KS3 Activate 1 Science: Core Concepts and Skills | KS3 Activate 1 科学：核心概念与技能

📚 KS3 Activate 1 Science: Core Concepts and Skills | KS3 Activate 1 科学：核心概念与技能

This revision article covers the core ideas in the Oxford KS3 Science Activate 1 student book by Philippa Gardom Hulme, Jo Locke and Helen Reynolds. It follows the CIE KS3 curriculum and is intended to help you review key concepts, practise scientific vocabulary and prepare for end-of-topic tests.

本文复习 Oxford KS3 Science Activate 1 学生用书（Philippa Gardom Hulme、Jo Locke 与 Helen Reynolds 著）的核心内容，对应 CIE KS3 课程要求，帮助学生梳理关键概念、熟悉科学术语并准备单元测验。

1. Working Scientifically | 科学探究方法

Working scientifically is about asking questions, designing fair tests and using evidence. The independent variable is the one you change, the dependent variable is the one you measure, and control variables are kept the same to make the test fair.

科学探究包括提出问题、设计公平实验和运用证据。自变量是实验中主动改变的量，因变量是测量的量，控制变量则保持不变，以保证实验公平。

When recording data, use a table with headings and units. Repeat readings improve reliability, and an anomalous result is one that does not fit the pattern. In a graph, plot the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis.

记录数据时应使用带标题和单位的表格。重复测量可以提高可靠性，异常值是明显偏离整体规律的数据。绘图时，将自变量标在 x 轴，因变量标在 y 轴。

Always follow safety rules: wear eye protection, stand up during practical work, and never taste chemicals. Use a Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat and open the air hole only when a blue flame is needed.

实验时必须遵守安全规则：佩戴护目镜、实验时站立、绝不品尝化学药品。使用本生灯时放在隔热垫上，仅在需要蓝色火焰时打开气孔。

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2. Cells and Microscopes | 细胞与显微镜

All living organisms are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria. Plant cells have the same parts plus a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts, which absorb light for photosynthesis.

所有生物都由细胞构成。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体。植物细胞除了这些结构外，还有细胞壁、大液泡和叶绿体，叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用。

A microscope magnifies small objects. Total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification × objective lens magnification. For example, a ×10 eyepiece and a ×40 objective give ×400 magnification.

显微镜可以放大微小物体。总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。例如，10 倍目镜和 40 倍物镜的总放大倍数为 400 倍。

total magnification = eyepiece magnification × objective magnification

To prepare a slide, place a thin specimen on a glass slide, add a drop of water or stain such as iodine, and lower a coverslip slowly to avoid air bubbles.

制作装片时，将薄的材料放在载玻片上，滴加一滴水或碘液等染液，然后缓慢放下盖玻片，避免产生气泡。

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3. Structure and Function of Body Systems | 人体系统的结构与功能

Cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into organ systems. For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which makes up the heart, an organ in the circulatory system.

细胞组成组织，组织组成器官，器官组成器官系统。例如，肌细胞构成肌肉组织，肌肉组织构成心脏，心脏是循环系统的器官。

The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Air travels through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli, where gas exchange happens with the blood.

呼吸系统吸入氧气并排出二氧化碳。空气依次经过气管、支气管和细支气管到达肺泡，肺泡与血液进行气体交换。

The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into small soluble molecules. The small intestine is the main site of absorption into the blood.

消化系统将大分子食物分解为小分子可溶性物质。小肠是营养物质吸收进入血液的主要场所。

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4. Reproduction in Humans and Plants | 人类与植物的生殖

In humans, the male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes, while the female reproductive system releases egg cells from the ovaries. Fertilisation occurs when a sperm nucleus fuses with an egg nucleus in the oviduct.

人类男性生殖系统在睾丸中产生精子，女性生殖系统从卵巢排出卵细胞。当精子的细胞核与卵细胞核在输卵管中融合时，发生受精。

The fertilised egg implants in the uterus and develops into a foetus. The placenta allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother’s blood to the foetus, and waste to pass back.

受精卵在子宫内着床并发育成胎儿。胎盘使氧气和营养物质从母体血液传递给胎儿，并将废物传回母体。

In flowering plants, pollen is made in the anther and transferred to the stigma during pollination. After fertilisation, the ovary becomes a fruit and the ovules become seeds.

在开花植物中，花粉在花药中产生，传粉时传到柱头上。受精后，子房发育成果实，胚珠发育成种子。

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5. Particles and Their Behaviour | 粒子及其行为

The particle model describes matter as tiny particles that are always moving. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions; in liquids, they move around each other; in gases, they move freely and fill their container.

粒子模型将物质描述为不断运动的微小粒子。固体中粒子在固定位置振动；液体中粒子可以相对滑动；气体中粒子自由运动并充满容器。

Changes of state include melting, freezing, boiling, evaporating, condensing and subliming. During a change of state, the temperature stays the same because energy is used to break or form bonds between particles, not to raise the temperature.

物态变化包括熔化、凝固、沸腾、蒸发、冷凝和升华。物态变化过程中温度保持不变，因为能量用于破坏或形成粒子间的键，而不是升高温度。

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It happens fastest in gases and slowest in solids.

扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域运动的过程。扩散在气体中最快，在固体中最慢。

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6. Elements, Atoms and Compounds | 元素、原子与化合物

An element contains only one type of atom. The periodic table lists all known elements, each with a chemical symbol. Many symbols are one or two letters, such as H for hydrogen, O for oxygen and Fe for iron.

元素只含有一种原子。元素周期表列出了所有已知元素，每种元素有一个化学符号。符号通常为一个或两个字母，如 H 代表氢，O 代表氧，Fe 代表铁。

Atoms can join together to form molecules. A compound contains two or more different elements chemically bonded together. For example, water (H₂O) contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) contains carbon and oxygen.

原子可以结合形成分子。化合物由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成。例如，水 (H₂O) 含有氢原子和氧原子，二氧化碳 (CO₂) 含有碳原子和氧原子。

A mixture contains different substances that are not chemically bonded, so they can be separated by physical methods such as filtration, evaporation or distillation.

混合物包含的不是化学键结合的不同物质，因此可以通过过滤、蒸发或蒸馏等物理方法进行分离。

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7. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应

A chemical reaction forms new substances. Signs of a reaction include colour change, gas bubbles, precipitate formation, and energy change as heat or light.

化学反应生成新物质。反应现象包括颜色变化、产生气泡、生成沉淀以及以热或光形式出现的能量变化。

Word equations show reactants on the left and products on the right, with an arrow in between. For example: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.

文字表达式左侧写反应物，右侧写生成物，中间用箭头连接。例如：镁 + 氧气 →

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