📚 Pre-U WJEC Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U WJEC 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geographical terminology is not just about memorising definitions; it is about constructing a mental framework that links processes, places, and people. This guide provides both key terms and effective memory techniques tailored to the Pre-U WJEC Geography syllabus, helping you recall and apply vocabulary precisely in examinations.
掌握地理术语不仅仅是记忆定义，更是构建一个联系过程、地点和人群的心智框架。本指南结合 Pre-U WJEC 地理考纲，提供核心词汇和高效记忆方法，助你在考试中精准回忆并运用术语。
1. Core Physical Geography Terms | 自然地理核心术语
Physical geography vocabulary often describes energy flows, landform evolution, and systems thinking. Linking terms to visual diagrams can improve recall by up to 60%.
自然地理词汇常描述能量流动、地貌演变和系统思维。将术语与可视化的示意图联系起来，可使记忆效率提升多达60%。
- Denudation – the long-term wearing away of the Earth’s surface by processes like weathering and erosion.
剥蚀作用 – 通过风化、侵蚀等过程对地表进行的长期磨损。 - Isostasy – the gravitational equilibrium between the Earth’s crust and mantle, explaining uplift and subsidence.
地壳均衡 – 地壳与地幔之间的重力平衡，用以解释隆起和沉降。 - Ablation – loss of ice from a glacier mainly by melting and evaporation.
消融 – 冰川因融化和蒸发而损失冰量。
Try mnemonic sentences: Daring Iguanas Always Nap (Denudation, Isostasy, Ablation, Nivation). Creating vivid mental images for each term locks them into long-term memory.
尝试编写记忆句：勇敢的鬣蜥总是打盹（可对应上述术语首字母）。为每个词创造生动的心理图像，能够将其锁入长期记忆。
2. Core Human Geography Terms | 人文地理核心术语
Human geography revolves around spatial patterns, flows, and inequalities. Understanding the nuances between terms like ‘gentrification’ and ‘urban renewal’ is essential for high-mark essays.
人文地理围绕空间格局、流动和不平等展开。理解’绅士化’与’城市更新’等术语之间的细微差别，对高分论文至关重要。
Gentrification – the process whereby wealthier people move into, renovate, and restore run-down urban areas, often displacing poorer residents.
绅士化 – 较富裕人群迁入并翻新衰败城区，常导致较贫困原住民被迫迁出的过程。
Multiplier Effect – the expansion of economic activity caused by the growth or introduction of another activity, e.g. a new factory creating demand for local services.
乘数效应 – 一项经济活动的增长或引入引发其他经济活动扩张，例如新工厂带动本地服务需求。
3. Geomorphological Process Vocabulary | 地貌过程词汇
Process terms often appear in data-response questions. Learn them in pairs to understand opposing or complementary forces.
过程术语常出现在数据分析题中。成对学习能帮助理解相反或互补的作用力。
| Weathering (in-situ breakdown) | Erosion (removal and transport of material) |
| 风化作用（原位分解） | 侵蚀作用（物质的移除和搬运） |
| Freeze-thaw (water freezes in cracks, expands and shatters rock) | Abrasion (rock fragments carried by wind or water scrape surfaces) |
| 冻融作用（水在裂缝中冻结膨胀使岩石碎裂） | 磨蚀作用（风或水携带的岩屑磨刮表面） |
Linking these contrasts with a simple sketch of a river valley or coastal profile embeds the terms spatially.
将这些对比关系与河谷或海岸剖面的简图关联起来，可从空间上强化术语记忆。
4. Climate Change and Weather Vocabulary | 气候变化与天气词汇
Graph interpretation demands precise terminology. Distinguishing between climate variability (short-term natural fluctuations) and climate change (long-term trend) avoids common exam pitfalls.
图表解读要求术语精确。区分气候变率（短期自然波动）与气候变化（长期趋势）可避免常见的考试失分。
Albedo – the proportion of solar radiation reflected by a surface; high for ice, low for dark forest.
反照率 – 地表反射太阳辐射的比例；冰面高，深色森林低。
Anthropogenic – resulting from human activity, a keyword in climate essays. Associate it with ‘anthropo-‘ (human) + ‘genic’ (produced by) to decode meaning without rote.
人为的 – 由人类活动引起，是气候论文中的关键词。拆分为 ‘anthropo-‘（人类）+ ‘genic’（产生的），无需死记硬背即可理解词义。
5. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移
Demographic terms are heavily tested in the Pre-U structured questions. Focus on the Demographic Transition Model stages and their associated vocabulary.
人口统计术语在 Pre-U 结构化问题中考查频率很高。重点关注人口转型模型各阶段及其相关词汇。
Replacement-level fertility – roughly 2.1 children per woman needed to maintain population size. Use the number 2.1 as a trigger.
更替水平生育率 – 维持人口规模所需的约每名妇女生育2.1个孩子。可将数字2.1作为记忆触发器。
Step migration – a series of shorter moves from rural to urban, often via intermediate towns. Visualise a staircase to recall the ‘step’ concept.
阶梯式迁移 – 从乡村向城市经多个中间城镇进行的一系列较短迁移。可想象楼梯以回忆’阶梯’概念。
6. Urbanisation and Settlement | 城市化与定居
Processes of change within cities feature prominently. Categorise terms into economic, social, and environmental sub-groups.
城市内部变化过程是考试重点。将术语按经济、社会、环境分类记忆。
Suburbanisation – outward growth of the urban area. Contrast with Counter-urbanisation – movement of people from urban areas to rural areas beyond the city’s edge.
郊区化 – 城市区域的向外扩张。对比逆城市化 – 人口从城市迁往其边缘以外的乡村地区。
Edge city – a concentration of business, retail, and entertainment outside a traditional city centre. Think of ‘edge’ as the new frontier.
边缘城市 – 传统城市中心以外集中了商务、零售和娱乐的新兴区域。把’边缘’想象成新的前沿地带。
7. Economic Development and Globalisation | 经济发展与全球化
Trade blocs, TNCs, and development indicators form a dense vocabulary cluster. Link acronyms to their full names: NICs (Newly Industrialised Countries), BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).
贸易集团、跨国公司和发与展指标构成密集的词汇群。将缩写与全称关联：NICs（新兴工业化国家），BRICs（巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国、南非）。
Global shift – the movement of manufacturing from MEDCs to LEDCs, particularly in East Asia. Create a timeline to remember its phases since the 1970s.
全球转移 – 制造业从发达经济体向欠发达经济体（尤其是东亚）的迁移。编制时间线以记住其自1970年代以来的各个阶段。
Terms of trade – the ratio of export prices to import prices. Formula: (Index of export prices ÷ Index of import prices) × 100. A fall indicates economic vulnerability.
贸易条件 – 出口价格与进口价格之比。公式：(出口价格指数 ÷ 进口价格指数) × 100。下降表明经济脆弱性。
Terms of Trade = (Pexports ÷ Pimports) × 100
8. Hazard Management | 灾害管理
Hazard geography demands accurate distinction between a natural event and a natural disaster. A disaster occurs only when people or property are affected.
灾害地理学要求准确区分自然事件和自然灾害。只有当人员或财产受到影响时，才形成灾害。
Prediction vs Forecasting: prediction gives a specific time, place, and magnitude (ideal for volcanic eruptions), while forecasting provides a probability statement (often used for weather hazards).
预测与预报：预测给出具体时间、地点和规模（适合火山喷发），而预报提供概率说明（常用于气象灾害）。
RETR (Response, Evacuation, Temporary housing, Recovery) – a self-made acronym for the disaster management cycle. Personal inventions are easier to recall.
RETR（响应、疏散、临时安置、恢复） – 灾害管理周期的自创首字母缩略词。自己发明的缩略词更容易回想。
9. Resources and Sustainability | 资源与可持续性
Sustainability terminology often uses three pillars: environmental, social, and economic. The resource peak concept (e.g. peak oil) describes the point of maximum production before decline.
可持续性术语常围绕三大支柱：环境、社会和经济。资源峰值概念（如石油峰值）描述产量达到最大值后开始下降的转折点。
Ecological footprint – the area of land and water required to support a population’s consumption and absorb its waste. Measured in global hectares (gha).
生态足迹 – 支撑一个种群消费并吸收其废物所需的土地和水域面积，用全球公顷（gha）计量。
Circular economy – an economic system aimed at eliminating waste by continually reusing resources. Opposes the linear ‘take-make-dispose’ model.
循环经济 – 旨在通过持续再利用资源来消除废弃物的经济体系，与’获取-制造-丢弃’的线性模型相对。
10. Map Skills and GIS | 地图技能与GIS
Cartographic terms often appear in unfamiliar contexts. Choropleth map – uses shading or colour to show density of a variable. Isoline map – connects points of equal value (e.g. contours).
制图术语经常出现在陌生语境中。等值区域图 – 运用阴影或颜色表示变量的密度。等值线图 – 连接数值相等点的线条（如等高线）。
GIS layers – different thematic data sets (transport, land use, topography) that can be superimposed. Think of stacking transparent sheets on an overhead projector.
GIS图层 – 可叠加的不同专题数据集（交通、土地利用、地形）。想象在投影仪上堆叠透明胶片。
11. Exam Command Words | 考试关键指令词
Cambridge Pre-U questions use specific instructional verbs. Misreading ‘describe’ as ‘explain’ can lose half the marks allocated to a 15-mark question.
剑桥 Pre-U 试题使用特定的指令动词。把’描述’误读为’解释’，可能会失掉15分题的一半分数。
| Command Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Describe – state what something is like | 描述 – 说明某事物的特征 |
| Explain – give reasons or causes | 解释 – 给出原因 |
| Evaluate – weigh up strengths and weaknesses, then reach a judgment | 评估 – 权衡优缺点，然后做出判断 |
| To what extent – express a degree of agreement/disagreement with evidence | 有多大程度 – 基于证据表达同意或不同意的程度 |
Annotate past paper questions: highlight the command word and write its required action next to it. This builds automatic exam technique.
给历年真题标注：高亮指令词并在旁边写下它要求的动作。这能培养自动化的应试技巧。
12. Quick Memorisation Strategies Summary | 快速记忆策略总结
Effective geographers do not rely on repetition alone. They use dual coding (combining words and diagrams), spaced retrieval (testing at increasing intervals), and elaboration (explaining how a term connects to a case study).
高效的地理学习者不单靠重复。他们运用双重编码（词语与图表结合）、间隔提取（按递增间隔自测）和精细加工（解释术语如何关联案例）。
Create a portable glossary on index cards. Write the term on one side and, on the reverse, a simplified definition plus a unique memory hook, e.g., ‘Abrasion – a rock sandpapering a surface’ accompanied by a tiny sketch. Review these for 10 minutes daily.
用索引卡制作便携词汇表。正面写术语，反面写简化定义加独特的记忆钩子，例如：’磨蚀 – 岩石像砂纸一样打磨表面’，再配上一幅小速写。每天复习10分钟。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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