KS3 CAIE Music: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 CAIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 CAIE Music: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 CAIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of music is like learning the alphabet before reading a story. This guide breaks down essential KS3 CAIE music terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations to help you memorise and use them with confidence. Each section pairs English and Chinese meanings so you can quickly recognise symbols and Italian directions in your scores.

掌握音乐的语言就如同在阅读故事之前学习字母表。本指南将 KS3 CAIE 音乐核心术语分解成小块的中英双语解释，帮助你记忆并自信地运用它们。每一部分的英文和中文释义配对出现，让你能迅速识别总谱中的符号和意大利语演奏指示。

1. Dynamics – Volume and Expression | 力度——音量与表现力

Dynamics tell performers how loudly or softly to play. They are usually written as abbreviations of Italian words.

力度指示表演者在演奏时该用多强或多弱的音量。它们通常以意大利语单词的缩写形式写出来。

Pianissimo (pp) means ‘very soft’.

极弱 (pp) 表示“非常轻柔”。

Piano (p) means ‘soft’.

弱 (p) 表示“轻柔”。

Mezzo piano (mp) means ‘moderately soft’.

中弱 (mp) 表示“中等轻柔”。

Mezzo forte (mf) means ‘moderately loud’.

中强 (mf) 表示“中等响亮”。

Forte (f) means ‘loud’.

强 (f) 表示“响亮”。

Fortissimo (ff) means ‘very loud’.

极强 (ff) 表示“非常响亮”。

Crescendo (cresc.) means gradually getting louder. It is often shown with a hairpin opening to the right.

渐强 (cresc.) 表示音量逐渐增大。它常用向右开口的扩音号表示。

Diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (decresc.) means gradually getting softer. The hairpin closes to the right.

渐弱 (dim. 或 decresc.) 表示音量逐渐减小。渐弱记号是向右收拢的扩音号。

Sforzando (sfz) indicates a sudden, strong accent on a single note.

突强 (sfz) 表示对单个音符施加突然而强烈的重音。

Forte-piano (fp) means loud then immediately soft.

强后即弱 (fp) 表示先强奏然后立刻转弱。

Mnemonic tip: think of ‘p’ as ‘piano’ and ‘patting a pillow’ softly. ‘f’ is for ‘forte’, like ‘force’ used with energy.

记忆技巧：把 ‘p’ 想象成 “piano”，就像轻轻拍打枕头；’f’ 代表 “forte”，仿佛用力时那股力气。

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2. Tempo – Speed Markings | 速度——快慢标记

Tempo marks set the speed of the music. Most are Italian words and many relate to character as well as pacing.

速度标记决定音乐的演奏快慢。它们大多是意大利语词汇，且很多既描述速度也描述音乐性格。

Largo – very slow and broad, like a large, unhurried stride.

广板 (Largo) – 非常缓慢而宽广，像大步流星、不慌不忙的迈进。

Lento – slow, similar to largo but often with a sense of weight.

慢板 (Lento) – 缓慢，与广板相似但常带有沉重感。

Adagio – slow and stately, at a walkable, graceful pace.

柔板 (Adagio) – 缓慢而庄严，像优雅行走的步速。

Andante – at a walking pace, flowing gently.

行板 (Andante) – 步行速度，流畅且平缓。

Moderato – a moderate speed, neither too fast nor too slow.

中板 (Moderato) – 中等速度，不快不慢。

Allegro – fast, lively and cheerful (remember ‘allegro’ sounds like ‘a leg go’ running!).

快板 (Allegro) – 快速、活泼欢快（联想：allegro 像“a leg go”——腿飞快跑起来）。

Vivace – very lively and brisk, even quicker than allegro.

活板 (Vivace) – 非常活泼轻快，比快板更迅速。

Presto – very fast, at a racing speed.

急板 (Presto) – 非常快速，像冲刺一般。

Accelerando (accel.) means gradually speeding up.

渐快 (accel.) 表示速度逐渐加快。

Ritardando (rit.) or ritenuto (riten.) means gradually slowing down.

渐慢 (rit. 或 riten.) 表示速度逐渐放慢。

A tempo tells you to return to the original speed after a change.

回原速 (a tempo) 指示在速度变化后返回最初的速度。

Rubato means flexible tempo, where the performer steals some time from one note and gives it to another to create expression.

自由速度 (Rubato) 指弹性速度，演奏者从一些音符“偷”一点时间补偿给另一些音符，营造富有表现力的效果。

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3. Articulation – How Notes Are Played | 演奏法——音符如何演奏

Articulation marks tell you how to attack or shape individual notes. They affect the note’s beginning, duration and release.

演奏法记号指示你如何触击或塑造单个音符。它们影响音符的起奏、时值和释放。

Legato (slur) – notes are played smoothly and connected. The Italian word means ‘bound together’.

连奏 (Legato/连音线) – 音符被平滑、连贯地演奏。这个词本意是“捆绑在一起”。

Staccato (dot above or below note) – notes are short and detached, like bouncing a ball.

断奏 (Staccato, 音符上的小圆点) – 音符短促、分离，像拍皮球那样弹跳。

Tenuto (line above or below note) – hold the note for its full value, giving it a slight weight or emphasis.

保持音 (Tenuto, 音符上的短横线) – 充分保持音符的时值，并稍稍加重或强调它。

Accent (>) – play the note with a strong attack, louder than surrounding notes.

重音 (>) – 用有力的触键演奏该音符，比周围的音符更响亮。

Marcato (^) – even more marked and accented, often meaning short and hammered.

特重音 (^) – 比普通重音更突出，常表示短促而有锤击般的强力。

A slur is a curved line joining different notes. A tie is a curved line between two identical notes that combines their lengths.

连音线是连接不同音高音符的弧线。延音线是连接两个相同音高音符的弧线，合并它们的时值。

Tip: legato strokes are like drawing a smooth circle, staccato like tapping a hot surface quickly.

小窍门：连奏像是在画一个顺滑的圆圈，断奏则像是在快速轻触滚烫的表面。

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4. Pitch, Melody, and Intervals | 音高、旋律与音程

Pitch is how high or low a sound is. Melody is a sequence of pitches that forms a tune. Intervals measure the distance between two pitches.

音高指声音的高低。旋律是由一系列音高构成的曲调。音程衡量两个音高之间的距离。

A semitone (half step) is the smallest interval on a modern piano – from one key to the very next, e.g. E to F or B to C.

半音是钢琴上最小的音程——从一键到紧挨着的下一键，例如 E 到 F 或 B 到 C。

A tone (whole step) is made up of two semitones, e.g. C to D, F to G.

全音由两个半音组成，例如 C 到 D、F 到 G。

Sharps (♯) raise a note by a semitone. Flats (♭) lower it by a semitone. A natural (♮) cancels a sharp or flat.

升号 (♯) 将音符升高半音。降号 (♭) 将音符降低半音。还原号 (♮) 取消之前的升降。

Unison – two voices or instruments play exactly the same pitch. Interval of a 1st.

同度 – 两个声部或乐器演奏完全相同的音高，也称一度音程。

2nd – stepwise interval, e.g. C to D (Major 2nd) or E to F (Minor 2nd).

二度 – 级进的音程，例如 C 到 D（大二度）或 E 到 F（小二度）。

3rd – a skip of two letter names, e.g. C to E, often sounding sweet.

三度 – 跨越两个音名的跳跃，例如 C 到 E，常听感甜美。

4th – a leap like ‘Here Comes the Bride’, e.g. C to F.

四度 – 如“新娘到来”旋律的跳跃，例如 C 到 F。

5th – a hollow, stable sound, e.g. C to G (think ‘Twinkle Twinkle’ opening).

五度 – 空洞而稳定的音响，例如 C 到 G（联想《小星星》开头）。

6th – wide yet consonant, e.g. C to A.

六度 – 宽广而和谐，例如 C 到 A。

7th – tense and expecting resolution, e.g. C to B.

七度 – 紧张且渴望解决，例如 C 到 B。

Octave (8th) – the same note name at double the frequency, e.g. C to next C.

八度 – 相同音名但频率加倍，例如 C 到下一个 C。

Conjunct melody moves mainly by step. Disjunct melody uses many leaps.

级进旋律主要沿音阶邻音移动。跳进旋律则包含许多跳跃。

A sequence is a melodic pattern repeated at a higher or lower pitch.

模进是指一个旋律型在更高或更低的音高上重复。

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5. Rhythm and Metre – Beat and Time Signatures | 节奏与节拍——拍子与拍号

Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds. Metre organises beats into regular groups called bars or measures.

节奏是长音与短音的排列模式。节拍将拍子编入规律的组，称为小节。

The beat is the steady pulse you tap your foot to.

拍子是你能用脚打出的稳定脉动。

Time signatures tell you how many beats are in a bar and what type of note gets one beat.

拍号告诉你每小节有多少拍，以及以何种音符为一拍。

2/4 – two crotchet beats per bar. Strong-weak feel, common in marches.

四二拍 – 每小节两拍，以四分音符为一拍。感觉强–弱，常用于进行曲。

3/4 – three crotchet beats, as in a waltz: strong-weak-weak.

四三拍 – 三拍一小节，如华尔兹：强–弱–弱。

4/4 (C) – four crotchet beats, the most common metre: strong-weak-medium-weak.

四四拍 (C) – 最常见的拍子，四拍一小节：强–弱–次强–弱。

6/8 – six quavers per bar, grouped into two dotted-crotchet beats (compound duple). It has a rolling, lilting feel.

八六拍 – 每小节六个八分音符，组合成两个附点四分音符的拍点（复二拍），带有摇曳滚动感。

Note values: semibreve (𝅝 whole note) = 4 beats; minim (𝅗𝅥 half note) = 2 beats; crotchet (𝅘𝅥 quarter note) = 1 beat; quaver (𝅘𝅥𝅮 eighth note) = ½ beat; semiquaver (𝅘𝅥𝅯 sixteenth note) = ¼ beat.

音符时值：全音符 (𝅝) 4拍；二分音符 (𝅗𝅥) 2拍；四分音符 (𝅘𝅥) 1拍；八分音符 (𝅘𝅥𝅮) ½拍；十六分音符 (𝅘𝅥𝅯) ¼拍。

A dotted note adds half the original value. A dotted crotchet lasts 1½ beats.

附点音符在原有时值上增加一半。附点四分音符持续1½拍。

Tied notes are added together as one continuous sound. Rests indicate silence: minim rest, crotchet rest, quaver rest, etc.

延音线把两个音符合并成一个连续的声音。休止符指示静默：二分休止符、四分休止符、八分休止符等。

Syncopation happens when accents fall on normally weak beats, creating an off-beat bounce.

切分音发生在重音落在通常的弱拍上时，营造出一种错拍的弹跳感。

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6. Texture and Form – Layers and Structure | 织体与曲式——层次与结构

Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate. Form is the overall design of a piece.

织体描述同时有多少声音层次以及它们如何互动。曲式是作品的整体结构蓝图。

Monophonic – a single melodic line with no accompaniment. Like a solo voice singing alone.

单音织体 – 没有伴奏的单一声部旋律，像一个人清唱。

Homophonic – a main melody supported by chords. Most pop songs and hymns are homophonic.

主调织体 – 一条主旋律由和弦支撑。大多数流行歌和赞美诗都是主调织体。

Polyphonic – two or more independent melodies woven together. Also called contrapuntal. Think of a round or fugue.

复调织体 – 两条或更多独立旋律交织在一起。也称对位织体。想一想轮唱或赋格。

Heterophonic – simultaneous variations of the same melody, common in some folk traditions.

支声织体 – 同一条旋律的同时变奏，常见于某些民间音乐传统。

Melody and accompaniment – a clear tune with harmonic backing, a specific type of homophonic texture.

旋律与伴奏 – 清晰的曲调加上和声背景，是主调织体的一种常见类型。

In binary form (AB) the music has two contrasting sections. Usually each is repeated.

二段体 (AB) 包含两个对比的乐段。通常每一段各自反复。

Ternary form (ABA) has three sections where the first section returns after a contrasting middle. Menuet and trio often use this.

三段体 (ABA) 有三个部分，对比中部之后首部再现。小步舞曲和三声中部常采用此曲式。

Rondo form (ABACA…) alternates a recurring main theme with contrasting episodes.

回旋曲式 (ABACA…) 反复出现的主部与对比插部交替循环。

Theme and variations – a melody is presented and then altered in rhythm, harmony or articulation in successive variations.

主题与变奏 – 一个旋律呈示后，在后继的变奏中改变其节奏、和声或演奏法。

Strophic form uses the same music for every verse (AAA…), typical in folk songs. Through-composed form continuously introduces new music.

分节歌形式每段歌词用相同音乐 (AAA…)，常见于叙事民歌。通谱体则不断引入新的音乐素材。

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7. Instrumental Families and Timbre | 乐器家族与音色

Knowing instrument families helps you describe tone colour (timbre) and identify sounds in scores. The standard orchestra families are strings, woodwind, brass, percussion and keyboards.

了解乐器家族有助于你描述音色并在乐谱中识别声音。标准管弦乐队家族有弦乐器、木管乐器、铜管乐器、打击乐器和键盘乐器。

Strings: violin (bright, agile), viola (warm, mellow), cello (rich, deep tenor), double bass (low, heavy). All played with a bow or plucked (pizzicato).

弦乐器：小提琴（明亮灵活）、中提琴（温暖醇厚）、大提琴（丰满深厚的次中音）、低音提琴（低沉厚重）。均用弓拉奏或拨奏 (pizzicato)。

Woodwind: flute (clear, breathy), clarinet (smooth, liquid), oboe (nasal, reedy), bassoon (dry, reedy bass). The saxophone is also a woodwind despite being brass-bodied.

木管乐器：长笛（清晰带气息）、单簧管（平滑如液体）、双簧管（鼻音、簧片感）、大管（干涩的簧片低音）。萨克斯管虽为铜制但仍属木管。

Brass: trumpet (brilliant, piercing), French horn (noble, mellow), trombone (powerful, sliding), tuba (deep, ponderous). Players buzz their lips into a mouthpiece.

铜管乐器：小号（辉煌尖锐）、圆号（高贵柔和）、长号（有力、可滑奏）、大号（深沉笨重）。演奏者用嘴唇震动号嘴发声。

Percussion: pitched (timpani, xylophone, glockenspiel) and unpitched (snare drum, cymbals, triangle, bass drum). They are struck, shaken or scraped.

打击乐器：有固定音高的（定音鼓、木琴、钟琴）和无固定音高的（小军鼓、镲、三角铁、大鼓）。通过敲击、摇动或刮擦发声。

Keyboard: piano (dynamic range, percussive strings), harpsichord (plucked strings, bright), organ (sustained air, majestic). The piano belongs to both string and percussion classification.

键盘乐器：钢琴（动态范围大、琴弦槌击发声）、羽管键琴（拨弦发声、音色明亮）、管风琴（气流持续发声、庄严）。钢琴同时具备弦乐和打击乐属性。

Timbre descriptors: bright, dark, warm, harsh, nasal, breathy, rounded, brittle. Use these to analyse pieces.

音色描述词：明亮、暗淡、温暖、刺耳、鼻音感、气息感、圆润、干涩。用这些词来分析作品。

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8. Ornamentation and Special Effects | 装饰音与特殊效果

Ornaments are extra notes added to decorate a melody. They were especially popular in Baroque and Classical music but appear in all styles.

装饰音是附加在旋律中的额外音符，用来美化旋律。在巴洛克和古典音乐中特别流行，但也出现于各种风格。

Trill (tr) – rapid alternation between the written note and the note above. Played for the full duration of the main note.

颤音 (tr) – 在本音与上方二度音之间快速交替。持续整个本音时值。

Mordent (upper  or lower ) – a quick single alternation: upper mordent goes main note–upper–main; lower mordent goes main–lower–main. The little vertical line is key.

波音（上波音  或下波音 ） – 快速的一次交替：上波音是本音–上方音–本音；下波音是本音–下方音–本音。注意那根短竖线。

Turn (∼) – a four-note figure: note above, main note, note below, main note. Often placed between two notes.

回音 (∼) – 四个音的音型：上方音、本音、下方音、本音。常置于两个音符之间。

Appoggiatura – a grace note that ‘leans’ into the main note, taking half its value and producing an expressive dissonance.

倚音 – 一个装饰音“倚靠”到主音上，占用主音一半的时值，并产生富有表现力的不协和感。

Acciaccatura – a crushed note, written with a stroke through the stem. Very short, it is squeezed in just before the main beat.

碎音 – 带有斜线的小装饰音，非常短促，在主拍前瞬间挤压进去。

Glissando – a rapid slide across a range of white or black keys, or a slide between pitches on string and brass instruments.

滑奏 – 在一系列白键或黑键上快速滑动，或弦乐、铜管乐器上两个音高之间的滑音。

Tremolo – rapid repetition of a single note or alternation between two notes. Creates a shimmering, trembling effect.

震音 – 单个音符的快速重复，或两个音符间的快速交替。营造出颤抖、闪烁的效果。

Pizzicato (pizz.) – for string players to pluck the string with their finger instead of using the bow. ‘Arco’ means return to bowing.

拨奏 (pizz.) – 指示弦乐演奏者用手指拨弦而不是用弓拉奏

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