KS3 WJEC Computer Science: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 计算机：关键词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 WJEC Computer Science: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 计算机：关键词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your go-to glossary for mastering KS3 WJEC Computer Science. This guide breaks down essential terms into clear English explanations followed by Chinese translations, helping you build a solid bilingual understanding. Read, repeat, and remember – the topics are grouped logically to support your revision and classroom learning.

欢迎使用这本 KS3 WJEC 计算机科学核心术语速记指南。每个术语先用英文清晰解释，紧接着给出中文翻译，帮助你建立扎实的双语理解。按逻辑分组的话题将助力你的复习和课堂学习——读一遍、读两遍、直到记住。

1. Hardware Essentials | 硬件基础

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often called the brain of the computer. It fetches, decodes and executes instructions, performing billions of calculations per second.

CPU（中央处理器）通常被称为计算机的大脑。它负责取指令、译码并执行，每秒钟能完成数十亿次运算。

RAM (Random Access Memory) holds data and programs that the CPU is currently using. It is volatile, meaning all content is lost when the power is turned off.

RAM（随机存取存储器）存储 CPU 当前正在使用的数据和程序。它是易失性的，即断电后所有内容都会丢失。

ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores firmware and the boot-up instructions. It is non-volatile, so data remains even without power.

ROM（只读存储器）保存固件和启动指令。它是非易失性的，即使断电数据也不会消失。

The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components, allowing communication between the CPU, RAM, storage and peripherals.

主板是连接所有元器件的主电路板，让 CPU、内存、存储器和外设之间能够互相通信。

Secondary storage devices such as HDDs, SSDs and USB flash drives keep data permanently. Unlike RAM, they retain information when the computer is off.

辅助存储设备如硬盘、固态硬盘和 U 盘可以永久保存数据。与内存不同，它们在关机后仍能保留信息。

Input devices (e.g. keyboard, mouse, microphone) send data into the computer, while output devices (e.g. monitor, speakers, printer) present data to the user.

输入设备（如键盘、鼠标、麦克风）把数据送入计算机，输出设备（如显示器、音箱、打印机）把数据呈现给用户。

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2. Software Categories | 软件分类

System software includes the operating system (OS) and utility programs that manage hardware, run applications and provide a user interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, antivirus utilities.

系统软件包括操作系统和实用工具程序，负责管理硬件、运行应用并提供用户界面。例如 Windows、macOS、Linux 和杀毒工具。

Application software helps users perform specific tasks such as word processing, spreadsheet calculations, photo editing or web browsing. These are not essential for the computer to run, but are what most people use daily.

应用软件帮助用户完成特定任务，如文字处理、电子表格计算、图片编辑或网页浏览。它们不是计算机运行所必需的，但却是多数人日常使用的程序。

Open-source software allows anyone to view, modify and share the source code. Proprietary software is owned by a company and its code is usually kept secret.

开源软件允许任何人查看、修改和分享源代码。专有软件由公司拥有，其源代码通常是保密的。

A graphical user interface (GUI) uses windows, icons, menus and pointers to interact with the computer. A command-line interface (CLI) requires text commands typed by the user.

图形用户界面使用窗口、图标、菜单和指针与计算机交互。命令行界面需要用户输入文本命令。

Utility software performs housekeeping tasks: disk defragmentation reorganises fragmented data, compression tools reduce file size, and backup software creates safe copies.

实用工具软件执行维护任务：磁盘碎片整理重组碎片数据，压缩工具减小文件体积，备份软件创建安全副本。

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3. Networking Fundamentals | 网络基础

A network is a group of two or more computers connected together to share resources such as files, printers or internet connections. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area, while a WAN (Wide Area Network) spans large geographical distances.

网络是两台或更多计算机连接在一起，以便共享文件、打印机或互联网连接等资源。LAN（局域网）覆盖小范围区域，WAN（广域网）跨越较大的地理距离。

A network interface card (NIC) allows a device to connect to a network, either through a cable (Ethernet) or wirelessly (Wi‑Fi). MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to each NIC.

网络接口卡（NIC）使设备能通过网络连接，可以是有线（以太网）或无线（Wi-Fi）。MAC 地址是分配给每一块网卡的唯一标识符。

Routers direct data packets between different networks, such as between your home network and the internet. Switches connect devices within the same LAN and forward data only to the intended recipient.

路由器在不同网络之间（如家庭网络和互联网之间）转发数据包。交换机在同一局域网内连接设备，并只把数据发送给目标接收者。

Protocols are sets of rules that govern how data is transmitted. TCP/IP ensures reliable delivery, HTTP/HTTPS deals with web pages, and FTP transfers files.

协议是管理数据传输的规则集合。TCP/IP 保证可靠投递，HTTP/HTTPS 处理网页，FTP 传输文件。

Bandwidth measures how much data can travel through a channel in a given time, usually in bits per second. Latency is the delay before data starts to arrive.

带宽衡量在一段时间内通过信道的数据量，通常用比特每秒表示。延迟是数据开始到达之前的等待时间。

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4. Data Representation | 数据表示

All data inside a computer is stored as binary – combinations of 0s and 1s called bits. A group of 8 bits forms a byte, which can represent a character or a small number.

计算机内部所有数据都以二进制形式存储——由 0 和 1 组成的位。8 个位组成一个字节，可以表示一个字符或一个小数字。

Denary (base 10) is the number system we use every day. Binary (base 2) only uses 0 and 1. Converting between denary and binary is an essential skill.

十进制（基数为 10）是我们日常使用的数制。二进制（基数为 2）只使用 0 和 1。在十进制和二进制之间转换是一项基本技能。

Character encoding systems like ASCII and Unicode assign binary codes to letters, digits and symbols. ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits per character, while Unicode can represent characters from almost all writing systems.

字符编码系统如 ASCII 和 Unicode 将字母、数字和符号分配为二进制码。ASCII 每个字符使用 7 或 8 位，而 Unicode 几乎能表示所有书写系统的字符。

Images can be represented as bitmaps – grids of pixels, each assigned a binary colour value. The colour depth tells us how many bits represent each pixel’s colour, and higher depth gives more colours.

图像可以用位图表示——由像素网格组成，每个像素有一个二进制颜色值。颜色深度表示每个像素用多少位表示颜色，深度越高颜色越丰富。

Sound is digitised by sampling the sound wave at regular intervals. The sample rate (how many samples per second) and bit depth (bits per sample) affect the quality and file size.

声音通过定期采样声波来数字化。采样率（每秒采样数）和位深度（每个样本的位数）影响音质和文件大小。

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5. Programming Concepts | 编程概念

An algorithm is a step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to solve a problem or perform a task. Algorithms can be expressed in pseudocode or flowcharts before coding.

算法是逐步执行的一系列指令，用于解决问题或完成任务。在编程之前，算法可以用伪代码或流程图表示。

Variables are named storage locations in memory that hold values which can change during program execution. For example, score = score + 1 updates a game score.

变量是内存中命名的存储位置，用于存放程序执行过程中可改变的值。例如 score = score + 1 会更新游戏分数。

Data types tell the computer what kind of data a variable holds – common types include integer, float/real, string, Boolean (True/False) and character.

数据类型告诉计算机变量存放的是哪种数据——常见类型有整型、浮点型/实数型、字符串型、布尔型（真/假）和字符型。

Sequence, selection and iteration are the three fundamental programming constructs. Sequence runs instructions in order; selection uses conditions (if-else); iteration repeats code (loops).

顺序、选择和循环是三种基本编程结构。顺序按先后运行指令；选择根据条件判断（if-else）；循环重复执行代码。

Debugging is finding and fixing errors in code. Syntax errors break language rules, logic errors produce wrong results, and runtime errors occur while the program runs.

调试是发现并修正代码中的错误。语法错误违反语言规则，逻辑错误导致错误结果，运行时错误在程序运行期间发生。

Subroutines (or functions/procedures) are reusable blocks of code that carry out a specific task. They make programs easier to write, read and maintain.

子程序（函数/过程）是可重复使用的代码块，完成特定任务。它们让程序更易编写、阅读和维护。

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6. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图

A flowchart uses standard symbols: an oval for start/stop, a rectangle for processes, a diamond for decisions, and arrows to show the direction of flow.

流程图使用标准符号：椭圆形表示开始/停止，矩形表示处理步骤，菱形表示判断，箭头指示流程方向。

Searching algorithms find a target item in a dataset. Linear search checks each element one by one; binary search works on sorted data by repeatedly halving the search range.

查找算法在数据集中寻找目标项。线性查找逐个检查每个元素；二分查找处理已排序数据，反复将查找范围减半。

Sorting algorithms arrange data into order. Bubble sort repeatedly swaps adjacent items that are out of order; insertion sort builds the sorted list one element at a time.

排序算法将数据按顺序排列。冒泡排序反复交换相邻的乱序项；插入排序一次一个元素地构建有序列表。

Pseudocode is a plain-language description of an algorithm that uses programming-like structures but is not tied to a specific language. It helps plan code before actual writing.

伪代码是一种用接近自然语言描述算法的方式，有编程结构但不绑定具体语言。它帮助在实际编写代码前进行规划。

Computational thinking breaks down problems using decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction and algorithm design. These steps help tackle complex challenges systematically.

计算思维通过分解、模式识别、抽象和算法设计来拆解问题。这些步骤帮助我们系统性地处理复杂挑战。

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7. Cyber Security | 网络安全

Malware is malicious software designed to harm or exploit computers. Viruses attach to files and spread, worms replicate without user action, and trojans disguise themselves as legitimate programs.

恶意软件是旨在损害或利用计算机的恶意程序。病毒附着文件并传播，蠕虫无需用户操作即可自我复制，木马伪装成合法程序。

Phishing scams trick users into revealing personal information by posing as trustworthy sources. They often arrive via fake emails or messages that look real.

网络钓鱼诈骗通过冒充可信来源，诱骗用户透露个人信息。它们常以看似真实的伪造电子邮件或消息形式出现。

Encryption scrambles data using a key so that only authorised parties can read it. It protects sensitive information during transmission and storage.

加密使用密钥打乱数据，只有授权方才能读取。它保护敏感信息在传输和存储时的安全。

Passwords should be strong: at least eight characters, a mix of upper- and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols. Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security.

密码应该强壮：至少八个字符，混合大小写字母、数字和符号。双因素认证增添额外的安全层。

Social engineering manipulates people into giving away confidential information. It exploits psychology rather than technical hacking, for example by pretending to be a colleague.

社会工程学操纵人们交出机密信息。它利用心理学而非技术性黑客手段，例如假装是同事。

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8. Databases | 数据库

A database is an organised collection of structured data stored electronically. A table holds records (rows) and fields (columns). Each record represents one entity.

数据库是结构化数据的有组织集合，以电子方式存储。表包含记录（行）和字段（列）。每条记录代表一个实体。

The primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record, such as a student ID number. Foreign keys link tables together by referencing primary keys.

主键是唯一识别每条记录的字段，如学生学号。外键通过引用主键将不同表关联起来。

Queries are requests for specific data from a database. For example, ‘Find all students living in Cardiff’ uses a query that filters records by city.

查询是对数据库中特定数据的请求。例如，“找出所有住在加的夫的学生”就使用按城市筛选记录的查询。

Databases help avoid data redundancy (unnecessary repetition) and ensure data integrity (accuracy and consistency). Normalisation organises fields to minimise duplication.

数据库有助于避免数据冗余（不必要的重复）并确保数据完整性（准确性和一致性）。规范化整理字段以尽量减少重复。

Reports present query results in a formatted, printable layout. Forms provide a user-friendly interface for entering, editing and viewing data.

报告以格式化、可打印的布局呈现查询结果。表单提供友好的用户界面，用以输入、编辑和查看数据。

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9. The Internet and World Wide Web | 互联网与万维网

The internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standard protocols. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web pages accessed via the internet using browsers.

互联网是由计算机互联组成的全球性网络，通过标准协议通信。万维网是可通过浏览器在互联网上访问的网页集合。

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a web resource. It includes the protocol (https://), domain name and file path.

URL（统一资源定位符）是网络资源的地址。它包含协议（https://）、域名和文件路径。

DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-friendly domain names (like aleveler.com) into IP addresses that computers use to locate each other.

DNS（域名系统）将人类友好的域名（如 aleveler.com）翻译成计算机用于相互定位的 IP 地址。

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages. CSS controls the layout and appearance, while JavaScript adds interactivity.

HTML（超文本标记语言）是创建网页的标准语言。CSS 控制布局和外观，JavaScript 增加交互功能。

Search engines index billions of web pages and return results based on keywords. They use crawlers to discover content and algorithms to rank relevance.

搜索引擎索引数十亿网页，并根据关键词返回结果。它们使用爬虫发现内容，用算法对相关性进行排名。

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10. Ethical and Legal Issues | 道德与法律问题

The Data Protection Act requires organisations to handle personal data fairly and lawfully. People have the right to know what data is held about them and to correct inaccuracies.

数据保护法要求组织公平、合法地处理个人数据。人们有权知道关于自己的数据内容，并更正不准确之处。

The Computer Misuse Act makes it illegal to access computers without permission, to hack or to spread malware. Unauthorised access even without damage is an offence.

计算机滥用法规定未经许可访问计算机、黑客攻击或传播恶意软件均属违法。即使未造成损害，未经授权的访问也是犯罪。

Copyright law protects creators’ original works, including software, music, images and text. Copying or sharing protected material without permission is piracy.

版权法保护创作者的原创作品，包括软件、音乐、图像和文本。未经许可复制或分享受保护材料即为盗版。

Plagiarism is using someone else’s work or ideas and presenting them as your own. In computing, this includes copying code or digital content without credit.

剽窃是使用他人的作品或观点，并将其当作自己的。在计算机领域，这包括未经注明地复制代码或数字内容。

Digital footprint refers to the trail of data you leave online, from social media posts to search history. A positive digital footprint helps build a good online reputation.

数字足迹指你在网上留下的数据痕迹，从社交媒体帖子到搜索历史。良好的数字足迹有助于建立正面的网络声誉。

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11. Emerging Technologies | 新兴技术

Artificial intelligence (AI) enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as recognising speech, making decisions and translating languages.

人工智能使机器能够执行通常需要人类智能的任务，如语音识别、决策和语言翻译。

Machine learning is a subset of AI where systems learn from data without being explicitly programmed. The more data they process, the better they become at making predictions.

机器学习是人工智能的一个子集，系统从数据中学习而无需明确编程。它们处理的数据越多，预测就越准确。

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday objects – like fridges, lights and thermostats – to the internet, allowing them to send and receive data.

物联网将日常物品（如冰箱、灯具和温控器）连接到互联网，使其能够发送和接收数据。

Cloud computing stores and processes data on remote servers accessed via the internet, rather than on a local computer. It offers scalability and flexible working.

云计算将数据存储和处理在远程服务器上，通过互联网访问，而非本地计算机。它提供了可扩展性和灵活的工作方式。

Augmented reality (AR) overlays digital content onto the real world (e.g. through a phone camera), while virtual reality (VR) creates a completely immersive digital environment.

增强现实将数字内容叠加到现实世界中（如通过手机摄像头），而虚拟现实创造出完全沉浸式的数字环境。

Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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