KS3 CIE Chinese: Grammar Formulas & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | KS3 CIE 中文：语法公式与规则速查手册

📚 KS3 CIE Chinese: Grammar Formulas & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | KS3 CIE 中文：语法公式与规则速查手册

This quick reference handbook collects the most essential Chinese grammar structures and patterns for KS3 CIE learners. Each section presents a clear formula, followed by concise explanations and examples in both English and Chinese. By mastering these ‘theorems’ of the language, you will build a solid foundation for accurate expression and sentence building.

本速查手册汇集了 KS3 CIE 阶段最核心的中文语法结构与句式规律。每个部分都给出清晰的公式，并辅以简洁的英中双语解释与示例。掌握这些语言“定理”，你将打下准确表达和造句的坚实基础。

1. Basic Word Order Formula | 基本语序公式

The most fundamental rule in Chinese is the Subject–Verb–Object order, just like English. Time and place information are placed before the verb, not at the end of the sentence.

中文最基本的规则是主语–动词–宾语语序，与英语相同。时间和地点信息通常放在动词之前，而不是句末。

S + Time + Place + V + O

主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语

Example: ‘I go to school at 8am.’ → I (S) + 8am (Time) + (Place implied) + go (V) + school (O). In Chinese: 我早上八点去学校。(Wǒ zǎoshang bā diǎn qù xuéxiào.)

示例：’我早上八点去学校。’ 语序为主语(我) + 时间(早上八点) + 动词(去) + 宾语(学校)。

Never place time or location at the end of a Chinese sentence unless you use specific structures like ‘在……’. Always keep them before the action.

除非使用“在……”等特别结构，否则时间和地点不能放在句尾，一定要放在动作之前。

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2. The 把 (bǎ) Construction Formula | “把”字句公式

The bǎ structure is used to emphasise the disposal or result of an action on a definite object. It shifts the object before the verb and is followed by some kind of complement or change.

“把”字句用来强调对特定宾语的处理、处置或动作结果。它将宾语提前到动词之前，并且动词后面通常带有补语或变化。

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement

主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语

Example: ‘He closed the door.’ → He + 把 + door + close + completed. In Chinese: 他把门关上了。(Tā bǎ mén guānshang le.)

示例：’他把门关上了。’ 主语(他) + 把 + 宾语(门) + 动词(关) + 补语(上) + 了。不能只说“他关门了”来表达强调处置。

Common complements used after bǎ include result complements (完, 好, 干净), directional complements (出来, 进去) and the particle 了. The object must be specific and known to both speaker and listener.

“把”字句常用的补语有结果补语(完、好、干净)、趋向补语(出来、进去)和动态助词“了”。宾语必须是特指的、双方都知道的事物。

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3. The 被 (bèi) Passive Formula | “被”字句公式

The bèi structure expresses passive voice, showing that the subject is the receiver of the action. It often implies an adverse or unexpected result, but can be neutral in modern usage.

“被”字句表达被动语态，表示主语是动作的承受者。它常带有不如意或出乎意料的结果，但在现代用法中也可以中立。

Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement

受事主语 + 被(+ 施事者) + 动词 + 补语

Example: ‘The window was broken by him.’ → Window + 被 + him + break + complement. In Chinese: 窗户被他打破了。(Chuānghu bèi tā dǎpò le.)

示例：’窗户被他打破了。’ 受事(窗户) + 被 + 施事(他) + 动词(打) + 补语(破) + 了。施事者有时可以省略：窗户被打破了。

Note that the verb in a bèi sentence cannot be a bare single-syllable verb; it usually needs a result or a change. Also, bèi cannot be used with intransitive verbs.

注意，“被”字句里的动词不能是光杆单音节动词，通常需要结果或变化。不及物动词也不能用于“被”字句。

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4. Comparative Formula with 比 (bǐ) | “比”字比较句公式

To compare two things in Chinese, use the 比 pattern. The adjective stands alone without any degree modifier like ‘more’. This is a very common KS3 target structure.

要比较两样东西，用“比”字句。形容词单独出现，前面不加任何程度副词如“更”。这是KS3非常高频的考点结构。

A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ Quantity)

A + 比 + B + 形容词 (+ 数量补语)

Example: ‘She is taller than me.’ → She + 比 + me + tall. In Chinese: 她比我高。(Tā bǐ wǒ gāo.) You may add a quantity: 她比我高五厘米。(She is 5 cm taller than me.)

示例：’她比我高。’ A(她) + 比 + B(我) + 形容词(高)。可以加数量：她比我高五厘米。不要用“她比我很高”，这是错误的。

The negative form is ‘A 没有 B + Adjective’ or ‘A 不比 B + Adjective’. The former means ‘not as … as’, the latter implies ‘not more … than, maybe less’.

否定形式有“A 没有 B + 形容词”(不如B……)和“A 不比 B + 形容词”(并不比B更……)。例如：我没有你高。这辆车不比那辆车便宜。

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5. Yes/No Question Formula with 吗 (ma) | 是非问句“吗”公式

To turn a statement into a yes/no question in Chinese, simply add the particle 吗 at the end. The word order does not change. This is the easiest and most common question pattern.

只要在陈述句句末加上“吗”，就能变成是非问句，语序不变。这是最简单也最常用的疑问句式。

Statement + 吗 ？

Example: ‘You are a student.’ → 你是学生。 + 吗？ → 你是学生吗？(Nǐ shì xuésheng ma?) ‘Do you like coffee?’ → 你喜欢咖啡吗？

示例：’你是学生吗？’ 直接在“你是学生”后面加“吗”。注意回答时用肯定或否定，不与“吗”同现。

Do not use 吗 with question words like 什么 (what) or 谁 (who). A sentence already containing a question word is complete without 吗.

疑问词如“什么”、“谁”已经表达疑问，不能再加“吗”。例如：’你是谁吗？’ 错误，应该说“你是谁？”。

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6. Question Word Formula (WH-Questions) | 疑问词公式

Unlike English, Chinese WH-words stay in the same position as the answer they replace. The word order remains Subject–Verb–Object. Learn the key question words and their positions.

与英语不同，中文的疑问词保留在被替换的答案位置上，语序仍为主–动–宾。记住关键疑问词及其位置。

S + V + 什么 (what) / 谁 (who) / 哪儿 (where) / 怎么 (how) ？

Example: ‘What do you eat?’ → You eat what: 你吃什么？(Nǐ chī shénme?) ‘Where is he?’ → He at where: 他在哪儿？(Tā zài nǎr?)

示例：’你吃什么？’ (什么放在宾语位置)；’他在哪儿？’ (哪儿放在地点位置)。语序不需要倒装。

Other essential WH-words for KS3: 什么时候 (when), 为什么 (why), 多少/几 (how many), 怎么样 (how about). Keep them in the natural position.

其他KS3必备疑问词：什么时候、为什么、多少/几、怎么样。将它们放在自然的句子成分位置上即可。

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7. The 是……的 (shì…de) Emphasis Structure | “是……的”强调结构公式

This structure is used to highlight the time, place, manner or agent of a past action. It is not simply ‘is…’ but rather a frame to emphasise details already known to have happened.

“是……的”结构用来强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式或施事者。它不是单纯的“是……的”系表结构，而是对已知事件的细节进行突出。

Subject + 是 + Detail + Verb + 的 (+ Object)

主语 + 是 + 强调细节 + 动词 + 的 (+ 宾语)

Example: ‘I went to Beijing yesterday.’ → Emphasise time: 我是昨天去北京的。(Wǒ shì zuótiān qù Běijīng de.) Or emphasise place: 我是在北京见他的。

示例：’我是昨天去北京的。’ (强调时间)；’我是在北京见他的。’ (强调地点)。注意，如果强调宾语，宾语可以提前，如“我是昨天吃的苹果”。

Negative form is 不是……的. In a question, 是 can be moved: ‘You are a student?’ → 你是学生吗？ but for emphasis: 你是不是昨天去的？

否定形式为“不是……的”。疑问句中，“是”可以提前。如：你是不是昨天去的？回答可说“不是，我是今天去的”。

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8. Correlative Conjunction Formulas | 关联词搭配公式

Chinese frequently uses paired conjunctions to express logical relations. These fixed patterns must be memorised as whole units. Here are the core KS3 pairs.

中文常用成对关联词表达逻辑关系。这些固定搭配必须整体记忆。以下是KS3核心搭配。

因为……所以…… (because…so…)

Example: 因为下雨，所以我们没去。(Yīnwèi xiàyǔ, suǒyǐ wǒmen méi qù.) ‘Because it rained, we didn’t go.’ Even though ‘so’ is redundant in English logic, it is required in Chinese.

示例：因为下雨，所以我们没去。中文里“因为”和“所以”常常一起使用，不能只用一个。

虽然……但是…… (although…but…)

Example: 虽然很累，但是他还在学习。(Suīrán hěn lèi, dànshì tā hái zài xuéxí.) ‘Although very tired, still he is studying.’ Again, both parts are used together.

示例：虽然很累，但是他还在学习。同样，“虽然”和“但是”必须搭配，不能像英语那样只用“although”。

如果……就…… (if…then…)

Example: 如果你有时间，就给我打电话。(Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu shíjiān, jiù gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà.) ‘If you have time, then give me a call.’ 就 indicates the consequence.

示例：如果你有时间，就给我打电话。“就”引出结果。

不但……而且…… (not only…but also…)

Example: 他不但会说英文，而且会说中文。(Tā búdàn huì shuō Yīngwén, érqiě huì shuō Zhōngwén.) ‘He can speak not only English but also Chinese.’

示例：他不但会说英文，而且会说中文。表示递进关系。

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9. Modification and 的 (de) Formula | 定语与“的”公式

To modify a noun with an adjective, phrase or clause, use the particle 的. However, when a single-syllable adjective modifies a noun, 的 is often omitted. Multi-syllable adjectives or phrases require 的.

用形容词、短语或从句修饰名词时，要用助词“的”。但单音节形容词直接修饰名词时，“的”常省略。多音节形容词或短语必须加“的”。

Modifier + 的 + Noun

修饰语 + 的 + 名词

Example: 漂亮衣服 (piàoliang yīfu) – ‘pretty clothes’; but 很漂亮的衣服 (hěn piàoliang de yīfu) – ‘very pretty clothes’. 我妈妈 (wǒ māma) – ‘my mum’ (no 的 for close personal relations), but 我的书 (wǒ de shū) – ‘my book’ (usually keeps 的).

示例：漂亮衣服(单音节形容词“漂亮”省略了“的”，但更常说“漂亮的衣服”); 很漂亮的衣服(有程度副词必须加“的”); 我妈妈(亲属可省略“的”); 我的书(一般要加“的”)。

For a longer relative clause: ‘The book that I bought yesterday’ → 我昨天买的书 (wǒ zuótiān mǎi de shū). The clause ends with 的 before the noun.

较长的关系从句：’我昨天买的书’。从句“我昨天买”后面加“的”，然后才是名词“书”。

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10. Verb Complement Formulas (Result & Direction) | 动词补语公式（结果补语与趋向补语）

Complements are attached after verbs to indicate the result or direction of an action. They are vital for natural Chinese and appear in many KS3 tasks.

补语紧跟在动词后面，表示动作的结果或方向。它们对自然的中文表达至关重要，并在KS3任务中频繁出现。

Verb + Result Complement (Adjective/Verb)

动词 + 结果补语 (形容词/动词)

Examples: 看完 (kàn wán – finish reading), 听懂 (tīng dǒng – hear and understand), 写错 (xiě cuò – write wrong). The complement directly tells the outcome.

示例：看完、听懂、写错。补语直接说明动作的结果。

Verb + Direction Complement (来/去)

动词 + 趋向补语 (来/去)

Simple direction: 出来 (come out), 进去 (go in). Compound direction: 走上来 (walk up here), 跑下去 (run down there). The choice between 来 and 去 depends on movement toward or away from the speaker.

简单趋向补语：出来、进去。复合趋向补语：走上来、跑下去。“来”表示向说话人移动，“去”表示远离说话人。

When the complement is compound and an object is present, the object often goes in the middle: 拿出一本书来 (take out a book). For place objects, they go before 来/去: 走回家去 (walk back home).

当复合趋向补语带宾语时，宾语常放在中间：拿出一本书来。处所宾语要放在“来/去”之前：走回家去。

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11. Modal Verb Formula (Auxiliary Verbs) | 能愿动词公式

Modal verbs such as 想 (xiǎng), 要 (yào), 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) express desire, intention, ability or possibility. They are placed directly before the main verb.

能愿动词如想、要、会、能、可以等，表达愿望、意图、能力或可能性。它们直接放在主要动词之前。

S + Modal Verb + V + O

主语 + 能愿动词 + 动词 + 宾语

• 想 (xiǎng): want to / would like to. 我想喝水。(I want to drink water.)
• 要 (yào): will / want to / must. 我要去北京。(I am going to Beijing.) Or: 你要小心。(You must be careful.)
• 会 (huì): can (learned skill) / will. 我会说中文。(I can speak Chinese.) 明天会下雨。(It will rain tomorrow.)
• 能 (néng): be able to / allowed to. 我能写完作业。(I can finish the homework.) 这里不能吸烟。(You cannot smoke here.)
• 可以 (kěyǐ): may / permissible. 我可以进来吗？(May I come in?)

例题解析：’He can swim’ → 他会游泳。(use 会 for learned skill). ‘Can I use your pen?’ → 我可以用你的笔吗？(use 可以 for permission). Avoid ‘能’ for permission in polite requests.

例题解析：’他会游泳’ (用“会”表示技能)；’我可以用你的笔吗？’ (用“可以”请求许可)。在礼貌请求中，常用“可以”而不是“能”。

Notice that modal verbs never take aspect particles 了, 着, 过 themselves. The negation is simply 不 + modal verb, e.g., 不会, 不想, 不能.

注意能愿动词本身不能加动态助词“了、着、过”。否定形式为“不+能愿动词”，如“不会”、“不想”、“不能”。

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12. Topic-Comment Structure Formula | 主题–述题结构公式

Chinese often places the topic at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a comment. This is different from the subject-predicate pattern and is extremely common.

中文常把话题放在句子开头，然后进行评论。这与主谓结构不同，但极为常见。

Topic + Comment

话题 + 评论

Example: ‘As for coffee, I like it.’ → 咖啡，我很喜欢。(Kāfēi, wǒ hěn xǐhuan.) Or: ‘This problem, we must solve it quickly.’ → 这个问题，我们要赶快解决。

示例：咖啡，我很喜欢。这个问题，我们要赶快解决。话题不一定是主语，可以是宾语或其他成分提前。

This structure is helpful for organising longer paragraphs. KS3 writing tasks often reward using topic-comment patterns to improve coherence.

这一结构有助于组织较长段落。KS3写作任务中恰当使用话题–评论结构可以提升连贯性得分。

Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

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