📚 KS3 WJEC History: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | KS3 WJEC 历史：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision guide for KS3 WJEC History key terms! Mastering historical vocabulary is the first step to understanding events, analysing sources and writing strong answers. This guide covers the most important terms grouped by theme to help you memorise them quickly.
欢迎使用 KS3 WJEC 历史关键术语速记指南！掌握历史词汇是理解事件、分析史料和写出出色答案的第一步。本指南按主题分组涵盖最重要的术语，帮助你快速记忆。
1. Chronology and Time Terms | 年代与时间术语
Chronology is the science of arranging events in the order they happened. A timeline is a visual representation of events spaced along a line, helping historians see gaps and patterns.
年代学是按事件发生的顺序排列事件的科学。时间线是沿一条线将事件按时间间隔排列的视觉呈现，帮助历史学家看到空档和模式。
BC (Before Christ) labels years before the estimated birth of Christ, and AD (Anno Domini) labels years after. Modern historians often use BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era) to avoid religious references.
公元前（BC）标注耶稣诞生之前的年份，公元（AD）标注耶稣诞生之后的年份。现代历史学家常使用公元前（BCE）和公元（CE）以避免宗教色彩。
A decade is 10 years (e.g. the 1960s), a century is 100 years (e.g. the 19th century), and a millennium is 1000 years. Historians use these blocks to examine change over time.
十年是十年（例如20世纪60年代），一个世纪是100年（例如19世纪），一个千年是1000年。历史学家用这些时间块来研究随时间的变化。
A period is a length of time marked by specific features, like the Roman period. An era is a long and distinct phase of history, such as the Victorian era. An anachronism is something placed in the wrong time period, like a smartphone in the medieval ages.
时期是具有特定特征的一段时间，如罗马时期。时代是一个漫长且独特的历史阶段，如维多利亚时代。时代错误是指事物被错误地放在不适当的历史时期，比如在中世纪出现智能手机。
2. Monarchy and Government Terms | 君主制与政府术语
A monarchy is a system of government where a king or queen rules. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has almost unlimited power; in a constitutional monarchy, the monarch’s powers are limited by laws and a parliament.
君主制是由国王或女王统治的政体。在绝对君主制中，君主的权力几乎不受限制；在君主立宪制中，君主的权力受到法律和议会的限制。
Parliament is the law-making body of a country. In England, Parliament grew in power from the 13th century and was made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
议会是国家的立法机构。在英格兰，议会从13世纪起权力不断增长，由上议院和下议院组成。
Magna Carta (1215) was a charter King John was forced to sign. It limited royal power and guaranteed certain rights to free men, often seen as a step towards democracy and rule of law.
《大宪章》（1215年）是约翰国王被迫签署的宪章。它限制了王权并保障自由人的某些权利，通常被视为走向民主和法治的一步。
The divine right of kings was the belief that monarchs received their authority directly from God and were not accountable to the people. This idea was challenged in the English Civil War. A republic is a state without a monarch, where power rests with elected representatives.
君权神授是指君主直接从上帝获得权力、不对人民负责的信念。这一观念在英国内战期间受到挑战。共和国是没有君主的国家，权力属于民选代表。
3. Feudalism and Medieval Society | 封建制度与中世纪社会
The feudal system was the social structure in medieval Europe based on landholding and loyalty. The king gave land to nobles, who in return provided knights and taxes.
封建制度是中世纪欧洲基于土地占有和忠诚的社会结构。国王将土地授予贵族，贵族则提供骑士和税收作为回报。
A lord was a noble who held land. A vassal received land (a fief) from a lord in exchange for military service. Knights were armoured soldiers who fought on horseback and followed the code of chivalry.
领主是拥有土地的贵族。封臣从领主那里获得封地，并以军事服役作为交换。骑士是骑着马作战的装甲士兵，遵循骑士精神。
Peasants worked the land: freemen paid rent, while serfs (or villeins) were bound to the manor and could not leave without permission. The manor was the lord’s estate, including village, farmland, church and mill.
农民耕种土地：自由农民交租金，而农奴（或称隶农）被束缚在庄园上，未经允许不得离开。庄园是领主的产业，包括村庄、农田、教堂和磨坊。
A tithe was one-tenth of a peasant’s produce paid to the Church. Society was organised as a hierarchy, with the monarch at the top and serfs at the bottom.
什一税是农民将生产物的十分之一交给教会。社会按等级制度组织，君主在最顶部，农奴在最底部。
4. Religion and the Church in Medieval Times | 中世纪的宗教与教会
The Catholic Church was the dominant religious institution. The Pope, based in Rome, was the head of the Church and claimed authority over all Christians.
天主教教会是占主导地位的宗教机构。罗马教皇是教会首脑，宣称对所有基督徒拥有权威。
Bishops and priests formed the clergy and performed sacraments like baptism and marriage. Monasteries and convents housed monks and nuns who copied manuscripts, prayed and cared for the poor.
主教和神父构成教士阶层，举行洗礼和婚礼等圣事。修道院和女修院是僧侣和修女生活的地方，他们抄写手稿、祈祷并照顾穷人。
Pilgrimages were journeys to holy sites, such as Canterbury, to show devotion or seek healing. The Crusades were military expeditions to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control.
朝圣是前往圣地如坎特伯雷的旅程，以表达虔诚或寻求治愈。十字军东征是为从穆斯林手中收复耶路撒冷而进行的军事远征。
Heresy was any belief that went against Church teachings. The punishment could be excommunication—being cut off from the Church and sacraments—or even burning at the stake.
异端是指任何反对教会教义的信仰。惩罚可能是绝罚——被剥夺教会和圣事的资格——甚至是火刑柱处死。
5. Renaissance and the Birth of Modern Ideas | 文艺复兴与现代思想的诞生
The Renaissance (meaning ‘rebirth’) was a cultural movement from the 14th to 17th centuries that revived interest in classical Greek and Roman learning. It began in Italy and spread across Europe.
文艺复兴（意为“重生”）是一场从14世纪到17世纪的文化运动，重新激发了对古希腊罗马学术的兴趣。它始于意大利并传播到欧洲各地。
Humanism focused on human potential and achievements rather than solely on religion. It encouraged questioning, observation and a more secular outlook.
人文主义关注人的潜力与成就，而非仅仅聚焦宗教。它鼓励质疑、观察和更世俗化的观点。
Patrons like the Medici family funded artists and scholars, allowing masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. The printing press, invented by Gutenberg around 1440, made books cheaper and spread ideas rapidly.
赞助人如美第奇家族资助艺术家和学者，使得达·芬奇和米开朗基罗的杰作诞生。古腾堡约在1440年发明印刷机，使书籍更便宜，思想迅速传播。
Renaissance art used perspective to create depth and realism. The period marked a move from a God-centred world view to one that celebrated human individuality.
文艺复兴艺术使用透视法创造深度和真实感。这一时期标志着从以上帝为中心的世界观转向赞颂人类个体性。
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