KS3 Edexcel Physical Education: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | KS3 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 Edexcel Physical Education: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | KS3 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is essential for success in Key Stage 3 Physical Education. This guide breaks down must-know terms from the Edexcel curriculum into memorable, bite-sized explanations, covering everything from warm-up routines and fitness components to rules, psychology, and nutrition.

掌握学科专属的词汇是 KS3 体育取得好成绩的关键。这份指南将 Edexcel 课程必考术语分解成便于记忆的小块讲解，涵盖热身流程、体能要素、规则、心理学和营养等各个方面。

1. Warm-Up and Cool-Down | 热身与放松

A warm-up prepares the body for exercise by gradually increasing heart rate, blood flow, and muscle temperature. It typically includes a pulse raiser, joint mobility exercises, dynamic stretching, and sport-specific drills.

热身通过逐步提升心率、血流和肌肉温度，让身体做好运动准备。它通常包括脉搏提升活动、关节活动度练习、动态拉伸和专项动作练习。

Dynamic stretching involves controlled movements that take joints through their full range of motion, such as leg swings and arm circles. Unlike static stretching, it is performed before the main activity and helps improve flexibility and coordination.

动态拉伸指受控动作，带动关节进行全幅度活动，如摆腿和绕肩。与静态拉伸不同，它在主活动前进行，有助于提升柔韧性和协调性。

A cool-down helps the body return to its resting state gradually. It often includes light jogging or walking to lower heart rate, followed by static stretching to reduce muscle stiffness and risk of injury.

放松活动帮助身体逐步恢复到安静状态。它通常包括慢跑或步行以降低心率，随后进行静态拉伸，以减轻肌肉僵硬并降低受伤风险。

Static stretching requires holding a stretch position for 10–30 seconds without movement. It is best performed after exercise when muscles are warm to improve long-term flexibility.

静态拉伸要求保持一个伸展姿势 10–30 秒，不产生移动。最好在运动后肌肉温热时进行，以改善长期的柔韧性。

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2. Components of Fitness | 体能要素

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity. The bleep test and Cooper 12-minute run are common assessments.

心血管耐力指心脏、肺和血管在持续运动中为工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。常用的评估方法包括哔声测试和库珀 12 分钟跑。

Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort. It is measured by tests like the handgrip dynamometer or one-repetition maximum.

肌肉力量是指一块肌肉或肌群单次最大用力的能力。通过握力计或一次最大重复重量等方法测量。

Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and accurately while maintaining control. It combines balance, speed, strength, and coordination, and is tested via the Illinois agility run.

敏捷性是在保持控制的前提下快速、准确地改变方向的能力。它融合了平衡、速度、力量和协调性，可通过伊利诺伊敏捷跑测试。

Balance can be static (holding a position without movement) or dynamic (maintaining control while moving). The stork stand test evaluates static balance, while dynamic balance is essential in activities like gymnastics.

平衡可分为静态平衡（静止保持姿势）和动态平衡（移动中维持控制）。鹤立测试评估静态平衡，而动态平衡在体操等活动中至关重要。

Additional fitness terms include speed (rate of movement), power (strength × speed), coordination (smooth and efficient movement patterns), reaction time (time taken to respond to a stimulus), and body composition (ratio of fat mass to lean mass).

其他体适能术语包括速度（动作速率）、爆发力（力量 × 速度）、协调性（流畅高效的动作模式）、反应时（对刺激做出响应所需的时间）以及身体成分（脂肪与瘦体重的比例）。

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3. Skeletal and Muscular Systems | 骨骼与肌肉系统

The skeleton provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. Key bones for KS3 include the cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, and fibula.

骨骼系统具有支撑、保护、运动、储存矿物质和造血的功能。KS3 阶段的关键骨骼包括颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨。

Joints are where two or more bones meet. Synovial joints such as the ball-and-socket hip and hinge knee permit movement. Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing stability, while tendons attach muscle to bone to transmit force.

关节是骨与骨连接的部位。滑膜关节，如球窝型的髋关节和铰链型的膝关节，能产生运动。韧带连接骨与骨，提供稳定性；肌腱连接肌肉与骨，传递力量。

Voluntary muscles work in pairs to produce movement at joints. The biceps and triceps act as an antagonistic pair at the elbow: when the biceps contracts to flex the arm, the triceps relaxes, and vice versa for extension.

随意肌成对工作，在关节处产生运动。肱二头肌和肱三头肌在肘部是一对拮抗肌：肱二头肌收缩屈臂时，肱三头肌放松；伸臂时则相反。

In the leg, the quadriceps group at the front of the thigh straightens the knee, while the hamstrings at the back bend it. The gastrocnemius in the calf points the toes downward, known as plantar flexion.

大腿前侧的股四头肌群伸直膝关节，后侧的腘绳肌弯曲膝关节。小腿的腓肠肌使脚尖下压，称为跖屈。

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4. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统

Heart rate (HR) is the number of heart beats per minute. Resting HR for a typical adolescent ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. During exercise, HR increases to deliver more oxygen to muscles.

心率是每分钟心跳的次数。普通青少年安静心率范围在 60–100 次/分。运动时心率增加，以向肌肉输送更多氧气。

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Cardiac output is stroke volume × heart rate, representing the total blood pumped per minute.

每搏输出量是每次心跳左心室泵出的血液量。心输出量等于每搏输出量 × 心率，代表每分钟泵出的血液总量。

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. Minute ventilation is tidal volume × breathing rate.

呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。潮气量是正常呼吸中一次吸入或呼出的空气量。每分通气量等于潮气量 × 呼吸频率。

During intense exercise, oxygen demand can surpass supply, creating an oxygen deficit. The body continues to breathe heavily after exercise to repay the oxygen debt, helping remove lactic acid and restore energy stores.

剧烈运动时，氧气需求可能超过供给，产生氧亏。运动后身体会继续大口呼吸以偿还氧债，帮助清除乳酸并恢复能量储备。

Key blood vessels: arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery); veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart; capillaries allow gas and nutrient exchange at tissues.

关键血管：动脉将含氧血带离心脏（肺动脉除外）；静脉将缺氧血送回心脏；毛细血管在组织处进行气体和营养物质交换。

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5. Classification of Movement Skills | 运动技能分类

Skills can be placed on continua (continuous scales) to help understand their characteristics. An open skill is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment (e.g., a football pass), while a closed skill occurs in a stable, predictable setting (e.g., a diving routine).

技能可以放置在连续体（连续刻度）上，以帮助理解其特性。开放式技能在不可预测、变化的环境中完成（如足球传球），闭锁式技能则在稳定、可预测的环境中进行（如跳水动作）。

A gross skill involves large muscle groups and powerful movements (e.g., tackling in rugby), whereas a fine skill requires precision and small muscle control (e.g., a snooker shot).

大肌肉群技能涉及大肌肉群和强有力的动作（如橄榄球擒抱），精细技能则需要精确动作和小肌肉控制（如斯诺克击球）。

Self-paced skills are initiated when the performer decides (e.g., a serve in tennis), while externally paced skills are triggered by an external factor (e.g., returning a serve).

自定节奏技能由运动员自己决定何时开始（如网球发球），外部节奏技能则由外部因素触发（如接发球）。

Basic skills are simple and require little cognitive effort, such as running or jumping. Complex skills demand high concentration and many decision-making elements, like a basketball lay-up under defensive pressure.

基本技能简单，几乎不需要认知努力，例如跑或跳。复杂技能需要高度专注和大量决策元素，如防守压迫下的篮球三步上篮。

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6. Training Methods and Principles | 训练方法与原则

Training methods are specific approaches to improve fitness. Continuous training involves steady-state exercise lasting at least 20 minutes to develop cardiovascular endurance. Interval training alternates high-intensity work with recovery periods, improving speed and anaerobic capacity.

训练方法是提升体适能的具体手段。持续训练法指至少 20 分钟的稳态运动，用于发展心血管耐力。间歇训练法交替进行高强度运动和恢复期，改善速度和厌氧能力。

Circuit training consists of a series of exercises at stations, targeting different muscle groups or fitness components. Fartlek training blends continuous running with random bursts of speed, making it ideal for games players.

循环训练由一系列站点练习组成，针对不同肌群或体适能要素。法特莱克训练法结合持续跑与随机变速冲刺，非常适合球类运动员。

The SPORT principles govern effective training. Specificity means training must match the demands of the sport. Progression requires gradually increasing difficulty. Overload pushes the body beyond its normal limits, while reversibility warns that fitness declines when training stops. Tedium reminds us to vary sessions to avoid boredom.

SPORT 原则指导有效训练。专项性指训练必须匹配运动项目的需求。渐进性要求逐步增加难度。超负荷推动身体超越常规极限，可逆性警示一旦停止训练体能会下降。枯燥性提醒我们要变化训练内容以避免乏味。

The FITT principle helps plan overload: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), and Type (what kind of exercise). For example, to improve flexibility, you might set FITT at 3 times per week, stretching to mild discomfort, holding for 30 seconds, using static stretching.

FITT 原则帮助规划超负荷：频率（多久一次）、强度（多难）、时间（多久）、类型（哪种运动）。例如，为改善柔韧性，可将 FITT 设为每周 3 次、拉伸至轻微不适、保持 30 秒、采用静态拉伸。

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7. Rules and Regulations in Sports | 比赛规则与条例

Understanding rules is crucial for safe and fair play. In football, the offside rule states that a player is offside if they are nearer to the opponent’s goal line than both the ball and the second-last defender when the ball is played to them, unless in their own half.

理解规则对安全和公平竞赛至关重要。足球的越位规则指出，当队友传球瞬间，接球队员比球和倒数第二名防守队员更靠近对方球门线，且不在本方半场时，即构成越位。

In netball, players are restricted to specific areas of the court; stepping outside one’s zone is called offside. The footwork rule limits movement with the ball to a single landing leg after catching.

无挡板篮球中，球员被限制在球场的特定区域；离开自己区域称为越区。脚步规则限制接球后只能有一条落地腿进行移动。

Basketball rules include traveling (moving without dribbling), double dribble (dribbling with both hands or stopping and starting again), and shot clock violations. A personal foul involves illegal physical contact.

篮球规则包括走步（不运球移动）、二次运球（双手运球或停止后再次运球）和进攻时间违例。个人犯规涉及非法身体接触。

In athletics, false starts in sprint races lead to immediate disqualification. Throwing events like shot put require the athlete to stay within the throwing circle until the implement lands, and the throw must land within designated sector lines.

田径项目中，短跑抢跑将立即被取消资格。推铅球等投掷项目要求运动员在器械落地前留在投掷圈内，且投掷必须落在指定扇形区域内。

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8. Psychological Preparation | 心理准备

Arousal is the level of mental and physical readiness for performance. The inverted-U theory suggests that performance improves as arousal increases to an optimal point, but then declines if arousal becomes too high or too low.

唤醒水平指身心准备的程度。倒U型理论认为，成绩随唤醒水平升高而提高，直至最佳点，若唤醒过高或过低，成绩都会下降。

Anxiety can be somatic (physical symptoms like increased heart rate) or cognitive (worries and negative thoughts). Breathing exercises and positive self-talk are simple techniques to manage anxiety before competition.

焦虑可分为躯体焦虑（心跳加快等身体症状）和认知焦虑（担忧和消极想法）。呼吸练习和积极自我对话是赛前管理焦虑的简单技巧。

Motivation drives us to take part and persist. Intrinsic motivation comes from personal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation involves external rewards like trophies or praise. Both can be useful if balanced.

动机驱使我们参与并坚持。内在动机来自个人满足感，外在动机涉及奖杯或表扬等外部奖励。两者若平衡运用都有益处。

Goal setting uses SMART targets (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) to focus effort and track progress. For example, “I will improve my bleep test score by one level within six weeks” is a SMART goal.

目标设定运用 SMART 目标（具体、可衡量、可实现、相关、有时限）来聚焦努力并追踪进展。例如，“我将在六周内把哔声测试成绩提高一级”就是一个 SMART 目标。

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9. Assessment, Feedback and Analysis | 测评、反馈与分析

Formative assessment is ongoing and helps pupils identify strengths and weaknesses during a unit. It includes teacher observation, peer feedback, and self-assessment checklists. Summative assessment sums up performance at the end of a unit, often in the form of a grade or level.

形成性评价是持续进行的，帮助学生在单元学习中识别优势与不足，包括教师观察、同伴反馈和自我评估清单。终结性评价在单元结束时汇总表现，通常以等级或级别形式呈现。

Feedback should be specific, constructive, and linked to the learning objectives. It can be knowledge of results (outcome of the action) or knowledge of performance (technical quality). Both are vital for improvement.

反馈应具体、具有建设性，并与学习目标挂钩。它可以是结果反馈（动作结果）或表现反馈（技术质量）。两者对进步都至关重要。

Video analysis and observational checklists help capture details of posture, movement patterns, and tactics. For example, a movement analysis might note whether a sprinter’s leg extends fully or whether a javelin thrower uses a straight-arm pull.

录像分析和观察清单有助于记录姿态、动作模式和战术等细节。例如，动作分析可能会注意到短跑运动员腿部是否充分伸展，或标枪选手是否运用直臂引枪。

Common performance analysis language includes ‘angle of release’, ‘follow-through’, ‘centre of mass’, ‘force production’, and ‘timing’. Using these terms accurately in evaluations demonstrates deep understanding.

常用的表现分析术语有“出手角度”、“随挥动作”、“质心”、“发力”和“时机”。在评价中准确使用这些术语能展示深刻的理解。

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10. Nutrition and Hydration for Performance | 运动营养与水合作用

Carbohydrates are the body’s main energy source during moderate to high-intensity exercise. They are stored in muscles and the liver as glycogen. A pre-exercise meal of pasta or rice can top up glycogen stores.

碳水化合物是中高强度运动时的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存于肌肉和肝脏。运动前进食面食或米饭可以补充糖原储备。

Proteins aid muscle repair and growth. While not a primary energy source during exercise, consuming protein-rich foods like chicken, eggs, or beans after training supports recovery and adaptation.

蛋白质有助于肌肉修复和生长。虽然它并非运动时的主要供能物质，但训练后摄入鸡肉、鸡蛋或豆类等富含蛋白质的食物，可支持恢复与适应性变化。

Fats provide energy for low-intensity, long-duration activities. Healthy sources include avocados, nuts, and olive oil. Saturated fats should be limited for overall well-being.

脂肪为低强度长时程活动提供能量。健康的来源包括牛油果、坚果和橄榄油。饱和脂肪应限制摄入，以维护整体健康。

Hydration is critical because even slight dehydration can impair coordination and decision-making. Water is suitable for sessions under 60 minutes, while isotonic sports drinks may benefit prolonged exercise by replacing electrolytes and providing carbohydrates.

水合作用至关重要，因为即使轻微脱水也可能损害协调性和决策能力。60 分钟以内的运动饮水即可，长时间运动时等渗运动饮料可补充电解质并提供碳水化合物，可能更有利。

Key micronutrients include calcium for bone strength, iron for oxygen transport in red blood cells, and vitamin D for calcium absorption. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy meets these needs.

关键的微量营养素包括维持骨骼强度的钙、红细胞中运送氧气的铁，以及促进钙吸收的维生素 D。富含水果、蔬菜和乳制品的均衡饮食能满足这些需求。

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