Pre-U CCEA Biology Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Pre-U CCEA 生物公式定理速查手册

📚 Pre-U CCEA Biology Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Pre-U CCEA 生物公式定理速查手册

This quick reference guide consolidates the essential formulae, theorems, and calculations required for CCEA Pre-U Biology. From microscopy to ecological statistics, mastering these quantitative skills is vital for practical assessments and data‑response questions. Each entry includes the relevant formula, key definitions, and typical applications.

本速查手册汇总了 CCEA Pre-U 生物学所需的基本公式、定理和计算方法。从显微镜操作到生态统计，掌握这些定量技能对实验评估和数据分析题至关重要。每个条目都包含相关公式、关键定义和典型应用。

1. Microscopy & Magnification | 显微镜与放大倍数

Magnification (M) is calculated by dividing the measured image size (I) by the actual size of the specimen (A):

M = I / A

Always convert both measurements to the same unit before calculating.

放大倍数 (M) 等于图像测量尺寸 (I) 除以实际标本尺寸 (A)。计算前务必将两者换算成相同单位。

The formula can be rearranged to find actual size (A = I / M) or image size (I = M × A). Common unit conversions include 1 mm = 1000 µm and 1 µm = 1000 nm.

公式可变形为 A = I / M 或 I = M × A。常用单位换算：1 mm = 1000 µm，1 µm = 1000 nm。

When using an eyepiece graticule, calibration with a stage micrometer is essential to convert eyepiece units into real length.

使用目镜测微尺时，必须用镜台测微尺校准，将目镜格值转换为实际长度。

2. Dilutions & Serial Dilutions | 稀释与连续稀释

The dilution equation, based on conservation of solute, is

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

where C is concentration and V is volume. Use this to calculate the volume of stock solution needed to prepare a desired working concentration.

稀释公式基于溶质守恒：C₁V₁ = C₂V₂，其中 C 为浓度，V 为体积。该公式可用于计算配制所需工作浓度时所需的母液体积。

The dilution factor (DF) is the ratio of final total volume to initial sample volume:

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