📚 IGCSE Chemistry Content Overview | IGCSE 化学内容概览
The IGCSE Chemistry syllabus (Cambridge 0620/0971) gives learners a broad understanding of chemical principles, practical skills and everyday applications. This overview summarises the main content areas, key equations and common terms that appear across the course, helping students plan revision and connect topics from particles to organic chemistry.
IGCSE 化学大纲（Cambridge 0620/0971）旨在让学生广泛理解化学原理、实验技能和日常应用。本文概括主要知识模块、关键方程式和常用术语，帮助学生在复习时从微粒、元素到有机化学建立清晰的知识框架。
1. The particulate nature of matter | 物质的微粒本质
All matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion. The three states of matter — solid, liquid and gas — are explained by the arrangement, separation and movement of particles. Changes of state such as melting, boiling, condensation and sublimation are physical changes because no new substance forms.
所有物质都由不断运动的微小粒子组成。固态、液态和气态三种状态可用粒子的排列、间距和运动来解释。熔化、沸腾、冷凝和升华等状态变化属于物理变化，因为没有生成新物质。
Diffusion is the random movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Lighter gas particles diffuse faster than heavier particles at the same temperature, as shown by the diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride. Gas pressure is caused by particles colliding with the walls of a container; heating increases particle kinetic energy and raises pressure at constant volume.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的随机运动。在相同温度下，较轻的气体粒子比较重的粒子扩散得更快，例如氨气与氯化氢气体的扩散实验。气体压强由粒子撞击容器壁产生；加热会增加粒子动能，使恒容条件下的压强升高。
2. Experimental techniques | 实验技术
IGCSE practical work requires safe use of apparatus for measuring time, temperature, mass and volume. Common items include burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders, balances and gas syringes. Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid, while crystallisation obtains a soluble salt from its solution.
IGCSE 实验要求安全使用测量时间、温度、质量和体积的仪器。常用器材包括滴定管、移液管、量筒、天平和气体注射器。过滤用于将不溶性固体从液体中分离，结晶用于从溶液中获得可溶性盐。
Distillation separates a solvent from a solution or separates liquids with different boiling points. Fractional distillation is used for miscible liquids such as ethanol and water. Paper chromatography separates small amounts of dissolved substances based on their different solubilities in a solvent, and a pure substance can be identified by its melting point or boiling point.
蒸馏用于从溶液中分离溶剂或分离沸点不同的液体。分馏适用于互溶液体，如乙醇和水的混合物。纸色谱法根据物质在溶剂中溶解度的差异分离少量溶解组分，纯物质可通过熔点或沸点进行鉴别。
3. Atoms, elements and compounds | 原子、元素和化合物
An atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. The proton number, also called the atomic number, defines the element, and the mass number is the total number of protons plus neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different numbers of neutrons.
原子由质子、中子和电子组成。质子数也叫原子序数，决定元素种类；质量数是质子数与中子数之和。同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同一元素的原子。
Electrons are arranged in shells, with a maximum of 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the second and 8 in the third for the elements studied. An element is a substance made from one type of atom, while a compound contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
电子分层排布，在前三壳层中最多分别容纳 2、8、8 个电子。元素是由一种原子组成的物质，化合物是由两种或多种元素按固定比例化学结合而成。混合物含有两种或多种未发生化学结合的物质。
4. Stoichiometry | 化学计量Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导