, or more than one (bimodal, multimodal).
众数是出现次数最多的数值。一组数据可能没有众数、有一个众数或有多个众数（双峰、多峰）。
Range is the difference between the largest and the smallest value. It shows the spread of the data.
极差是最大值与最小值之间的差。它反映了数据的跨度。
Memory tip: ‘Mean is average, Median is middle, Mode is most, Range is spread’.
记忆口诀：平均数求平均，中位数看中间，众数找最多，极差量跨度。
2. Frequency and Tally Charts | 频率与计数标记
Frequency tells you how many times something happens. It is often recorded using a tally chart.
频数表示某事发生的次数。通常用计数表记录。
A tally uses groups of five strokes: four vertical lines and a diagonal across for five. This makes counting easier.
计数标记使用五个一组：四条竖线，第五条斜线画过前四条，表示 5。这样便于计数。
Frequency table lists categories or data values alongside their frequencies.
频数表列出类别或数据值及其对应的频数。
Example: Tally for shoe sizes: size 4: |||| (4), size 5: |||| || (7).
示例：鞋码计数：4 码：||||（4），5 码：|||| ||（7）。
3. Chart Types: Bar Charts, Pictograms, Pie Charts, Line Graphs | 图表类型：条形图、象形图、饼图、线图
Bar chart: uses bars of equal width to represent frequency or category values. The height of each bar shows the frequency. Bars do not touch for discrete data.
条形图：用等宽的长条表示频数或类别数值。长条的高度代表频数。离散数据时，条形间不接触。
Pictogram: uses pictures or symbols to represent data. Each symbol stands for a certain number of items, and a key must be shown.
象形图：用图片或符号表示数据。每个符号代表一定数量的项目，必须给出图例说明。
Pie chart: a circle divided into sectors, where each sector’s angle is proportional to the frequency. The total angle is 360°.
饼图：一个圆分成若干扇形，每个扇形的角度与频数成正比。总角度为 360°。
Line graph: plots points connected by straight lines, often used to show changes over time.
折线图：标出数据点并用直线连接，常用于展示随时间变化的趋势。
Memory trick: ‘Bars for categories, pies for parts, lines for trends’.
记忆口诀：条形分类比，饼图部分观，折线看趋势。
4. Scatter Graphs: Correlation and Outliers | 散点图：相关性与异常值
A scatter graph plots pairs of values from two sets of data. It helps to see if there is a relationship, or correlation.
散点图绘制两个数据集的数值对。它能帮助我们判断是否存在关系，即相关性。
Positive correlation: as one variable increases, the other also increases (points trend upwards
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