📚 KS3 Cambridge Philosophy: Vocabulary Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | KS3 Cambridge 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary of philosophy is like unlocking a treasure chest of ideas. At KS3, you begin to explore deep questions about reality, knowledge, and ethics. This quick-memorisation guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized chunks, pairing each with a memorable explanation. You will learn to spot arguments, evaluate evidence, and talk about big ideas with confidence.
掌握哲学的关键词汇，就像打开思想的宝库。在 KS3 阶段，你开始探索关于实在、知识和伦理的深层问题。本速记指南将基本术语分解成小块，并配上易于记忆的解释。你将学会识别论证、评估证据，并自信地讨论重大思想。
1. Core Reasoning Terms | 核心推理术语
Argument: A set of statements where one or more premises are offered in support of a conclusion. In philosophy, an argument is not a shouting match; it is a structured piece of reasoning.
论证： 一组陈述，其中一个或多个前提用来支持一个结论。在哲学中，论证不是争吵，而是一种结构化的推理。
Premise: A statement that provides a reason or piece of evidence within an argument. Premises act as the foundations upon which conclusions are built.
前提： 在论证中提供理由或证据的陈述。前提就像建造结论所依赖的地基。
Conclusion: The statement that an argument is trying to prove or establish. It is the point the arguer wants you to accept based on the premises.
结论： 论证试图证明或确立的陈述。它是论证者希望你在前提基础上接受的观点。
Reason: A cause, explanation, or justification for an action or belief. Giving good reasons is at the heart of philosophical discussion.
理由： 对某个行为或信念的原因、解释或辩护。给出好的理由是哲学讨论的核心。
2. Knowledge and Truth | 知识与真理
Knowledge: Traditionally defined as ‘justified true belief’. To know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons or evidence for it.
知识： 传统上定义为“得到辩护的真信念”。要知道某事，你必须相信它，它必须是真的，而且你必须有充分的理由或证据。
Belief: An acceptance that something is true or exists. Beliefs can be held with or without strong evidence; philosophy examines the grounds for our beliefs.
信念： 对某事为真或存在的接受。信念可以在有或没有有力证据的情况下持有；哲学考察我们信念的根据。
Truth: That which corresponds to reality or facts. Philosophers debate different theories of truth, but a simple starting point is that a statement is true if it matches the way the world is.
真理： 与实在或事实相符的东西。哲学家们争论不同的真理理论，但一个简单的起点是：如果一个陈述与世界的存在方式相符，它就是真的。
Opinion: A view or judgement formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. Distinguishing opinion from well-supported claims is a key critical-thinking skill.
意见： 对某事形成的看法或判断，不一定基于事实或知识。区分意见和有充分支持的断言是一项关键的批判性思维技能。
3. Logic and Fallacies | 逻辑与谬误
Logic: The study of correct reasoning. Logic provides rules for constructing valid arguments and detecting poor reasoning.
逻辑： 对正确推理的研究。逻辑为构建有效论证和发现不良推理提供规则。
Fallacy: A common error in reasoning that weakens an argument. Fallacies can be tricky because they often sound persuasive at first.
谬误： 推理中常见的错误，会削弱论证。谬误可能很狡猾，因为它们一开始往往听起来有说服力。
Ad hominem: A fallacy in which one attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself. ‘You’re wrong because you’re not even a scientist’ is a classic example.
人身攻击谬误： 一种谬误，指攻击提出论证的人而不是论证本身。“你错了，因为你根本就不是科学家”就是一个典型例子。
Straw man: Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack. Instead of engaging with the real position, you set up a flimsy version and knock it down.
稻草人谬误： 歪曲某人的论证以使其更容易被攻击。你不是去回应真实的立场，而是树立一个脆弱的版本并将其打倒。
4. Metaphysics Basics | 形而上学基础
Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy that explores the fundamental nature of reality, including questions about existence, time, space, and causation.
形而上学： 哲学的一个分支，探索实在的基本本质，包括关于存在、时间、空间和因果关系的诸问题。
Reality: The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to how they may appear or be imagined. Philosophers ask: ‘What is ultimately real?’
实在： 事物实际存在的状态，与它们可能显现或被想象的样子相对。哲学家会问：“什么才是最终真实的？”
Free will: The ability of agents to make choices that are not determined by prior causes. Debates about free will connect to responsibility, morality, and science.
自由意志： 行动者做出不受先前原因决定的真正选择的能力。关于自由意志的争论与责任、道德和科学相关联。
Determinism: The theory that all events, including human actions, are ultimately determined by previously existing causes. If determinism is true, free will may be an illusion.
决定论： 认为所有事件，包括人类行为，最终都由先前存在的原因决定的观点。如果决定论为真，自由意志可能是一种幻觉。
5. Ethics and Morality | 伦理与道德
Ethics: The study of moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity. It asks questions like: ‘How should we live?’ and ‘What is the right thing to do?’
伦理学： 研究支配一个人行为或某项活动实施的道德原则的学问。它提出诸如“我们应当如何生活？”和“什么是正确的事？”等问题。
Moral dilemma: A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more conflicting moral principles. There is no easy answer, and any choice may involve some wrongdoing.
道德困境： 在两种或多种相互冲突的道德原则之间必须做出艰难选择的情境。没有简单的答案，任何选择都可能涉及某种不当行为。
Utilitarianism: An ethical theory that judges actions by their consequences. The right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.
功利主义： 一种根据后果评判行为的伦理理论。正确的行为就是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福或福祉的行为。
Virtue ethics: An approach that emphasises the character of the moral agent rather than rules or consequences. It focuses on cultivating virtues like courage, honesty, and compassion.
德性伦理： 一种强调道德主体品格而非规则或后果的进路。它着重培养勇气、诚实和同情心等德性。
6. Mind and Identity | 心灵与身份
Philosophy of mind: The branch that investigates the nature of the mind, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body. Key questions include: ‘What is consciousness?’ and ‘Can machines think?’
心灵哲学： 探究心灵、意识及其与物理身体关系的哲学分支。核心问题包括：“什么是意识？”和“机器能思考吗？”
Dualism: The view that the mind and body are two distinct kinds of substances. A dualist might say the mind is non-physical and can exist independently of the brain.
二元论： 认为心灵和身体是两种不同实体的观点。二元论者可能会说心灵是非物质的，可以独立于大脑存在。
Materialism (Physicalism): The theory that everything that exists is physical, including the mind. From this viewpoint, mental states are brain states.
唯物主义（物理主义）： 认为存在的一切都是物质的，包括心灵在内。从这一观点看，心理状态就是大脑状态。
Personal identity: What makes a person the same person over time. Philosophers explore whether memory, consciousness, or bodily continuity is the key to identity.
人格同一性： 使一个人在不同时间保持为同一个人的东西。哲学家探索记忆、意识还是身体的连续性是同一性的关键。
7. Political Philosophy | 政治哲学
Justice: The concept of fairness in the distribution of benefits and burdens, and in the treatment of individuals. Philosophers debate what a just society looks like.
正义： 关于利益和负担分配以及对待个人方式之公平性的概念。哲学家争论一个正义的社会是什么样子。
Rights: Entitlements or permissions that are considered fundamental, such as the right to free speech or education. Rights often imply duties on others to respect them.
权利： 被视为基本的资格或许可，比如言论自由权或受教育权。权利通常意味着他人有尊重这些权利的义务。
Social contract: An agreement among individuals to form a society and accept certain rules for mutual benefit. Thinkers like Hobbes and Locke imagined a world without government to justify its existence.
社会契约： 个体之间为了形成社会并为互利而接受某些规则的协议。像霍布斯和洛克这样的思想家想象了没有政府的世界，以证明政府存在的合理性。
Authority: The legitimate power to make decisions, give orders, and enforce obedience. Political philosophy examines what makes authority legitimate rather than mere force.
权威： 做出决定、发布命令和强制服从的合法权力。政治哲学考察是什么使权威成为合法的，而不仅仅是武力。
8. Aesthetics and Value | 美学与价值
Aesthetics: The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, art, and taste. It asks: ‘What makes something beautiful?’ and ‘What is art?’
美学： 关涉美、艺术和品味之本质与欣赏的哲学分支。它追问：“是什么使某物成为美的？”以及“什么是艺术？”
Subjective: Dependent on the mind or an individual’s personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. Many people consider beauty to be subjective, meaning it varies from person to person.
主观的： 依赖于心灵或个人感受、品味或意见。许多人认为美是主观的，这意味着它因人而异。
Objective: Independent of personal feelings or opinions; existing in the external world. An objective fact is true regardless of what anyone thinks.
客观的： 独立于个人感受或意见；存在于外部世界。一个客观事实无论任何人如何想都是真的。
Intrinsic value: The value that something has in itself, for its own sake, rather than for the sake of something else. Happiness is often described as having intrinsic value.
内在价值： 某物因其自身而非为了其他事物而拥有的价值。幸福常常被描述为具有内在价值。
9. Scientific Thinking in Philosophy | 哲学中的科学思维
Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested through observation or experiment. In philosophy, hypotheses about the world are examined for their logical coherence.
假说： 对某一现象提出的解释，可通过观察或实验来检验。在哲学中，关于世界的假说要被审视其逻辑上的融贯性。
Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts and repeatedly confirmed. Philosophical theories aim for similar explanatory power.
理论： 基于大量事实并反复得到确认的对自然界某方面的充分证实的解释。哲学理论旨在具有类似的解释力。
Scepticism: An attitude of doubt or questioning towards knowledge claims. A philosophical sceptic might ask whether we can ever be certain that the external world exists.
怀疑论： 对知识断言持怀疑或质疑的态度。哲学怀疑论者可能会问，我们能否确定外部世界存在。
Empirical evidence: Information acquired by observation or experimentation. Philosophers often distinguish between empirical evidence and reasoning from first principles.
经验证据： 通过观察或实验获得的信息。哲学家常常区分经验证据和由第一原理出发的推理。
10. Memory Tricks for Philosophy Jargon | 哲学术语的记忆窍门
Acronym for ARGUMENT: A – Assertion, R – Reason, G – Grounds, U – Underpinning, M – Main point, E – Evidence, N – Not a fight, T – Thinking. Use this to recall that an argument is a reasoning structure, not a quarrel.
论证的首字母助记（英文）： A – 断言，R – 理由，G – 根据，U – 支撑，M – 要点，E – 证据，N – 不是吵架，T – 思考。用它记住论证是一种推理结构，而非争吵。
Premise as ‘Promise’: Think of a premise as a promise that the arguer makes to support the conclusion. If the premise is untrue, the promise is broken.
把前提想象为“承诺”： 把前提想成论证者为支持结论而作出的承诺。如果前提不真实，承诺就被打破了。
Truth with T and Reality: Link the ‘T’ in Truth to ‘T’ in ‘The world’ and ‘T’ in ‘Things as they are’. If a statement matches the facts, it’s True.
用“真”联系“实在”： 把“真”字与“真实”和“事实”联系起来。如果一个陈述符合事实，它就是真的。
Fallacy file: Keep a mental ‘fallacy file’ with silly names: ‘Ad hominem’ sounds like ‘add hominy’ – imagine attacking a bowl of porridge instead of the argument. Straw man: picture a scarecrow you knock over easily. These images make the terms stick.
谬误档案： 建立一个脑海中的“谬误档案”，配上有趣的名字：“人身攻击”听起来像“人参公鸡”——想象你攻击一只公鸡而不是论证。稻草人：想象一个你轻而易举就能推倒的稻草人。这些形象能让术语牢牢记住。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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