📚 IGCSE Cambridge Sociology: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE Cambridge 社会学：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook condenses the essential theoretical frameworks, research methods and statistical tools in the Cambridge IGCSE Sociology syllabus into clear, exam-ready statements. Although sociology is not a subject of mathematical laws, it has recurring ‘formulas’ of explanation – such as socialisation agents, stratification measures and research calculations – that you can apply to Paper 1 and Paper 2 questions.
本速查手册将剑桥 IGCSE 社会学大纲中的核心理论框架、研究方法和统计工具浓缩为清晰、备考实用的陈述。社会学虽然不是一门充满数学定律的学科，但它有一些反复出现的解释 ‘公式’，例如社会化媒介、分层测量指标和研究计算，你可以将其应用于 Paper 1 和 Paper 2 的题目。
1. Sociological Perspectives: Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism | 社会学视角：功能主义、马克思主义、女性主义
Functionalism compares society to a living organism in which each institution, such as the family or education, performs a function that maintains social order. Durkheim argued that shared norms create social solidarity, and Parsons emphasised that meritocratic institutions promote value consensus.
功能主义将社会比作一个生物有机体，其中每个制度（例如家庭或教育）都发挥着维持社会秩序的功能。涂尔干认为共享的规范创造了社会团结，帕森斯则强调精英管理制度促进价值观共识。
Marxism explains social life through conflict between the bourgeoisie, who own
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