📚 KS3 CIE Politics Vocabulary Terms Quick Revision Guide | KS3 CIE 政治词汇术语速记指南
Building a solid political vocabulary is the first step towards understanding how societies are governed. This guide is designed to help KS3 learners on the CIE pathway master the key terms that appear repeatedly in lessons, assignments and assessments. Each entry is explained in clear, accessible English and Chinese, with memory tips to make revision more effective and less stressful.
建立扎实的政治词汇基础是理解社会如何被治理的第一步。本指南旨在帮助 CIE 路径的 KS3 学习者掌握在课堂、作业和考试中反复出现的关键术语。每个词条都用清晰易懂的英中双语解释，并配有记忆小贴士，让复习更高效、更轻松。
1. Government and the State | 政府与国家
Government The group of people who have the authority to govern a country or state. In the UK, the government is formed by the political party that wins the most seats in a general election. It makes decisions on laws, taxes and public services.
政府 拥有治理一个国家或州的权力的群体。在英国，政府由在大选中赢得最多席位的政党组成。政府就法律、税收和公共服务做出决策。
State A defined territory with its own permanent population, government and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. The state includes institutions such as the civil service, the judiciary and the armed forces, and it continues to exist even when governments change.
国家 拥有固定领土、常住人口、政府以及与其他国家建立关系能力的政治实体。国家包括公务员系统、司法机构和武装部队等制度，即使政府更迭，国家依然存在。
Constitution A set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning it is not written down in a single document but comes from statutes, common law and conventions.
宪法 一套治理国家所依据的基本原则或既定先例。英国拥有一部不成文宪法，这意味着它并非以单一文件的形式书写，而是来源于成文法、普通法和惯例。
Tip: Think of the ‘state’ as the permanent ship and the ‘government’ as the temporary captain who steers it for a while. The constitution is the map and the rulebook on board.
小贴士： 把“国家”想象成一艘永久的船，而“政府”则是临时掌舵的船长。宪法就是船上的地图和规则手册。
2. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代表制
Democracy A system of government where the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives, have a say in decisions. The word comes from the Greek ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule).
民主 一种政府制度，全体人民或国家所有合格成员通常通过选举产生的代表参与决策。该词源于希腊语“demos”（人民）和“kratos”（统治）。
Representative democracy Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy because voters choose MPs to sit in Parliament rather than voting directly on every new law.
代议制民主 公民选举代表来替他们做出决策。英国是代议制民主国家，因为选民选择议员在议会中任职，而不是直接对每项新法律进行投票。
Direct democracy A form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly, without intermediaries. Referendums, such as the 2016 Brexit vote in the UK, are examples of direct democracy in action.
直接民主 一种民主形式，人们直接决定政策倡议，无需中间人。公投（例如 2016 年英国的脱欧投票）就是直接民主的实践例子。
Constituency A geographical area represented by one or more elected officials. Each MP in the House of Commons represents a constituency, and local voters are called constituents.
选区 由一个或多个民选官员代表的地理区域。下议院的每位议员都代表一个选区，当地的选民被称为选区居民。
Tip: Link ‘representative’ to ‘MP’ (Member of Parliament) — they represent your voice. ‘Direct’ starts with ‘D’ just like ‘Directly you decide’.
小贴士： 把“代表”与“议员”联系起来——他们代表你的声音。 “直接”以“D”开头，就如同“你直接决定”。
3. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Political party An organised group of people with similar political aims and opinions, that seeks to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office. Major UK parties include the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
政党 一群有相似政治目标和观点的人组成的组织，通过让自己的候选人当选公职来影响公共政策。英国的主要政党包括保守党和工党。
Manifesto A public declaration of policies and aims issued by a political party before an election. It tells voters what the party promises to do if it forms the government.
竞选纲领 政党在选举前发布的政策和目标的公开声明。它告诉选民如果该党组建政府，它承诺要做些什么。
Left-wing A political position that generally supports social equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social reforms. Labour is often described as left-wing.
左翼 一种通常支持社会平等、政府干预经济和进步性社会改革的政治立场。工党常被描述为左翼。
Right-wing A political position that generally favours free markets, individual liberty, traditional values and limited government intervention. The Conservative Party is typically seen as right-wing.
右翼 一种通常支持自由市场、个人自由、传统价值观和有限政府干预的政治立场。保守党通常被视为右翼。
Tip: Imagine a long sofa — the left side sits people who want more sharing, the right side sits those who want more personal responsibility.
小贴士： 想象一张长沙发——左边坐的是想要更多共享的人，右边坐的是想要更多个人责任的人。
4. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
General election An election in which all or most members of a legislative body are chosen. In the UK, general elections decide who becomes the Member of Parliament for each constituency, and the party with the majority forms the government.
大选 选举立法机构全体或大多数成员的选举。在英国，大选决定每个选区的议员人选，获得多数席位的政党组建政府。
First past the post (FPTP) An electoral system where the candidate who gets the most votes in a constituency wins, even if they do not have more than half the votes. This is the system used for UK general elections.
简单多数制 一种选举制度，在一个选区中获得最多票数的候选人获胜，即使他们没有超过半数的选票。这是英国大选使用的制度。
Proportional representation (PR) An electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them. Some people argue PR is fairer than FPTP because it reflects the share of votes more accurately.
比例代表制 一种选举制度，政党根据其所获票数的比例获得席位。有些人认为比例代表制比简单多数制更公平，因为它更准确地反映了得票份额。
Referendum A direct vote by the electorate on a single political question. Unlike an election, a referendum is about a specific issue. Examples include the Scottish independence referendum and the Brexit referendum.
公投 选民就单一政治问题进行的直接投票。与选举不同，公投针对某一具体议题。例子包括苏格兰独立公投和脱欧公投。
Tip: ‘First past the post’ is like a running race — the first to cross the line wins, no matter by how much.
小贴士： “简单多数制”就像赛跑——第一个冲过终点线的人获胜，不管领先多少。
5. Parliament and the Legislature | 议会与立法机构
Parliament The supreme legislative body in the UK, made up of three parts: the Monarch (King or Queen), the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Parliament makes and passes laws, scrutinises the government and debates important national issues.
议会 英国的最高立法机构，由三部分组成：君主（国王或女王）、下议院和上议院。议会制定和通过法律，监督政府，并就重要国家议题进行辩论。
House of Commons The lower chamber of Parliament, whose members (MPs) are directly elected by the public. It is the more powerful of the two houses and holds the government to account through questioning and debates.
下议院 议会的下院，其成员（议员）由公众直接选举产生。它是两院中权力更大的一方，通过质询和辩论追究政府的责任。
House of Lords The upper chamber, made up of appointed and hereditary peers. It revises legislation, offers expertise, and can delay but not permanently block bills passed by the Commons.
上议院 上院，由被任命的和世袭的贵族组成。它负责修订立法，提供专业知识，并可以延迟但不能永久阻挠下议院通过的法案。
Bill A proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change an existing law, that is presented for debate before Parliament. A bill must be approved by both Houses and receive Royal Assent to become an Act of Parliament.
法案 一项关于新法律或修改现有法律的提案，被提交给议会辩论。法案必须经两院批准并获得御准，才能成为议会法令。
Tip: Visualise the Commons as the ‘engine room’ where elected voices roar, and the Lords as the ‘review chamber’ that polishes the bolts.
小贴士： 将下议院想象成“引擎室”，民选的代表在那里发声；上议院则是“检查室”，精心打磨每一颗螺丝。
6. The Executive and the Judiciary | 行政机关与司法机关
Executive The branch of government responsible for implementing laws and running the country day-to-day. In the UK, the executive includes the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and government departments.
行政机关 负责执行法律和日常管理国家的政府部门。在英国，行政机关包括首相、内阁和各政府部门。
Prime Minister The head of the UK government, usually the leader of the political party with the most MPs in the House of Commons. The PM appoints ministers, chairs Cabinet meetings and represents the country internationally.
首相 英国政府首脑，通常是下议院中拥有最多议员人数的政党领袖。首相任命大臣、主持内阁会议并代表国家参与国际事务。
Cabinet A group of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to lead major government departments, such as the Home Office, Foreign Office and Treasury. Cabinet decisions are collectively binding.
内阁 由首相挑选的一组高级大臣，负责领导主要的政府部门，如内政部、外交部和财政部。内阁的决定集体具有约束力。
Judiciary The branch of government that interprets the law and administers justice. Judges are independent from Parliament and the executive, ensuring trials are fair and laws are applied correctly.
司法机关 解释法律和进行司法裁判的政府部门。法官独立于议会和行政机关，确保审判公正、法律适用正确。
Tip: Think of the three branches as a bakery team: the executive bakes the cake (runs the country), the legislature writes the recipe (makes laws), and the judiciary checks no one breaks the rules (judges fairly).
小贴士： 将三个分支想象成烘培团队：行政机关烤蛋糕（管理国家），立法机构写配方（制定法律），司法机关确保没人违规（公正裁决）。
7. Rights, Freedoms and Citizenship | 权利、自由与公民身份
Human rights Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death. They include the right to life, liberty, education and freedom from torture. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law.
人权 世界上每个人都享有的基本权利和自由，从出生直到死亡。它们包括生命权、自由权、教育权和免于酷刑的自由。在英国，1998 年《人权法》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入了国内法。
Civil liberties Personal freedoms that protect individuals from excessive government power, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and the right to a fair trial.
公民自由 保护个人免受政府过度权力侵害的个人自由，例如言论自由、集会自由和获得公正审判的权利。
Citizenship The status of a person recognised under the custom or law as being a legal member of a sovereign state. A citizen enjoys rights such as voting and holding a passport, and also has duties, like obeying the law.
公民身份 根据习惯或法律，一个人被认可为主权国家的合法成员的身份。公民享有投票和持有护照等权利，同时也有遵守法律等义务。
Rule of law The principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced. No one, not even the Prime Minister, is above the law.
法治 一项原则，即所有人和机构都受法律的约束并对法律负责，法律被公平地适用和执行。没有人可以凌驾于法律之上，即使是首相也不例外。
Tip: Remember ‘rule of law’ by picturing a giant ruler that measures everyone’s actions equally — no gaps for the powerful.
小贴士： 联想一把巨大的尺子（ruler）平等地衡量每个人的行为——有权有势者也没有缝隙可钻，来记住“法治”。
8. Power, Authority and Sovereignty | 权力、权威与主权
Power The ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do, or to influence outcomes. In politics, power can be held by governments, institutions, the media or even public opinion.
权力 促使他人做他们原本不会做的事，或影响结果的能力。在政治中，权力可以被政府、机构、媒体乃至公众舆论所掌握。
Authority Power that is recognised as legitimate or rightful, often granted by law or by consent. A police officer has authority to stop a vehicle because the law gives them that role.
权威 被公认为合法或正当的权力，通常由法律或同意授予。警察有权拦停车辆，因为法律赋予了他们这一角色。
Sovereignty Supreme power or authority, especially in relation to a state’s ability to govern itself without outside interference. Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament is the highest legal authority in the UK.
主权 至高无上的权力或权威，特别是指一个国家在没有外部干涉的情况下自我治理的能力。议会主权意味着议会是英国最高的法律权威。
Devolution The transfer of certain powers from a central government to regional governments. In the UK, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved parliaments or assemblies that can make decisions on issues like education and health.
权力下放 中央政府将某些权力移交给地区政府。在英国，苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰拥有权力下放的议会或大会，可以对教育和健康等问题做出决策。
Tip: Power is like a strong wind, but authority is a wind that has been given official permission to blow. Sovereignty is the wind that owns the whole sky.
小贴士： 权力就像一阵强风，而权威是得到正式许可才刮的风。主权则是拥有整片天空的风。
9. Pressure Groups and Participation | 压力集团与政治参与
Pressure group An organised group that seeks to influence government policy or public opinion without seeking election itself. Examples include Greenpeace (environmental) and the British Medical Association (professional).
压力集团 一个有组织的团体，旨在影响政府政策或公众舆论，而不寻求自己当选。例子包括绿色和平组织（环境类）和英国医学会（专业类）。
Lobbying The act of trying to persuade politicians or officials to support a particular cause or policy. Lobbyists may be paid professionals or ordinary citizens writing to their MP.
游说 试图说服政治家或官员支持某个特定事业或政策的行为。游说者可能是付费的专业人士，也可能是给议员写信的普通公民。
Trade union An association of workers formed to protect and advance their rights and interests, especially in negotiations with employers over wages, hours and conditions.
工会 工人为保护和促进其权利与利益而形成的协会，尤其是在与雇主就工资、工时和工作条件进行谈判时。
Petition A formal written request, typically signed by many people, appealing to authority in respect of a particular cause. Online petitions that reach 100,000 signatures are considered for debate in Parliament.
请愿书 一份正式的书面请求，通常由许多人签名，就某一特定事项向当局呼吁。在英国，获得 10 万个签名的网上请愿书会被议会考虑进行辩论。
Tip: Think of pressure groups as speakers who never run for office but make sure their voice is heard by those who do.
小贴士： 把压力集团想象成从不去竞选公职的发言者，却确保那些竞选者能听到他们的声音。
10. International Relations and Global Governance | 国际关系与全球治理
United Nations (UN) An international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security and cooperation among countries. Most countries are members, and the UN tackles global challenges like poverty, climate change and human rights.
联合国 一个成立于 1945 年的国际组织，旨在促进各国之间的和平、安全与合作。大多数国家都是其成员，联合国致力于应对贫困、气候变化和人权等全球性挑战。
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, a military alliance of European and North American countries committed to mutual defence. An attack on one member is considered an attack on all.
北约 北大西洋公约组织，是由欧洲和北美国家组成的军事联盟，承诺共同防御。对一个成员国的攻击被视为对全体成员国的攻击。
Sanctions Measures taken by countries or international bodies to restrict trade, finance or other relations with a state to pressure it to change its behaviour. Sanctions can be economic, diplomatic or military.
制裁 国家或国际机构采取的限制贸易、金融或其他与某国关系的措施，以迫使其改变行为。制裁可以是经济、外交或军事层面的。
Diplomacy The practice of managing international relations through negotiation, dialogue and representation. Ambassadors and embassies are key tools of diplomacy.
外交 通过谈判、对话和派驻代表来管理国际关系的实践。大使和大使馆是外交的关键工具。
Tip: The UN is like a school council for the whole world — nations sit, talk and try to solve problems without fighting.
小贴士： 联合国就像是全世界的学校理事会——各国坐下来讨论，努力不靠打架来解决问题。
11. Law and Justice | 法律与司法
Statute law Law made by Parliament, also known as legislation or Acts of Parliament. Statutes are the highest form of law in the UK and can override common law.
成文法 由议会制定的法律，也称为立法或议会法令。成文法是英国最高形式的法律，可以推翻普通法。
Common law Law developed by judges through decisions in individual court cases, also known as case law or precedent. Many principles of contract law and tort law come from common law.
普通法 法官通过个别案件中的判决发展而来的法律，也称为判例法或先例。合同法和侵权法的许多原则都来自普通法。
Defendant A person accused of a crime or sued in a civil case. In a criminal trial, the defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty.
被告 被指控犯罪或在民事案件中被起诉的人。在刑事审判中，被告在被证明有罪之前被推定无罪。
Prosecution The party that brings a criminal case against an accused person, usually on behalf of the state. In England and Wales, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decides whether to charge a suspect.
检方 对被告提起刑事诉讼的一方，通常代表国家。在英格兰和威尔士，皇家检察署（CPS）决定是否对嫌疑人提起公诉。
Tip: A statute is like a rule written in a manual; common law is like rules we learn from earlier games that became tradition.
小贴士： 成文法就像手册中写明的规则；普通法则像我们从以往的比赛中学会、并变成了传统的规则。
12. Key Concepts in Political Debate | 政治辩论中的核心概念
Equality The state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities. Political debate often distinguishes between equality of opportunity (same chances) and equality of outcome (same results).
平等 在地位、权利或机会方面平等的状态。政治辩论中常区分机会平等（相同的机遇）和结果平等（相同的结果）。
Liberty The freedom of individuals to act and think as they choose, as long as they do not harm others. It is a core value in democratic societies and often balanced against security.
自由 个人按照自己的选择行动和思考的自由，只要不伤害他人。它是民主社会的核心价值，并经常与安全相互权衡。
Accountability The obligation of an individual or organisation to account for its activities, accept responsibility, and disclose results. Ministers are accountable to Parliament; government is accountable to the electorate.
问责制 个人或组织对其活动进行说明、承担责任并披露结果的义务。大臣对议会负责；政府对全体选民负责。
Transparency The extent to which government and public bodies operate openly, with decisions and data available for citizens to see. Transparent systems reduce corruption and increase trust.
透明度 政府和公共机构运作的开放程度，其决策和数据可供公民查看。透明的制度能减少腐败、增强信任。
Tip: Accountability is when you have to explain your choices; transparency is when people can watch you make those choices in the first place.
小贴士： 问责制是指你必须解释你的选择；透明度则是指人们首先就能看着你做出那些选择。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导