📚 IGCSE CAIE Geography: Core Knowledge Checklist | IGCSE CAIE 地理：核心知识点梳理
This article summarises the core knowledge tested in the CAIE IGCSE Geography syllabus. Use it as a revision checklist to identify strengths and gaps before the exam.
本文梳理 CAIE IGCSE 地理大纲中的核心知识点，可作为考前复习清单，帮助你查漏补缺、明确重点。
1. Map Skills and Geographical Enquiry | 地图技能与地理探究
Map skills are often assessed in Paper 1 and support all other topics. You must be able to read six-figure grid references, measure distances using scale, and interpret contour lines, spot heights and cross-sections.
地图技能在试卷一和所有其他主题中都有考查。你必须学会阅读六位坐标网格、根据比例尺量算距离，并能判读等高线、高程点和剖面图。
Key skills include using 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 Ordnance Survey maps, recognising landforms from contour patterns, and calculating gradient as vertical interval divided by horizontal equivalent.
核心技能包括使用 1:25,000 和 1:50,000 英国地形测量图、根据等高线形态识别地貌，以及用垂直高差除以水平距离计算坡度。
- Six-figure grid references to locate points — 六位坐标网格定位点
- Scale conversion: 1:25,000 means 1 cm = 250 m on the ground — 比例尺换算：1:25,000 表示图距 1 厘米对应实地 250 米
- Contour lines: close spacing = steep slope; wide spacing = gentle slope — 等高线：密集表示陡坡，稀疏表示缓坡
- Cross-sections show relief and landform shape along a line — 剖面图显示沿线地势起伏和地貌形态
Gradient = Vertical interval ÷ Horizontal equivalent
Always practise interpreting photographs, maps and graphs together, because CAIE often combines several sources in one question. Fieldwork enquiry skills include forming a hypothesis, collecting primary and secondary data, presenting results and evaluating limitations.
练习时要结合照片、地图和图表进行综合判读，因为 CAIE 常常在一道题中组合多种资料来源。实地调查技能包括提出假设、收集一手和二手数据、展示结果以及评估局限性。
2. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year, while the crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Natural increase is the difference between the two.
粗出生率是每年每千人中的活产婴儿数，粗死亡率是每年每千人中的死亡人数。自然增长率就是两者之差。
Natural increase = Birth rate – Death rate (per 1,000 per year)
Population growth rate also includes net migration, so the full equation is (birth rate – death rate) + net migration rate. Population structure is shown by population pyramids, which display age and sex cohorts.
人口增长率还要计入净移民，因此完整公式为（出生率 – 死亡率）+ 净移民率。人口结构通过人口金字塔来展示，它反映不同年龄组和性别的队列。
A wide base indicates high birth rates and a youthful population, while a narrow base suggests an ageing population with low fertility. The demographic transition model describes stages of population change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
金字塔底部宽表示出生率高、人口年轻化；底部窄则说明人口老龄化、生育率低。人口转型模型描述了出生率和死亡率从高位同步下降到低位的变化阶段。
| Stage | Birth rate | Death rate | Population change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 High fluctuating | High | High | Slow growth |
| 2 Early expanding | High | Falling | Rapid growth |
| 3 Late expanding | Falling | Low | Growth slowing |
| 4 Low fluctuating | Low | Low | Stable or slow decline |
Questions often ask you to compare two pyramids or explain why a country has a youthful or ageing population. Link causes such as healthcare, education, family planning and economic development to population change.
考题常要求比较两个人口金字塔，或解释某国为何出现年轻化或老龄化人口。要把医疗、教育、计划生育和经济发展等原因与人口变化联系起来。
3. Migration and Urbanisation | 移民与城市化
Migration is the movement of people across a boundary, usually classified as internal or international. Push factors drive people away from an area, while pull factors attract them to a destination.
移民是人口跨越界线的迁移，通常分为国内移民和国际移民。推力因素使人们离开某地，拉力因素则吸引人们迁往目的地。
- Push factors: unemployment, war, drought, poor services — 推力因素：失业、战争、干旱、公共服务差
- Pull factors: job opportunities, better education, safety, healthcare — 拉力因素：就业机会、更好的教育、安全、医疗
Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities. In many emerging economies, rural-to-urban migration drives rapid urban growth and informal settlements.
城市化是城镇人口比例不断上升的过程。在许多新兴经济体，乡城迁移推动城市快速增长并形成非正规聚落。
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from cities to rural areas, often seen in high-income countries. It can lead to new housing estates, increased commuting and pressure on village services.
逆城市化是人口从城市迁往乡村的过程，常见于高收入国家。它可能导致新建住宅区、通勤增加以及乡村服务压力加大。
Urban problems include traffic congestion, housing shortages, air and water pollution, and social inequality. Sustainable city management includes integrated transport, affordable housing, green spaces and waste recycling.
城市问题包括交通拥堵、住房短缺、空气和水污染以及社会不平等。可持续城市管理包括一体化交通、经济适用房、绿色空间和垃圾回收。
4. Plate Tectonics: Earthquakes and Volcanoes | 板块构造：地震与火山
The Earth’s crust is divided into tectonic plates that move by convection currents in the mantle. Plate boundaries can be constructive, destructive, conservative or collision zones.
地壳被分为若干构造板块，它们在地幔对流驱动下运动。板块边界可分为建设型、破坏型、保守型和碰撞型。
| Boundary type | Movement | Main features |
|---|---|---|
| Constructive | Plates move apart | Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, shield volcanoes, mild earthquakes |
| Destructive | Oceanic plate subducts under continental plate | Ocean trenches, volcanic arcs, powerful earthquakes |
| Collision | Two continental plates collide | Fold mountains, shallow earthquakes |
| Conservative | Plates slide past each other | Faults, earthquakes, no volcanoes |
Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale for magnitude and the Mercalli scale for intensity and observed effects. Volcanic eruptions can be effusive or explosive depending on magma viscosity and gas content.
地震震级用里氏震级表示，烈度和破坏程度用麦加利震级表示。火山喷发可呈溢流式或爆炸式，取决于岩浆粘度和气体含量。
Case studies require knowledge of causes, impacts and responses. For example, an earthquake in a high-income country may cause high economic losses but lower mortality than in a low-income country.
案例分析要掌握成因、影响和应对。例如，高收入国家的地震可能造成高额经济损失，但死亡人数通常低于低收入国家。
Management strategies include earthquake-resistant buildings, early warning systems, hazard mapping, evacuation drills and land-use zoning.
管理策略包括抗震建筑、预警系统、灾害制图、疏散演练和土地利用分区。
5. Rivers and Coasts | 河流与海岸
Rivers erode by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. They transport material by traction, saltation, suspension and solution, and deposit when energy decreases.
河流通过水力作用、磨蚀、磨圆和溶蚀进行侵蚀。河流以推移、跃移、悬移和溶解方式搬运物质，当能量降低时发生沉积。
River landforms include waterfalls and gorges, meanders and oxbow lakes, floodplains, levees and deltas. Each landform results from a specific combination of erosion, transport and deposition.
河流地貌包括瀑布与峡谷、曲流与牛轭湖、河漫滩、天然堤和三角洲。每一种地貌都是侵蚀、搬运和沉积特定组合的结果。
- Waterfall: resistant rock over soft rock, undercutting and plunge pool — 瀑布：硬岩覆盖软岩，下切侵蚀形成跌水潭
- Meander: lateral erosion on outer bend, deposition on inner bend — 曲流：凹岸侧蚀，凸岸沉积
- Delta: deposition at river mouth where velocity drops — 三角洲：河流入海口流速下降导致沉积
Coastal erosion is driven by wave action, including hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and corrosion. Landforms include headlands, bays, cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks.
海岸侵蚀由波浪作用驱动，包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨圆和溶蚀。地貌包括岬角、海湾、悬崖、海蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱和海蚀柱。
Coastal deposition occurs where wave energy is low, forming beaches, spits, bars and tombolos. Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast in the direction of prevailing waves.
海岸沉积发生在波浪能量较低的地方，形成海滩、沙嘴、障壁坝和连岛沙洲。沿岸漂移沿着盛行波浪方向搬运海岸沉积物。
Coastal management uses hard engineering such as sea walls and groynes, or soft engineering such as beach nourishment and managed retreat. Evaluate benefits and disadvantages in case studies.
海岸管理采用硬工程如海堤和丁坝，或软工程如海滩养护和后退管理。案例分析要评价其利弊。
6. Weather, Climate and Ecosystems | 天气、气候与生态系统
Weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere, while climate is the average weather over at least 30 years. Weather elements include temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity and atmospheric pressure.
天气是大气短时间内的状态，而气候是至少 30 年的平均天气状况。天气要素包括气温、降水、风、湿度和气压。
Rainfall types are convectional, relief or orographic, and frontal. Convectional rainfall occurs when warm air rises rapidly; relief rainfall occurs when moist air is forced over mountains; frontal rainfall occurs when warm and cold air masses meet.
降雨类型分为对流雨、地形雨和锋面雨。对流雨是暖空气迅速上升所致；地形雨是湿润空气被迫越过高山所致；锋面雨是冷暖空气相遇所致。
Climate zones include equatorial, tropical, desert, temperate and polar. Equatorial climates are hot and wet all year, while hot deserts have high daytime temperatures, low rainfall and high diurnal temperature range.
气候带包括赤道气候、热带气候、沙漠气候、温带气候和极地气候。赤道气候全年高温多雨，而热沙漠气候白天高温、降水稀少、昼夜温差大。
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment. Food chains show energy flow from producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers.
生态系统是生物群落与无机环境相互作用的统一整体。食物链显示能量从生产者到初级消费者、次级消费者和分解者的流动。
Rainforest ecosystems have high biodiversity and a layered structure with emergents, canopy, understorey and forest floor. Nutrient cycling is rapid, and soils are often thin and infertile if vegetation is removed.
雨林生态系统生物多样性高，具有露生层、树冠层、下木层和林地层。养分循环速度快，一旦植被被移除，土壤往往贫瘠而浅薄。
7. Development Indicators and Inequalities | 发展指标与不平等
Development is measured by economic indicators such as GDP per capita, employment structure and poverty rates, and by social indicators such as life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality.
发展水平既可用人均 GDP、就业结构和贫困率等经济指标衡量，也可用预期寿命、识字率和婴儿死亡率等社会指标衡量。
The Human Development Index (HDI) combines life expectancy, education and income into a single value from 0 to 1. The Gini coefficient measures income inequality within a country.
人类发展指数将预期寿命、教育和收入综合为一个 0 到 1 之间的数值。基尼系数用于衡量一个国家内部的收入不平等程度。
| Indicator type | Examples | What it shows |
|---|---|---|
| Economic | GDP per capita, unemployment, employment structure | Wealth and production |
| Social | Life expectancy, literacy, infant mortality, access to clean water | Quality of life |
| Composite | HDI, Gini coefficient | Overall development or inequality |
High-income countries tend to have low primary employment, high life expectancy and low population growth. Low-income countries often depend on agriculture, have high infant mortality and fast urban growth.
高收入国家通常第一产业就业比重低、预期寿命高、人口增长缓慢。低收入国家往往依赖农业、婴儿死亡率高、城市化速度快。
International aid can be bilateral, multilateral, emergency or development aid. Evaluate the benefits and limitations of aid, including dependency, debt and corruption.
国际援助可分为双边援助、多边援助、紧急援助和发展援助。要评价援助的好处与局限，包括依赖、债务和腐败问题。
8. Food Production and Industry | 粮食生产与工业
An agricultural system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. Inputs include physical factors such as relief, soil and climate, and human factors such as labour, capital and technology.
农业系统由投入、过程和产出组成。投入包括地形、土壤和气候等自然因素，也包括劳动力、资本和技术等人文因素。
Intensive farming uses high inputs per unit area to achieve high yields, while extensive farming uses large areas with low inputs per hectare. Subsistence farming produces for the family, whereas commercial farming sells produce for profit.
集约农业在单位面积上投入高以获取高产，粗放农业则使用大面积土地、每公顷投入较低。自给农业为家庭生产，商品农业则以盈利为目的出售产品。
The Green Revolution introduced
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