📚 Separating Metals from Their Ores | 从矿石中分离金属
Most metals are found in rocks called ores. An ore contains a metal compound, often an oxide, mixed with unwanted rock. To obtain the pure metal, we must separate it from its ore using chemical reactions. The method chosen depends mainly on the reactivity of the metal.
大多数金属存在于叫做矿石的岩石中。矿石含有金属化合物，通常是氧化物，并混有不需要的岩石。为了获得纯金属，我们必须通过化学反应将其从矿石中分离出来。选择的方法主要取决于金属的活动性。
1. What is an Ore? | 什么是矿石？
An ore is a naturally occurring rock that contains enough metal compound to make extraction worthwhile. The metal is usually combined with oxygen or sulfur. For example, haematite is an iron ore containing iron(III) oxide, Fe₂O₃. Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium and contains aluminium oxide, Al₂O₃.
矿石是一种天然存在的岩石，含有足够多的金属化合物，使提取变得有价值。金属通常与氧或硫结合。例如，赤铁矿是一种铁矿石，含有氧化铁(III)，Fe₂O₃。铝土矿是铝的主要矿石，含有氧化铝，Al₂O₃。
Three common ores are:
三种常见矿石是：
- Haematite, Fe₂O₃, contains iron | 赤铁矿，Fe₂O₃，含铁
- Bauxite, Al₂O₃, contains aluminium | 铝土矿，Al₂O₃，含铝
- Galena, PbS, contains lead | 方铅矿，PbS，含铅
2. Native Metals | 天然金属
Very unreactive metals such as gold, silver and sometimes copper are found as elements in the Earth’s crust. They do not need chemical extraction because they do not readily form compounds. Gold can be separated from sand and gravel by physical methods such as panning or filtering.
非常不活泼的金属，如金、银，有时还有铜，以单质形式存在于地壳中。它们不需要化学提取，因为它们不容易形成化合物。金可以通过淘洗或过滤等物理方法从沙子和砾石中分离出来。
This explains why gold has been used by humans for thousands of years. It does not tarnish or react easily with air or water.
这解释了为什么人类使用黄金已有数千年历史。它不易失去光泽，也不易与空气或水反应。
3. The Reactivity Series and Carbon | 金属活动性顺序与碳
The reactivity series lists metals from most reactive to least reactive. Carbon is included because it is a cheap reducing agent. Metals below carbon in the series can be extracted by heating with carbon. Metals above carbon must be extracted by electrolysis.
金属活动性顺序将金属从最活泼到最不活泼排列。碳也被列入，因为它是一种廉价的还原剂。顺序中位于碳以下的金属可以通过与碳一起加热来提取。位于碳以上的金属必须通过电解提取。
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > C > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Ag > Au
Potassium is the most reactive metal shown, and gold is the least reactive. Hydrogen is included as a reference for reactions with acids.
钾是所示金属中最活泼的，金是最不活泼的。氢作为与酸反应的参照列入。
4. Choosing an Extraction Method | 选择提取方法Published by TutorHao | KS3 Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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