📚 Cambridge IGCSE PE Module 1 Exam Questions: Anatomy & Physiology | 剑桥体育模块一考题精讲：解剖与生理
Cambridge IGCSE Physical Education (0413) Module 1, ‘Anatomy and Physiology’, is the foundation of the written papers. It appears in both Paper 1 Theory and Paper 2 Multiple Choice, where examiners expect precise anatomical language and movement analysis rather than everyday descriptions.
剑桥 IGCSE 体育（0413）模块一 ‘解剖与生理’ 是笔试部分的基础。它同时出现在 Paper 1 理论卷和 Paper 2 选择题中，考官要求的是精确的解剖术语和动作分析，而不是日常口语描述。
1. Module 1 Syllabus Scope & Command Words | 模块一考纲范围与指令词
Module 1 covers four body systems: the skeletal system, muscular system, respiratory system and cardiovascular system. Cambridge questions often combine two or more systems, for example asking you to explain how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together during a 1500 m run.
模块一涵盖四大身体系统：骨骼系统、肌肉系统、呼吸系统和心血管系统。剑桥考题经常组合两个或多个系统，例如要求你解释在 1500 米跑中呼吸系统与心血管系统如何协同工作。
Common command words in this module include ‘identify’, ‘describe’, ‘explain’, ‘calculate’ and ‘evaluate’. ‘Identify’ means selecting a named structure or component. ‘Explain’ means giving a reason or mechanism, often using physiological cause and effect, and it is the command word that separates top-band answers from safe passes.
本模块常见的指令词包括 ‘identify’（识别）、’describe’（描述）、’explain’（解释）、’calculate’（计算）和 ‘evaluate’（评价）。’Identify’ 指选出命名结构或组成；’Explain’ 指给出原因或机制，通常要用生理上的因果关系，这是区分高分答案与及格答案的关键。
Marks are awarded for subject-specific terminology. For example, writing ‘air goes into the lungs because the chest gets bigger’ is not credited; a full answer should refer to the diaphragm contracting and flattening, increasing thoracic volume so air moves down a pressure gradient into the lungs.
分数会奖励学科术语。例如写 ‘空气进入肺部是因为胸腔变大’ 不得分；完整答案应提到横膈膜收缩并变平，增大胸腔容积，使空气沿压力梯度进入肺部。
2. Skeletal System: Functions & Named Bones | 骨骼系统：功能与常考骨名
The skeleton has five main functions: support against gravity, protection of vital organs, movement via joints and attachment points for muscles, production of blood cells in bone marrow, and storage of calcium and phosphorus.
骨骼有五大功能：抵抗重力支撑身体、保护重要器官、通过关节和肌肉附着点实现运动、在骨髓中制造血细胞、储存钙和磷。
You must be able to name key bones without a diagram. The upper body includes the cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius and ulna. The lower body includes the pelvis, femur, patella, tibia and fibula. The axial skeleton contains the skull, vertebral column and rib cage; the appendicular skeleton contains the limb girdles and limbs.
你必须能够在不看图的情况下说出主要骨骼名称。上肢包括颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨和尺骨。下肢包括骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨。中轴骨包含颅骨、脊柱和肋骨；附肢骨包含肢带和四肢。
A typical one- or two-mark question is: ‘State two functions of the skeleton linked to physical activity.’ A strong answer might be: ‘The skeleton provides attachment points for muscles, allowing the lever action needed to run. It also protects the brain and heart from impact, reducing injury risk when heading or being tackled.’
典型的一到二分题是：’陈述与体育活动相关的骨骼两大功能。’ 优秀答案可以是：’骨骼为肌肉提供附着点，使跑步所需的杠杆运动得以实现。它还能保护大脑和心脏免受撞击，降低头球或被铲球时的受伤风险。’
3. Synovial Joints & Movement Analysis | 滑膜关节与动作分析
A synovial joint is a freely movable joint such as the shoulder, elbow, hip or knee. Its structures reduce friction and increase stability: articular cartilage covers bone ends; synovial fluid lubricates the joint; the joint capsule encloses the joint; and ligaments hold bones together.
滑膜关节是如肩、肘、髋、膝等可自由活动的关节。其结构可减少摩擦并增加稳定性：关节软骨覆盖骨端；滑液润滑关节；关节囊包住关节；韧带将骨骼连接在一起。
Hinge joints, like the elbow and knee, allow flexion and extension only. Ball-and-socket joints, like the shoulder and hip, allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation, and circumduction. Use these terms precisely: ‘bending’ is not creditworthy, ‘flexion’ is.
铰链关节如肘关节和膝关节只允许屈曲和伸展。球窝关节如肩关节和髋关节允许屈曲、伸展、外展、内收、内旋、外旋和环转。要准确使用这些术语：写 ‘弯曲’ 不得分，写 ‘屈曲’ 才得分。
A common question asks you to identify the agonist and antagonist at a joint. For elbow flexion during a biceps curl: the biceps brachii is the agonist because it contracts and shortens; the triceps brachii is the antagonist because it relaxes and lengthens under control.
常见题要求你识别关节处的主动肌和拮抗肌。例如在二头肌弯举中肘关节屈曲：肱二头肌是主动肌，因为它收缩变短；肱三头肌是拮抗肌，因为它在控制下放松变长。
4. Muscular System & Antagonistic Pairs |
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