KS3 Edexcel Geography: Key Terms Memory Guide | KS3 爱德思地理：关键术语速记指南

📚 KS3 Edexcel Geography: Key Terms Memory Guide | KS3 爱德思地理：关键术语速记指南

Geography is packed with specialist vocabulary that can seem overwhelming at first. This guide breaks down the most essential KS3 Edexcel terms into manageable chunks, pairing each definition with a simple memory hook so you can recall them quickly in class, homework, and assessments.

地理学科充满了专业词汇，一开始可能会让人不知所措。这份指南将 KS3 爱德思地理最关键的术语拆分成易于掌握的小块，每个定义都搭配一个简单的记忆线索，帮助你在课堂、作业和考试中快速回忆。

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1. Tectonic Hazards | 板块构造灾害

Tectonic hazards are caused by the movement of the Earth’s plates. Getting these terms right is your first step to explaining why earthquakes and volcanoes happen where they do.

板块构造灾害由地球板块的运动引起。掌握这些术语是解释地震与火山为何发生在特定地点的第一步。

Plate boundary: The margin where two tectonic plates meet. The three main types are convergent (plates push together), divergent (plates pull apart) and transform (plates slide past each other). Memory: think of a ‘boundary’ as a fence between neighbours; the plates can butt heads, back away, or shuffle sideways.

板块边界：两个构造板块相接的边缘。三种主要类型为汇聚边界（板块相向挤压）、离散边界（板块背向分离）和转换边界（板块水平错动）。记忆：把“边界”想象成邻居间的篱笆；板块可以头顶头、向后退，或者侧身挪动。

Earthquake: A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the release of built-up stress along a fault or plate boundary. The point underground where the rupture starts is the focus; the point directly above on the surface is the epicentre. Memory: an earthquake is like snapping a biscuit – the break point is the focus, and the crumbs fly from the epicentre.

地震：由于断层或板块边界上积累的应力突然释放而引起的地面震动。地下破裂起始点叫震源，地表正上方对应的点叫震中。记忆：地震就像掰断一块饼干——断裂处是震源，碎屑从震中飞出。

Volcano: A vent in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock (magma when underground, lava when above ground), ash, and gases escape. Most active volcanoes are found near plate boundaries. Memory: a volcano is Earth’s pressure cooker lid – when the steam builds up, it blows.

火山：地壳上的一个喷口，熔融岩石（地下称岩浆，喷出地表称熔岩）、火山灰和气体由此喷出。多数活火山位于板块边界附近。记忆：火山就是地球的高压锅盖——蒸汽积聚多了就会掀开。

Tsunami: A series of large ocean waves usually triggered by an undersea earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide. In deep water the wave is fast and low; near the coast it slows down and rises dramatically. Memory: ‘tsunami’ sounds like ‘sue na me’ – imagine the sea suing the land with a giant wave.

海啸：通常由海底地震、火山喷发或海底滑坡引发的一系列巨大海浪。在深水区波速快、波高小；近岸时波速减慢、波高骤升。记忆：Tsunami 听起来像“粗那米”——海水像一堵墙一样压过来。

Richter scale: A logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves. Each whole number step represents a tenfold increase in wave amplitude and roughly 31.6 times more energy released. Memory: think of it as a musical scale – each note up is much louder, not just a little bit.

里氏震级：一种根据地震波振幅测量地震大小的对数标度。每增加一个整数，振幅增大10倍，释放的能量约增加31.6倍。记忆：把它想象成音阶——每升高一个音符，声音响得多，不是只大一点点。

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2. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Weather and climate are not the same thing. Knowing the difference, and the words used to describe our atmosphere, helps you make sense of everyday forecasts and long-term patterns.

天气和气候不是一回事。了解它们的区别以及描述大气的用词，有助于你理解每日天气预报和长期规律。

Weather: The day-to-day state of the atmosphere in a particular place – temperature, precipitation, wind, cloud cover, etc. Memory: Weather is your mood right now; climate is your personality over a lifetime.

天气：某个特定地点大气的日常状态——气温、降水、风、云量等。记忆：天气是你当下的情绪；气候是你一生的性格。

Climate: The average weather conditions of a region, calculated over at least 30 years. It tells you what it is usually like, not what will happen tomorrow. Memory: Climate = average weather, like a habit that sticks around.

气候：一个地区至少30年的平均天气状况。它说明通常的情况，而不是明天会发生什么。记忆：气候就像长期养成的习惯，一直在那里。

Precipitation: Any form of water falling from clouds – rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Memory: ‘precipitation’ contains ‘pit’, so think of droplets rushing to fill a pit.

降水：从云层降落的任何形式的水——雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹。记忆：降水包含“水”，从天而降的水。

Atmospheric pressure: The weight of the air pressing down on the Earth’s surface. High pressure usually brings clear skies; low pressure often means clouds and precipitation. Memory: High pressure = Heavy air pushing down, keeping clouds away; Low pressure = Lifting air allowing clouds to grow.

大气压：空气向下压在地球表面的重量。高气压通常带来晴朗天空；低气压常伴随云层和降水。记忆：高气压像一床厚被子，把云压跑；低气压像掀开锅盖，让云聚集。

Climate change: A long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns. Today it is largely driven by increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Memory: it is not just a warmer summer; it is a permanent shift, like turning up the thermostat of the house.

气候变化：全球或区域气候模式的长期改变。目前主要由二氧化碳等温室气体增加所驱动。记忆：不是一个更热的夏天，而是恒温调节器被永久调高。

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3. Rivers and Coasts | 河流与海岸

Water shapes our landscape through erosion, transport and deposition. These terms will help you describe river valleys, waterfalls, beaches and cliffs with confidence.

水通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积塑造着我们的地貌。这些术语将帮助你自信地描述河谷、瀑布、沙滩和悬崖。

Erosion: The wearing away and removal of rock and soil by water, wind, or ice. In rivers, the four main types are hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. Memory: Erosion = Eating away the land; think of a river nibbling at its banks.

侵蚀：水、风或冰对岩石和土壤的磨损和搬运。河流中四种主要类型为水力作用、磨蚀作用、磨损作用和溶蚀作用。记忆：侵蚀就像河流在啃咬河岸。

Deposition: The dropping of sediment carried by a river, wind or glacier when the flow loses energy. Larger, heavier particles settle first. Memory: Deposition = Dropping; when a river tires, it drops its load like a delivery truck unloading heavy items first.

沉积：河流、风或冰川在流速降低时卸下所携带的沉积物。较大较重的颗粒先沉降。记忆：沉积就是卸货；河流累了，像卡车先卸下重物一样放下泥沙。

Meander: A winding curve or bend in a river channel. Water flows faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion, and slower on the inside, where deposition occurs. Memory: Meander sounds like ‘me and her’, walking in a wiggly path.

曲流：河道中的蜿蜒弯曲。水流在弯道外侧流速快，发生侵蚀；内侧流速慢，发生沉积。记忆：曲流就像人在河滩上扭来扭去地散步。

Longshore drift: The movement of beach material along a coastline by waves that approach the shore at an angle. Sediment is transported in a zigzag pattern. Memory: imagine a postman walking diagonally along the beach, delivering sand pebbles.

沿岸泥沙流：波浪以斜向抵达海岸，使得海难物质沿岸线以锯齿状路径移动。记忆：想象一个邮递员斜着沿海滩走，一路派送沙石。

Headland: A hard rock cliff that juts out into the sea, formed because it resists erosion better than the surrounding softer rock. Often flanked by bays. Memory: a headland is like a thumb sticking out – it takes the punches while the softer ground retreats.

岬角：坚硬岩石构成的突出海中的悬崖，因其比周围软岩更抗侵蚀而形成。常与海湾相间分布。记忆：岬角像伸出的大拇指，承受着海浪的捶打。

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4. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系

Living things and their environment form intricate systems. Mastering ecosystem vocabulary lets you explain how plants, animals and people interact, and why biomes differ across the globe.

生物与其环境构成复杂的系统。掌握生态系统词汇可以让你解释动植物和人类如何相互影响，以及全球生物群系为何各不相同。

Ecosystem: A community of living organisms (biotic) interacting with their non-living (abiotic) environment, such as a pond, forest, or coral reef. Memory: Eco = home; system = interconnected parts. Your bedroom ecosystem includes you, your pet, and the desk lamp.

生态系统：由生物群落（生物因素）与其非生物环境（非生物因素）相互作用构成的一个整体，如池塘、森林或珊瑚礁。记忆：生态即家；系统即相互关联的部件。你的卧室生态系统包括你、你的宠物和台灯。

Food chain: A linear sequence showing what eats what in an ecosystem, from a producer (plant) to a top predator. Arrows show the flow of energy. Memory: a food chain is like a relay race where energy passes the baton from one runner to the next.

食物链：显示生态系统中吃与被吃关系的线性序列，从生产者（植物）到顶级捕食者。箭头表示能量流动方向。记忆：食物链像接力赛，能量接力棒从一个选手传到下一个。

Biome: A large-scale ecosystem defined by its climate, plants and animals, such as tropical rainforest, tundra, or desert. Memory: Biome = Big home; think of the whole postcode area where similar creatures live.

生物群系：由气候、植被和动物所定义的大尺度生态系统，如热带雨林、冻原或沙漠。记忆：生物群系就是大宅子，是一大片区域里相似生物共同的家。

Tundra: A cold, treeless biome found near the poles or high mountains, with permafrost (permanently frozen ground) and low-growing mosses and shrubs. Memory: Tundra sounds like ‘tun-dra’ – tune up your coat and draw it tight, it is freezing!

冻原：存在于极地附近或高山上的寒冷无树生物群系，有永冻层（永久冻结的土层），生长着矮小的苔藓和灌木。记忆：冻原让你想调高暖气和裹紧外套。

Deforestation: The large-scale removal of trees from forests, often to clear land for farming or settlements. It reduces biodiversity and can contribute to climate change. Memory: De-forest-station means taking away the forest like dismantling a station, leaving an empty platform.

森林砍伐：大规模的森林树木砍除，通常是为了农田或定居点清地。它会减少生物多样性并可能加剧气候变化。记忆：砍伐就是将森林像拆车站一样拆光，只剩空地。

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5. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移

Population terms help you describe where people live, how numbers change, and why millions of people move within and between countries.

人口术语帮助你描述人类在何处居住、数量如何变化，以及为何有数百万人会在国内和跨国迁移。

Population density: The number of people living per square kilometre (km²). It is calculated by dividing the total population by the land area. Densely populated areas have many people per km²; sparsely populated areas have very few. Memory: density is how tightly people are packed, like passengers in a train carriage.

人口密度：每平方千米居住的人口数量。用总人口除以土地面积得出。人口稠密地区每平方千米人口多；人口稀疏地区则很少。记忆：密度就像列车车厢里乘客有多拥挤。

Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people per year. A high birth rate can make a population very young. Memory: Think of a scoreboard showing births for every thousand spectators in a stadium.

出生率：每年每千人的活产婴儿数。高出生率会使人口非常年轻。记忆：想象体育场记分牌上，每一千名观众中就有若干个新生儿得分。

Migration: The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling. Immigration is moving into a place; emigration is moving out. Memory: Migration is like a bird flying south – it has a leaving branch and a landing branch.

迁移：人们为了定居从一个地方移动到另一地方。移入称为迁入，移出称为迁出。记忆：迁移像候鸟南飞，有一个离开的枝头和一个降落的枝头。

Push-pull factors: Push factors are negative aspects that drive people away from a place (e.g. war, drought); pull factors are positive aspects that attract people to a new place (e.g. better jobs, safety). Memory: a door pushes you out; a welcoming hand pulls you in.

推拉因素：推因素是驱使人离开原住地的负面因素（如战争、干旱）；拉因素是吸引人到新住地的正面因素（如更好的工作、安全）。记忆：一扇门把你推出去，一只欢迎的手把你拉进来。

Ageing population: A population structure with a high proportion of elderly people (usually 65+), often due to low birth rates and longer life expectancy. This can put pressure on healthcare and pensions. Memory: a society with more grandparents than toddlers is like an upside-down family pyramid.

人口老龄化：老年人口（通常65岁以上）比例较高的人口结构，常由低出生率和更长预期寿命所致。这会给医疗和养老金带来压力。记忆：祖辈多过幼儿的社会，就像一个倒立的家庭金字塔。

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6. Urbanisation | 城市化

Cities are growing faster than ever. These key urban terms will help you analyse land use, challenges and opportunities in towns and megacities.

城市正以前所未有的速度增长。这些关键城市术语将帮助你分析城镇和超大城市的土地利用、挑战和机遇。

Urbanisation: The increase in the percentage of people living in towns and cities, typically because of rural-to-urban migration and natural increase. Memory: Urban is city life; -isation means becoming. Countryside to skyline.

城市化：居住于城镇和城市的人口比例上升的过程，通常由乡城迁移和自然增长引起。记忆：城市化的过程就是从田野到天际线。

Megacity: A city with a population of more than 10 million people, such as Tokyo, Delhi, or Shanghai. Many megacities are in developing countries. Memory: mega means huge; a megacity is a city with ten million megaphones shouting at once – enormous!

超大城市：人口超过1000万的城市，如东京、德里或上海。许多超大城市位于发展中国家。记忆：mega 就是巨大；一千万个扩音器同时响起，超级大。

CBD (Central Business District): The commercial and economic heart of a city, usually with high-rise offices, expensive land, and excellent transport links. Memory: CBD is where the ‘Big Money’ is made – tall towers, fast pace.

中央商务区：城市的商业和经济中心，通常有高层写字楼、昂贵地价和便利的交通。记忆：CBD 就是城市赚大钱的心脏地带。

Urban sprawl: The uncontrolled spread of a city into the surrounding countryside as it grows. It often results in low-density housing and increased car use. Memory: sprawl is like a split drink spreading across a table – it just keeps going outwards.

城市蔓延：城市在发展过程中无序地向周围乡村扩散。常导致低密度住宅区和汽车使用增加。记忆：蔓延就像打翻的水在桌面上扩散，一直往外摊。

Squatter settlement: An informal, often illegal, housing area built from scrap materials, usually lacking basic services like clean water and electricity. Also called a slum or shanty town. Memory: squatter sounds like ‘squat here’; people squat on unused land to build makeshift homes.

棚户区：用废料搭建的非正规、往往非法的居住区，通常缺少清洁水和电等基本服务。也称贫民窟或棚屋区。记忆：棚户区就是人们在空地上“蹲着”搭起临时的家。

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7. Economic Activities | 经济活动

Understanding different types of industry helps you see how a country makes a living and how jobs change as a country develops. These terms are the building blocks for your development studies.

了解不同的产业类型有助于你看清一个国家如何谋生，以及随着国家发展就业如何变化。这些术语是你学习发展问题的基础积木。

Primary industry: Jobs that extract or harvest raw materials directly from the Earth or sea, like farming, fishing, mining, and forestry. Memory: Primary comes first – you get the raw stuff straight from nature.

第一产业：直接从土地或海洋中提取或收获原材料的行业，如农业、渔业、采矿和林业。记忆：第一产业就是最原始的，直接从大自然获取原料。

Secondary industry: Manufacturing and construction – jobs that turn raw materials into finished goods, such as car assembly, food processing, or house building. Memory: Secondary sector gives a raw carrot a second life as soup; it converts raw into cooked.

第二产业：制造业和建筑业——将原材料转化为成品的行业，如汽车装配、食品加工或盖房子。记忆：第二产业给生胡萝卜第二次生命，煮成汤。

Tertiary industry: The service sector – jobs that provide services to people and businesses, like teaching, healthcare, retail, and banking. Memory: Tertiary sounds like ‘third’, and at the third stage you have everything delivered, taught, or healed.

第三产业：服务业——为人们和企业提供服务的行业，如教学、医疗、零售和银行。记忆：第三产业是第三阶段，一切都有人送达、教授或治愈。

Quaternary industry: Knowledge-based jobs focusing on research, information technology, and development, such as software design, scientific research, and consultancy. Memory: Quaternary is the ‘fourth’ dimension – information and innovation.

第四产业：以知识为基础的行业，专注于研究、信息技术和开发，如软件设计、科学研究和咨询服务。记忆：第四产业是第四个维度——信息与创新。

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year. It is a common measure of a country’s wealth, often given per capita (per person). Memory: GDP is the country’s entire annual piggy bank, divided among its people.

国内生产总值：一个国家在一年内生产的所有商品和服务的总价值。它是衡量国家财富的常用指标，常以人均值表示。记忆：GDP 就是国家一整年的存钱罐，再分给每个人。

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8. Resource Management | 资源管理

Our planet provides resources that we rely on daily. Knowing how to classify and talk about these resources is central to understanding sustainability and environmental challenges.

我们的星球提供了我们日常依赖的资源。了解如何对这些资源进行分类和讨论，是理解可持续发展和环境挑战的核心。

Renewable resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally in a short time, such as solar energy, wind power, timber (if managed sustainably), and water. Memory: Renew-able means you can renew it, like charging a battery with sunlight.

可再生资源：能在较短时间内自然补充的资源，如太阳能、风能、木材（如果可持续管理）和水。记忆：可再生就是可以不断更新的，像用阳光给电池充电。

Non-renewable resources: Resources that exist in a fixed amount and will eventually run out, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and metal ores. Once used, they cannot be replaced within a human timescale. Memory: non-renewable means no refill; it is like a crisp packet you cannot refill.

不可再生资源：储量固定并最终会耗尽的资源，如煤、石油、天然气和金属矿石。一旦使用，在人类时间尺度内无法替代。记忆：不可再生就是没有补充装；像无法重新填满的薯片袋。

Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It balances social, economic, and environmental goals. Memory: Sustainability means handling resources with care so the party does not end for the kids.

可持续发展：既能满足当代人需求，又不损害子孙后代满足其需求能力的发展。它平衡社会、经济和环境目标。记忆：可持续发展就像是细心使用资源，确保派对对后代仍能继续。

Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases (mainly CO₂) released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, usually measured in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent. Memory: every time you use energy, you leave a tiny carbon shoe print on the planet.

碳足迹：人类活动释放到大气中的温室气体总量（主要是二氧化碳），通常以吨二氧化碳当量计量。记忆：每次使用能源，你就在地球上留下一个小小的碳鞋印。

Recycling: The process of converting waste materials into new products to reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy. Common recycled materials include paper, glass, metal, and plastic. Memory: recycling gives old bottles a second life as a fleece jacket.

回收利用：将废旧材料转化为新产品以减少原材料和能源消耗的过程。常见回收物有纸张、玻璃、金属和塑料。记忆：回收让旧瓶子重生为一件抓绒外套。

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9. Map Skills | 地图技能

Being map-literate is one of the most important geographical skills. These terms will help you navigate Ordnance Survey maps, interpret relief, and locate places accurately.

会读图是地理学最重要的技能之一。这些术语将帮助你使用地形测量图、判读地貌和准确定位。

Grid reference: A system of numbered squares used to locate a feature on a map. A four-figure grid reference gives a general square; a six-figure grid reference pinpoints a specific point. Eastings go first (along the corridor), then

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