📚 OCR Pre-U Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | OCR Pre-U 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary of OCR Pre-U Physical Education is as essential as understanding the science itself. This guide groups key terms by topic and pairs every definition with a simple memory hook, so you can recall them confidently under exam pressure.
掌握 OCR Pre-U 体育的专业词汇与理解学科本身同等重要。本指南将核心术语按主题分组，并为每个定义配上一个简单的记忆挂钩，帮助你在考试压力下自信地回忆。
1. Energy Systems & Exercise Physiology | 能量系统与运动生理学
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the only immediate energy source for muscle contraction. It is often called the ‘energy currency’ of the cell because all energy transfers involve ATP breakdown.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）是肌肉收缩唯一直接的能量来源，常被称为细胞的“能量货币”，因为任何能量传递都涉及 ATP 的分解。
ATP-PC (Phosphocreatine) System operates without oxygen and fuels maximal‑intensity efforts lasting up to 10 seconds, like a 100 m sprint. Think of ‘PC’ as a rapid recharge pack that restores ATP instantly.
ATP‑PC（磷酸肌酸）系统在无氧条件下工作，为持续不超过 10 秒的极限强度运动供能，如 100 米冲刺。把“PC”想象成瞬间为 ATP 充电的快速补给包。
Glycolytic (Lactic Acid) System breaks down glucose without oxygen for high‑intensity activity lasting 10–120 seconds, producing pyruvate and then lactate. The memory cue is ‘G for glucose, G for guns blazing in a 400 m race’.
糖酵解（乳酸）系统在无氧下分解葡萄糖，为持续 10–120 秒的高强度活动供能，生成丙酮酸并转化为乳酸。记忆线索是“G 代表葡萄糖，G 也代表全力冲刺 400 米”。
Aerobic System uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats and even protein over prolonged, low‑to‑moderate intensity exercise. Think ‘air-robic’ — you need air to keep going for a marathon.
有氧系统利用氧气长时间分解碳水化合物、脂肪甚至蛋白质，适合低至中等强度的持续运动。想象“有氧 = 需要空气”，就像跑马拉松那样需要源源不断的氧气。
EPOC (Excess Post‑exercise Oxygen Consumption) is the extra oxygen taken in after exercise to restore the body to its resting state. Recite ‘Every Paid‑off Oxygen Counts’ to remember that EPOC repays the oxygen debt.
EPOC（运动后过量氧耗）指运动后额外摄入的氧气，用于恢复身体至安静状态。用“Each Payback Of Oxygen Counts”来记住 EPOC 是用来偿还氧债的。
Lactate Threshold (LT) marks the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate rapidly in the blood. Visualise a ‘lactate dam’ that overflows once you push too hard.
乳酸阈值（LT）指运动强度达到某一点时，血乳酸开始急剧堆积。把它想象成“乳酸大坝”，一旦你过度用力就会漫溢。
2. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸术语
Heart Rate (HR) – beats per minute. Stroke Volume (SV) – volume of blood pumped per beat. Cardiac Output (Q̇) = HR × SV. Think of Q̇ as ‘Quantity of blood flow per minute’, just like a pump’s output.
心率 (HR)——每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量 (SV)——每搏泵出的血量。心输出量 (Q̇) = HR × SV。把 Q̇ 想象成“每分钟的血流量”，就像水泵的输出量。
Venous Return is the flow of blood back to the heart. Mechanisms like the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump boost it. Remember ‘VR’ as ‘Very Returning’ — veins bring blood home.
静脉回流指血液返回心脏的过程。骨骼肌泵和呼吸泵等机制能促进回流。把“VR”记成“Very Returning”——静脉把血液带回家。
Bohr Shift describes how increased CO₂ and lowered pH reduce haemoglobin’s affinity for O₂, enhancing oxygen delivery to working muscles. ‘Bohr’ sounds like ‘bore’: CO₂ bores into haemoglobin and pushes O₂ off.
波尔效应指 CO₂ 增加和 pH 值降低会降低血红蛋白与 O₂ 的亲和力，促进氧气向工作肌肉释放。“Bohr”听起来像“bore（钻）”，CO₂ 钻进血红蛋白把 O₂ 推下去。
Minute Ventilation (V̇E) = Tidal Volume × Breathing Frequency. The rising V̇E during exercise is driven first by tidal volume, then by breathing rate. Think ‘V̇E is the Air You Enter per minute’.
每分通气量 (V̇E) = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。运动时 V̇E 先靠潮气量增加，再靠呼吸频率提升。把 V̇E 记成“每分钟吸入的空气量”。
VO₂ max is the maximum volume of oxygen the body can use per minute per kg of body mass. It is the gold standard of aerobic fitness. Spell it out: ‘Volume of Oxygen Maximum’ — the bigger, the fitter.
最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) 是每分钟每公斤体重所能利用的最大氧量，是有氧适能的黄金标准。拆开记：“Volume of Oxygen Maximum”——数值越大，体能越好。
3. Musculoskeletal System & Movement Analysis | 骨骼肌肉系统与运动分析
Agonist (Prime Mover) – the muscle that creates the movement. Antagonist – the muscle that opposes it. Think of them as ‘the actor’ and ‘the brake’. In a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist, triceps brachii the antagonist.
主动肌（原动肌）——产生动作的肌肉。拮抗肌——对抗该动作的肌肉。把它们想成“演员”和“刹车”。肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Isotonic contraction involves movement (concentric shortens, eccentric lengthens). Isometric means ‘same length’ — tension without movement, like a plank. Mnemonic: ‘iso-tonic’ = ‘tone moves’; ‘iso-metric’ = ‘measuring same length’.
等张收缩有动作产生（向心缩短，离心拉长）。等长收缩即“长度不变”——产生张力但不移动，如平板支撑。巧记：“tonic”有“移动”之意，“metric”有“测量”之意，长度不变。
Planes of movement: Sagittal divides body into left/right, actions like running; Frontal divides front/back, like star jumps; Transverse divides top/bottom, like a discus spin. Imagine ‘Sagittarius runs forward’, ‘Frontal – facing you’, ‘Transverse – twist’.
运动平面：矢状面将身体分为左右，动作如跑步；额状面分为前后，如开合跳；横断面分为上下，如铁饼旋转。想象“射手座向前跑”（Sagittarius），“额状面正对你”，“横断面——旋转”。
Newton’s Laws applied: 1st Law (Inertia) – a ball stays still until kicked. 2nd Law (Acceleration) – F=ma, harder kick, greater acceleration. 3rd Law (Reaction) – pushing against the ground drives you upward.
牛顿定律的应用：第一定律（惯性）——足球静止直到被踢。第二定律（加速度）——F=ma，踢力越大，加速度越大。第三定律（反作用）——蹬地产生向上的反作用力。
Levers: Fulcrum (joint), Effort (muscle force), Load (weight). 1st class: fulcrum between effort and load (e.g. neck). 2nd class: load between fulcrum and effort (e.g. calf raise). 3rd class: effort between fulcrum and load (e.g. biceps curl). Repeat ‘123 – FRE’ (Fulcrum, Resistance, Effort: 1=FRE, 2=FRE but R in middle, 3=E in middle).
杠杆：支点（关节），力（肌肉力量），阻力（重量）。第一类：支点在力和阻力之间（如颈部）。第二类：阻力在支点和力之间（如提踵）。第三类：力在支点和阻力之间（如肱二头肌弯举）。记住“123 – FRE”：第一类 F在R和E之间；第二类R在中间；第三类E在中间。
4. Nutrition & Hydration | 营养与水分补充
Macronutrients: Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), Fats (9 kcal/g), Proteins (4 kcal/g). Carbo-loading boosts glycogen stores for endurance. Think ‘Macro – big three fuel tanks’.
宏量营养素：碳水化合物（4 千卡/克）、脂肪（9 千卡/克）、蛋白质（4 千卡/克）。糖原负荷法增加耐力运动的糖原储备。记住“宏量 = 三大燃料箱”。
Glycaemic Index (GI) ranks carbs by how quickly they raise blood glucose. High GI = quick spike (jelly beans), Low GI = slow release (oats). ‘GI = Glucose Impact’.
血糖生成指数 (GI) 按升血糖速度给碳水化合物排序。高 GI = 快速飙升（软糖），低 GI = 缓慢释放（燕麦）。记成“GI = Glucose Impact（葡萄糖冲击）”。
Hydration terminology: Euhydration (normal water balance), Hypohydration (body water deficit), Hyperhydration (above normal). Severe hypohydration leads to hyponatraemia – low sodium. Remember ‘Eu = good, Hypo = low, Hyper = high’.
水分术语：水合正常 (Euhydration)、低水合 (Hypohydration，缺水)、高水合 (Hyperhydration，超常水分)。严重低水合可导致低钠血症。记前缀：“Eu-好，Hypo-低，Hyper-高”。
Ergogenic aids are substances or techniques that enhance performance. They can be pharmacological (caffeine), nutritional (creatine), or mechanical (altitude tents). ‘Ergo’ means work — they help you ‘work’ harder.
运动补剂/助力手段 指提升运动表现的物质或方法，可以是药理（咖啡因）、营养（肌酸）或机械（高原帐篷）。“Ergo”意为“工作”——它们让你“工作（运动）”更出色。
5. Sport Psychology: Arousal, Stress & Anxiety | 运动心理学：唤醒、压力与焦虑
Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of alertness. Drive Theory (linear) says performance increases with arousal; more often, the Inverted‑U hypothesis (Yerkes‑Dodson) applies, where optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal. Draw an upside‑down U as a memory hook.
唤醒 是生理和心理的警觉状态。驱力理论（线性）认为表现随唤醒上升而提高；更常见的是倒 U 假设（耶克斯-多德森定律），中等唤醒时表现最佳。画一个倒 U 作为记忆挂钩。
State anxiety – temporary emotional response. Trait anxiety – a personality disposition to perceive situations as threatening. Think ‘State = Short‑term, Trait = Typical you’.
状态焦虑——暂时的情绪反应。特质焦虑——一种将情境视为威胁的人格倾向。记“State = 短暂状态，Trait = 典型特质”。
Cognitive anxiety involves worry and negative thoughts; somatic anxiety involves physical symptoms (butterflies, sweating). Letter cue: ‘C’ for cognitions in the head, ‘S’ for sensations in the body.
认知焦虑 涉及担忧和消极思维；躯体焦虑 涉及身体症状（心跳加速、出汗）。利用首字母：“C”代表头脑中的想法 (Cognitions)，“S”代表身体感受 (Sensations)。
Stress Management Techniques: Progressive muscular relaxation, breathing control, and imagery. The acronym ‘PBI’ (Peanut Butter Imagery) can help recall them: P‑Progressive relaxation, B‑Breathing, I‑Imagery.
压力管理技巧：渐进式肌肉放松、呼吸控制、表象训练。用“PBI”来记忆：P‑渐进放松，B‑呼吸，I‑表象。
6. Sport Psychology: Motivation & Goal Setting | 运动心理学：动机与目标设定
Intrinsic motivation comes from within (enjoyment, mastery); extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards (trophies, money). ‘In’ ‑ inside, ‘Ex’ ‑ external.
内部动机 源于自身（乐趣、掌握感）；外部动机 源于外部奖励（奖杯、金钱）。“In”里面，“Ex”外面。
Attribution Theory (Weiner) explains how performers interpret success or failure along dimensions: locus (internal/external), stability (stable/unstable), controllability (controllable/uncontrollable). A tennis player blaming a loss on bad weather uses an external, unstable, uncontrollable attribution.
归因理论（韦纳）解释运动员如何解释成败，维度包括：控制点（内/外）、稳定性（稳定/不稳定）、可控性（可控/不可控）。网球运动员把输球归咎于坏天气，是外部、不稳定、不可控的归因。
SMARTER goal setting stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time‑bound, Evaluate, Re‑adjust. Add the ‘ER’ to the classic SMART — ‘Evaluate and Re‑adjust like a trainer’.
SMARTER 目标设定：具体、可测量、可实现、相关性、有时限、评价、再调整。在经典的 SMART 后加上“ER”——像教练一样“评价并重新调整”。
Self‑efficacy (Bandura) is situation‑specific confidence. It grows through performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Memorise the four sources as ‘PVVP’ – Performance, Vicarious, Verbal, Physiological.
自我效能感（班杜拉）指特定情境下的自信。它通过表现成就、替代经验、言语劝导和生理状态四种途径提升。用“PVVP”记住四个来源：表现、替代、言语、生理。
7. Skill Acquisition Terminology | 技能习得术语
Open skill – performed in a changing, unpredictable environment (e.g. football pass). Closed skill – stable, predictable environment (e.g. free throw). ‘Open’ as ‘open to the outside world’, ‘closed’ as ‘controlled indoors’.
开放性技能——在变化、不可预测的环境中进行（如足球传球）。封闭性技能——在稳定、可预测的环境中进行（如罚篮）。“开”即是“向外界敞开”，“闭”就是“在室内受控”。
Gross skill uses large muscle groups (jumping); fine skill uses small, precise movements (darts). ‘Gross’ sounds big; ‘fine’ sounds delicate.
粗略技能 动用大肌群（跳跃）；精细技能 动用小肌肉的精确动作（飞镖）。“Gross”听起来像“大号”，“fine”像“精细”。
Stages of learning (Fitts & Posner): Cognitive (learner explores), Associative (practice refines), Autonomous (automatic). Acrostic ‘CAA’ – Can Adjust Automatically.
学习阶段（菲茨与波斯纳）：认知阶段（探索）、联结阶段（通过练习改进）、自动化阶段（自动化）。用首字母“CAA”记忆——最终“能自动调整”。
Transfer of learning: Positive (helps), Negative (hinders), Bilateral (limb to limb), Proactive (old skill affects new), Retroactive (new affects old). Think ‘Transfer is a bridge — sometimes it helps, sometimes it trips you.’
学习迁移：正迁移（有帮助）、负迁移（有阻碍）、双侧迁移（肢体间）、前摄迁移（旧技能影响新技能）、倒摄迁移（新技能影响旧技能）。把迁移想象成一座桥——有时帮你通过，有时绊你一下。
Reaction time vs Hick’s Law: Reaction time increases as the number of choices rises. Formula: Reaction Time = Simple + (Choice × log₂ n). The memory peg is ‘Hick’s picks take time’.
反应时 与 希克定律：选择项越多，反应时越长。公式：反应时 = 简单反应时 + (选择项 × log₂ n)。记忆口诀：“希克的选择 (Hick’s picks) 需要时间”。
8. Sport and Society: Key Sociological Terms | 运动与社会：关键社会学术语
Socialisation – the process of learning the norms and values of a culture through sport. Primary (family), secondary (school, media). Think ‘social‑eyes‑ation’: you see and learn how to act.
社会化——通过运动学习社会文化规范和价值观的过程。初级（家庭），次级（学校、媒体）。想象“social‑eyes‑ation”：你通过观察学会如何行事。
Social stratification refers to the hierarchy of social classes affecting participation. Upper class may favour golf; lower socio‑economic groups may be priced out. Remember ‘strata = layers’.
社会分层 指影响参与度的社会阶级层级。上层阶级可能偏爱高尔夫；低社会经济群体可能因经济原因被排斥。记住“strata = 层级”。
Ethnicity and sport: Stacking theory suggests certain ethnic groups are disproportionately represented in specific positions (e.g. quarterbacks in American football). Use a deck of cards image: ‘stacking’ like cards stacked in certain slots.
种族与运动：堆积理论指出，某些种族群体在特定位置上比例过高（如美式足球的四分卫位置）。用扑克牌形象记忆：“stacking”就像牌被堆叠在特定位置。
Commercialisation turns sport into a commodity for profit. Golden triangle: Sport, Media, Sponsorship. Picture a triangle with dollar signs at each corner.
商业化 将运动转变为盈利商品。黄金三角：运动、媒体、赞助。想象一个每个顶点都有美元符号的三角形。
Deviance in sport: Positive deviance (over‑conformity, e.g. playing through injury) vs negative deviance (cheating). ‘Positive deviance isn’t always positive for health.’
运动越轨：正向越轨（过度顺从，如带伤比赛）与负向越轨（作弊）。“正向越轨对健康未必正向”。
9. Aggression, Ethics & the Athlete | 攻击行为、道德与运动员
Hostile aggression aims to harm; instrumental aggression seeks a goal (e.g. a tackle to win the ball). ‘Hostile = hate’, ‘Instrumental = instrument for a purpose’.
敌意性攻击 旨在伤害；工具性攻击 旨在达成目标（如为争球的合理铲球）。“Hostile = 恨”，“Instrumental = 工具”。
Instinct theory (Lorenz) argues aggression is innate, a survival instinct. Social learning theory (Bandura) says aggression is learned through observation and reinforcement. Contrast ‘born to fight’ vs ‘taught to fight’.
本能理论（洛伦茨）认为攻击是天生的生存本能。社会学习理论（班杜拉）认为攻击通过观察和强化习得。对比“天生好斗”与“学来好斗”。
Sporting ethics: Sportsmanship (fairness, etiquette), Gamesmanship (pushing rules without breaking them), Deviance (cheating). Label the spectrum: Saint ‑ Sly ‑ Sinner.
体育道德：体育精神（公平、礼仪），竞技谋略（钻规则空子但不违规），越轨（作弊）。给三者贴上标签：圣人 ‑ 滑头 ‑ 罪人。
Drugs in sport: Anabolic steroids (build muscle), Beta‑blockers (steady hands), EPO (boosts red blood cells). Use the ‘ABC of PEDs’: Anabolic, Beta‑blockers, EPO = ‘ABE’.
运动中的兴奋剂：合成类固醇（增肌）、β‑受体阻滞剂（稳定双手）、促红细胞生成素 EPO（增加红细胞）。用“ABC of PEDs”记：Anabolic, Beta‑blockers, EPO = “ABE”。
10. Training Methods & Principles | 训练方法与原则
SPORT principles: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium (variety to avoid boredom). Make it a rhyme: ‘Be SPORTy: Specific Progression Overload Reversibility Tedium’.
SPORT 训练原则：针对性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、趣味性（多样避免乏味）。编个口诀：“SPORT 就是：专项 (Specificity) 渐进 (Progression) 超负荷 (Overload) 可逆 (Reversibility) 和趣味 (Tedium)”。
Overload via FITT: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. To progress, manipulate at least one FITT variable. ‘FITT the load, bit by bit.’
通过 FITT 实施超负荷：频率、强度、时间、类型。要达到进步，至少要改变一个 FITT 变量。“FITT 让负荷一点点增加”。
Periodisation organises training into macrocycles (year), mesocycles (months), microcycles (weeks). Visualise a Russian doll: macro contains meso, meso contains micro.
周期化训练 将训练安排为大周期（年）、中周期（月）、小周期（周）。想象一个俄罗斯套娃：大套中，中套小。
Plyometrics – stretch‑shortening cycle exercises (e.g. depth jumps) to develop explosive power. Think ‘plyo = ply the muscles like a rubber band being stretched and released.’
增强式训练——利用拉长‑缩短周期（如跳深）发展爆发力。“Plyo”像把肌肉像皮筋一样拉长再弹射。
HIIT (High‑Intensity Interval Training) alternates short, intense bursts with recovery. The afterburn effect elevates EPOC. Remember ‘HIIT it hard, then rest. EPOC cleans up the mess.’
高强度间歇训练 (HIIT) 交替短时高强度与恢复期。后燃效应提升 EPOC。记成“HIIT 猛练，再休息，EPOC 来收拾残局”。
11. Biomechanics Key Terms | 生物力学关键术语
Velocity (displacement/time) is a vector; speed (distance/time) is scalar. Velocity has direction. ‘Velocity = vector, Speed = scalar’ — the ‘v’ gives it away.
速度（位移/时间）是矢量；速率（距离/时间）是标量。速度有方向。“Velocity = 矢量，Speed = 标量”，首字母“v”提示方向。
Momentum = mass × velocity. Impulse = force × time = change in momentum. A larger impulse generates a greater change in momentum — follow‑through in a tennis stroke increases impulse.
动量 = 质量 × 速度。冲量 = 力 × 时间 = 动量的变化。更大的冲量带来更大的动量变化——网球击球的随挥动作能增加冲量。
Centre of Mass (CoM) is the point where mass is concentrated. In high jump, the CoM can pass under the bar while the body clears it. Think ‘CoM is the balance bullseye’.
质心 (CoM) 是质量集中的点。在跳高中，质心可以从杆下通过而身体越过横杆。想象“CoM 是平衡的靶心”。
Stability factors: base of support, mass, height of CoM, line of gravity. A sumo wrestler has high stability with a wide base and low CoM. ‘Wide and low makes you hard to overthrow.’
稳定性因素：支撑面、质量、质心高度、重力线。相扑手支撑面宽、质心低，稳定性高。“低且宽，稳如山”。
12. Measurement & Evaluation in Sport | 运动中的测量与评价
Validity – the test measures what it claims to measure. Reliability – the test produces consistent results. A valid beep test reliably predicts VO₂ max. ‘Validity = true aim, Reliability = repeatable results’.
效度——测试测量了它声称要测的东西。信度——测试产生一致的结果。有效的折返跑测试可可靠地预测 VO₂ max。“效度 = 真实目标，信度 = 可重复的结果”。
Quantitative data (numbers: time, distance) vs Qualitative data (words: coach’s feedback). ‘Quantity = numbers, Quality = description’.
定量数据（数字：时间、距离）与 定性数据（文字：教练反馈）。“定量有数字，定性有描述”。
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) – Borg’s 6–20 scale correlates with heart rate. 6 means no exertion, 20 means maximal. Add a zero to the RPE to estimate HR: RPE 12 ≈ 120 bpm.
主观用力感觉等级 (RPE)——博格 6–20 量表与心率相关。6 表示毫不费力，20 表示最大用力。在 RPE 后加个零估算心率：RPE 12 ≈ 120 bpm。
VO₂ max testing: Direct gas analysis is the gold standard; field tests like the Cooper 12‑minute run provide an estimate. Remember ‘Direct sees the gas, Cooper counts the distance’.
最大摄氧量测试：直接气体分析是黄金标准；现场测试如 Cooper 12 分钟跑提供估算值。“直接法看气体，Cooper 法计距离”。
Use these memory hooks alongside regular past‑paper practice, and you will find specialist terminology becomes a natural part of your written analysis.
将这些记忆挂钩与定期真题练习结合，你会发现专业术语会自然地成为你书面分析的一部分。
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