Mastering AQA A Level Chemistry Insert 4 (June 2022): IR and NMR Data Tables | 掌握 AQA A Level 化学数据手册第4页（2022年6月）：红外与核磁数据表

📚 Mastering AQA A Level Chemistry Insert 4 (June 2022): IR and NMR Data Tables | 掌握 AQA A Level 化学数据手册第4页（2022年6月）：红外与核磁数据表

The AQA A Level Chemistry insert for the June 2022 series provides essential reference data for organic analysis. Insert 4 is one of the most valuable pages because it contains the infrared absorption table together with the ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shift tables. Students who learn to navigate these tables quickly can save time in Paper 2 and Paper 3, especially on structure determination questions.

AQA A Level 化学 2022 年 6 月系列的随卷数据手册为有机分析提供了关键参考数据。第 4 页是最有价值的页面之一，因为它包含了红外吸收表以及 ¹H 和 ¹³C 核磁共振化学位移表。能够快速查阅这些表格的学生，可以在卷二和卷三的结构推断题中节省大量时间。

1. What Is Insert 4? | 什么是第 4 页数据表？

In AQA A Level Chemistry exams, a data booklet is issued as an insert. For the June 2022 series, Insert 4 contains the spectroscopic reference tables most commonly tested in organic structure determination. These include Table A for infrared absorption data, Table B for proton NMR chemical shifts, and Table C for carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts. The insert does not include mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns, so those must be recalled from memory.

在 AQA A Level 化学考试中，数据手册作为插页随卷发放。在 2022 年 6 月系列考试中，第 4 页包含了有机物结构推断题中最常考查的光谱参考表。这些表格包括红外吸收数据表 A、质子核磁共振化学位移表 B 以及碳-13 核磁共振化学位移表 C。该插页不包含质谱碎裂模式，因此这些内容需要考生在复习中记忆。

Insert 4 is designed to support analytical techniques, but it does not replace understanding. AQA examiners expect candidates to know what each table means, how to use it to identify functional groups, and how to combine it with molecular formula evidence to deduce a full structure.

第 4 页旨在支持分析方法，但它不能替代理解。AQA 考官期望考生知道每个表格的含义、如何用它识别官能团，以及如何结合分子式证据推断出完整结构。

2. Table A: Infrared Absorption Data | 表 A：红外吸收数据

Table A lists characteristic infrared absorption ranges for common covalent bonds. Infrared spectroscopy measures bond vibrations, and different bonds absorb at different wavenumbers, expressed in cm⁻¹. A molecule is identified by matching the observed peaks, especially strong and sharp stretches in the functional group region from about 1500 cm⁻¹ to 4000 cm⁻¹.

表 A 列出了常见共价键的特征红外吸收范围。红外光谱测量键的振动，不同的键在不同的波数（以 cm⁻¹ 表示）处吸收。分子是通过匹配观察到的峰来鉴定的，尤其是在约 1500 cm⁻¹ 到 4000 cm⁻¹ 的官能团区域中的强而尖锐的伸缩振动峰。

The most important bands to recognise from the AQA table include O–H, N–H, C≡N, C=O, C=C, and C–Cl stretches. The table below summarises typical ranges you should use when analysing a spectrum.

需要从 AQA 表中识别的最重要谱带包括 O–H、N–H、C≡N、C=O、C=C 和 C–Cl 伸缩振动。下表总结了你分析光谱时应使用的典型范围。

In the exam, always quote ranges rather than a single exact wavenumber. AQA mark schemes accept values within the ranges given in Insert 4, provided they are used consistently with the functional group present.

在考试中，始终引用范围而不是单一的精确波数。AQA 评分标准接受第 4 页给出的范围内的数值，只要它们与所含官能团一致即可。

3. How to Interpret an IR Spectrum | 如何解读红外光谱

Begin by focusing on the region above 1500 cm⁻¹, which is called the functional group region. Look first for the strongest and most diagnostically useful peaks: a broad O–H stretch, a sharp C≡N stretch, or a strong C=O stretch. If there is a C=O peak, narrow down the exact functional group using the other data such as an acid O–H or an N–H peak.

首先关注 1500 cm⁻¹ 以上的区域，该区域称为官能团区域。首先寻找最强和最具诊断价值的峰：宽的 O–H 伸缩振动、尖锐的 C≡N 伸缩振动或强的 C=O 伸缩振动。如果有 C=O 峰，则利用其他数据（如酸 O–H 或 N–H 峰）缩小官能团范围。

• Step 1: Identify the functional group region peaks and match them to Table A ranges. Record the likely bond and functional group.

  步骤 1：识别官能团区域的峰，并将其与表 A 的范围匹配。记录可能的键和官能团。

• Step 2: Check the fingerprint region below 1500 cm⁻¹ only if you need to distinguish between isomers. Do not try to assign every peak there.

  步骤 2：只有在需要区分同分异构体时才检查 1500 cm⁻¹ 以下的指纹区域。不要试图归属那里的每一个峰。

• Step 3: Combine the IR evidence with the molecular formula and NMR data to confirm the structure. One functional group alone is rarely sufficient.

  步骤 3：将红外证据与分子式和核磁数据结合起来确认结构。单独一个官能团通常不够。

4. Table B: ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts | 表 B：¹H NMR 化学位移

Table B in Insert 4 lists typical chemical shift ranges for protons in different chemical environments. The chemical shift, given in parts per million (ppm), depends on the electron density around the proton. Protons attached to carbons next to electronegative atoms such as oxygen or chlorine appear at higher δ values.

第 4 页中的表 B 列出了不同化学环境中质子的典型化学位移范围。化学位移以百万分之一（ppm）为单位，取决于质子周围的电子密度。与氧或氯等电负性原子相邻的碳上的质子会出现在较高的 δ 值处。

Key ranges include alkyl protons at δ 0.7–1.6, protons on carbons attached to oxygen at δ 3.3–4.0, alkene protons at δ 4.5–6.0, aromatic protons at δ 6.0–8.5, aldehyde protons at δ 9.3–10.5, and carboxylic acid protons at δ 10.5–12.0.

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