📚 Pre-U OCR Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Pre-U OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychology terminology is essential for success in the Pre-U OCR examination. This guide provides effective mnemonic devices, clear definitions, and bilingual explanations to help you quickly memorise key terms. From research methods to core approaches, each section breaks down complex jargon into memorable chunks, pairing English explanations with Chinese translations and vivid memory aids. Whether you struggle with variables, ethics, or inferential statistics, these simple hooks will accelerate your revision and deepen your understanding.
掌握心理学专业术语是 Pre-U OCR 考试成功的关键。本指南提供高效的助记符号、清晰的定义和中英双语解释，助你快速牢记关键术语。从研究方法到核心流派，每个部分都将复杂的行话拆解为易于记忆的模块，并把英文说明与中文翻译及生动的记忆锚点一一配对。不论你在变量、伦理还是推断统计方面遇到困难，这些简单的挂钩都将加速你的复习并深化理解。
1. Research Variables and Operationalisation | 研究变量与操作性定义
The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates. Mnemonic: ‘I control the IV’ – the ‘I’ reminds you of the researcher’s active role.
自变量(IV)是实验者有意改变或操纵的因素。记忆法：’我控制着IV’——字母’I’提醒你研究者的主动角色。
The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured; it depends on the IV. Mnemonic: ‘DV depends on IV’.
因变量(DV)是被测量的结果；它取决于自变量。记忆法：’DV依靠IV’。
Operationalisation means defining variables precisely in terms of how they will be manipulated or measured. Mnemonic: ‘Operation makes it measurable’, like turning an abstract concept into a concrete operation.
操作性定义是指根据如何操纵或测量来精确定义变量。记忆法：’操作使之可测量’，就像把抽象概念变成具体操作。
A confounding variable is an unwanted factor that could affect the DV, making it unclear whether the IV caused the effect. To remember: ‘Confound = confuse the results’.
混淆变量是一个不受欢迎的因素，可能影响因变量，导致无法确定是否是自变量引起的效应。记忆法：’混淆=搞乱结果’。
2. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent groups design: different participants take part in each condition. Think ‘independent = separate groups’.
独立组设计：不同参与者分别参加每个条件。记住’独立=分开的组’。
Repeated measures design: the same participants are used in all conditions. Mnemonic: ‘Repeated = same people repeat’.
重复测量设计：同一批参与者在所有条件下进行测试。记忆法：’重复=相同的人重复’。
Matched pairs design: participants are matched on key variables before being assigned to conditions. Recall ‘matched = paired like twins’.
配对组设计：在分配条件前，参与者在关键变量上进行匹配。回忆’匹配=像双胞胎一样配对’。
Counterbalancing: used in repeated measures to control order effects; half the participants do condition A then B, the other half B then A (ABBA). Mnemonic: ‘Balance the order’.
平衡法：用于重复测量设计中控制顺序效应；半数参与者先A后B，另一半先B后A（ABBA设计）。记忆：’平衡顺序’。
3. Reliability and Validity | 信度与效度
Reliability refers to consistency. If a study is replicated and yields similar results, it has high external reliability. Mnemonic: ‘Reliable = repeatable results’.
信度指一致性。如果一项研究被重复并得到相似结果，它就具有高外部信度。记忆：’信度=可重复的结果’。
Internal reliability is about whether the items within a test consistently measure the same construct (e.g., split-half method). Think ‘internal = inside the test’.
内部信度是关于测试内各题目是否一致测量同一构念（例如分半法）。想到’内部=测试内部’。
Validity is whether a test measures what it claims to measure. Mnemonic: ‘Valid = true and accurate’.
效度是测试是否测量了其声称要测量的东西。记忆：’效度=真实准确的’。
Internal validity concerns whether the IV truly caused the change in the DV, free from confounding variables. ‘Internal validity = inward truth’.
内部效度涉及是否真的是自变量导致了因变量的变化，没有混淆变量。记忆：’内部效度=内在真实’。
Ecological validity: the extent to which findings can be generalised to real-life settings. Remember ‘ecology = real environment’.
生态效度：研究结果可以推广到现实生活环境的程度。记住’生态=真实环境’。
4. Sampling Methods | 抽样方法
Random sampling: every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Think ‘like drawing names from a hat’.
随机抽样：目标人群中每个成员都有同等机会被选中。想象’从帽子里抽名字’。
Opportunity sampling: using people who are readily available. Mnemonic: ‘Take the opportunity of who is around’.
方便抽样：使用容易接触到的人。记忆：’抓住身边人的机会’。
Volunteer sampling: participants self-select, e.g., responding to an advert. ‘Volunteer = voluntary’.
志愿者抽样：参与者自选，如回应广告。’志愿者=自愿的’。
Stratified sampling: dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and taking a random sample from each in proportion. Remember ‘strata = layers of cake’.
分层抽样：将总体分成子群（层），并从每层中按比例随机抽取样本。记住’层=蛋糕层’。
5. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
Informed consent: participants must be told the nature and purpose of the research and agree to take part. Think ‘inform before consent’.
知情同意：必须告知参与者研究的性质和目的，并获得同意。记忆：’先知情后同意’。
Deception should be avoided, but if necessary, it must be justified and followed by debriefing. Mnemonic: ‘Deception needs debriefing’.
欺骗应避免，但如果必要，必须有理由并在事后进行解释。记忆：’欺骗需要事后说明’。
Right to withdraw: participants can leave the study at any time without penalty. ‘You have the right to walk away’.
退出权：参与者可以随时退出研究而不受惩罚。’你有权离开’。
Confidentiality: personal data must be protected. ‘Confidential = keep it secret’.
保密性：个人数据必须受保护。’机密=保密’。
Protection from harm: participants should not experience physical or psychological harm. Mnemonic: ‘No harm, physical or psychological’.
免受伤害：参与者不应遭受身体或心理伤害。记忆：’没有伤害，无论身体还是心理’。
6. Approaches in Psychology: Memorising Key Assumptions | 心理学流派：记忆核心假设
Behaviourist approach: focuses on observable behaviour and learning via stimulus-response associations. Mnemonic: ‘Behaviour = S-R links’ (Stimulus-Response).
行为主义流派：关注可观察的行为和通过刺激-反应关联进行学习。记忆：’行为=S-R链接’。
Cognitive approach: compares the mind to a computer, with input, processing, and output. ‘Cognition is computation’.
认知流派：将心理比作计算机，有输入、加工和输出。’认知即计算’。
Biological approach: emphasises genes, brain structure, neurochemistry. ‘Bio = body and brain’.
生物流派：强调基因、大脑结构、神经化学。’生物=身体和大脑’。
Social-cultural approach: behaviour is influenced by social norms and culture. ‘Social = society shapes you’.
社会文化流派：行为受社会规范和文化影响。’社会=社会塑造你’。
Psychodynamic approach: unconscious drives and childhood experiences determine behaviour. Mnemonic: ‘Psycho = unconscious mind, like Freud!’.
心理动力学流派：无意识驱力和童年经历决定行为。记忆：’心理动=无意识，就像弗洛伊德！’。
7. Memory Models and Key Terms | 记忆模型与关键术语
Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): sensory register → STM → LTM. Mnemonic: ‘Sensory is fleeting, STM is short, LTM is lasting’.
多贮存模型：感觉登记→短时记忆→长时记忆。记忆：’感觉瞬间，STM短期，LTM持久’。
Capacity of STM: 7±2 items (Miller’s magic number). ‘Magic 7’ helps recall.
短时记忆容量：7±2个组块（米勒的神奇数字）。’神奇7’帮助回忆。
Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch): central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer. Mnemonic: ‘CE controls the PL and VS, with EB linking to LTM’. Imagine a boss (CE) managing two assistants (PL and VS).
工作记忆模型：中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板、情景缓冲器。记忆法：’中央执行器控制语音回路和视空间画板，情景缓冲器连接长时记忆’。想象一个老板管理两个助手。
Encoding: changing information into a format that can be stored. STM mainly acoustic; LTM semantic. ‘Acoustic = sound, semantic = meaning’.
编码：将信息转化为可储存的格式。STM主要是声音编码；LTM是语义编码。’声音=听觉，语义=意义’。
8. Data Analysis and Inferential Statistics | 数据分析与推断统计
Published by TutorHao | Pre-U Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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