📚 IGCSE WJEC Drama: Formula & Theorem Quick Revision Handbook | IGCSE WJEC 戏剧：公式定理速查手册
In WJEC IGCSE Drama, there are no mathematical formulas in the usual sense, but there are repeatable formulas and theorems for performance, design, and written evaluation. This handbook condenses the key ‘equations’ you need for devising, performing from a text, and interpreting theatre. Use each formula as a checklist in rehearsal and in exam responses.
在 WJEC IGCSE 戏剧中，虽然没有通常意义上的数学公式，但表演、设计和书面评论都有可复用的公式与定理。本手册浓缩了你需要掌握的关键“方程式”，涵盖编创、文本表演和戏剧阐释。在排练和考试答题时，请把每一条公式当作检查清单。
1. The Core Performance Equation | 核心表演公式
Actor + Space + Audience = Meaning
The core equation is: Actor + Space + Audience = Meaning. Every performance choice should be made because it creates meaning for an audience in a specific space.
核心公式是：演员 + 空间 + 观众 = 意义。每一个表演选择都应服务于在特定空间中为观众创造意义。
To use this equation, ask three questions: What do I want the audience to understand? How does the space affect my movement and voice? How does my presence change the space?
使用该公式时问三个问题：我希望观众理解什么？空间如何影响我的动作和声音？我的存在如何改变空间？
In the exam, avoid describing a performance choice without linking it to meaning. For example, do not write ‘I walked downstage’ without explaining that the move created intimacy or revealed the character’s private thought.
考试中，不要只描述表演选择而不联系意义。例如，不要只写“我走到舞台前部”，而要说明这一移动制造了亲密感，或揭示了角色的内心想法。
2. Vocal Formula: The Six Controls | 声音公式：六大控制
Vocal Expression = Projection + Articulation + Pitch + Pace + Pause + Tone
Vocal Expression = Projection + Articulation + Pitch + Pace + Pause + Tone. These six controls allow an actor to shift meaning without changing the words.
声音表达 = 音量投射 + 吐字清晰 + 音高 + 语速 + 停顿 + 语气。这六项控制能让演员在不改变台词的情况下改变含义。
- Projection: fill the space without shouting; use breath support from the diaphragm. | 音量投射：用横膈膜的气息支撑填满空间，而不是喊叫。
- Articulation: crisp consonants and clear vowels for clarity. | 吐字清晰：辅音清脆、元音清晰，确保台词清楚。
- Pitch: high/low variations to show status, emotion, and intention. | 音高：通过高低变化表现地位、情绪和意图。
- Pace: speed of delivery to create tension, excitement, or calm. | 语速：通过快慢制造紧张、兴奋或平静。
- Pause: silence for thought, power, or audience reaction. | 停顿：用静默表现思考、力量，或留给观众反应。
- Tone: emotional colour such as warm, cold, sarcastic, or fearful. | 语气：温暖、冷淡、讽刺、恐惧等情感色彩。
When writing about voice, be specific: ‘The actor used a rapid pace and rising pitch to show panic’ is stronger than ‘The actor sounded scared’.
写作时谈到声音要具体：“演员用快速语速和升高的音高表现恐慌”比“演员听起来害怕”更有力。
3. Physical Skills Theorem | 身体技能定理
Physical Expression = Posture + Gesture + Facial Expression + Proxemics + Gait + Eye Contact
Physical Expression = Posture + Gesture + Facial Expression + Proxemics + Gait + Eye Contact. The body communicates subtext before words do, so physical choices must be deliberate.
身体表达 = 姿态 + 手势 + 面部表情 + 身体距离 + 步态 + 眼神交流。身体先于台词传达潜台词，因此身体选择必须有意图。
- Posture: upright, slumped, closed, open; shows confidence, fear, age, status. | 姿态：挺直、蜷缩、封闭、开放；表现自信、恐惧、年龄、地位。
- Gesture: small, large, repeated, sharp, soft; can reveal nervous habits or intention. | 手势：细小、夸张、重复、突兀、柔和；能揭示紧张习惯或意图。
- Facial expression: eyebrows, mouth, eyes; must match or deliberately contradict speech. | 面部表情：眉毛、嘴、眼睛；要与台词一致或有意矛盾。
- Proxemics: distance between characters; shows intimacy, threat, power. | 身体距离：角色之间的距离；表现亲密、威胁、权力。
- Gait: speed, weight, rhythm of walking; suggests age, mood, social class. | 步态：走路的速度、重心、节奏；暗示年龄、情绪、社会阶层。
- Eye contact: direct, avoided, prolonged; controls connection and conflict. | 眼神交流：直视、回避、长时间注视；控制连接与冲突。
Physical skills are not just movement; they are the visible form of thought. In rehearsal, link every gesture to an internal impulse.
身体技能不只是动作，而是思想的外在形态。排练时，要把每个手势与内在动机联系起来。
4. Character Construction Formula | 角色构建公式
Character = Given Circumstances + Objectives + Obstacles + Tactics + Stakes
Character = Given Circumstances + Objectives + Obstacles + Tactics + Stakes. This is the Stanislavski-based action formula used in rehearsal and writing.
角色 = 给定情境 + 目标 + 障碍 + 策略 + 赌注。这是排练和写作中基于斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基体系的行动公式。
Given circumstances are the facts from the text: time, place, relationships, social class, previous events. They limit and shape all choices.
给定情境是文本提供的事实：时间、地点、关系、社会阶层、前史事件。它们限制并塑造所有选择。
Objectives are what the character wants in a scene; obstacles are what blocks them; tactics are the actions they use to get what they want; stakes are what will be won or lost.
目标是角色在场景中想要什么；障碍是阻碍他们的东西；策略是他们为达到目的采取的行动；赌注是将赢得或失去的东西。
A strong character cannot be built on adjectives alone. If you only say ‘she is angry’, you have not found her objective. If you say ‘she wants to humiliate her rival and fears losing her reputation’, the scene becomes actable.
一个立体的角色不能只靠形容词建立。如果你只说“她很生气”，你还没找到她的目标。如果你说“她想羞辱对手，又害怕失去名誉”，这场戏就变得可表演了。
5. Given Circumstances & Objective Theorem | 给定情境与目标定理
Objective = Active Verb + Target + Desired Outcome
An objective must be active and transitive: ‘I want to persuade X to…’ rather than ‘I want to be happy.’ Strong verbs drive the scene.
目标必须是主动且及物的：“我想要说服 X……”而不是“我想要快乐”。有力的动词驱动场景。
The given circumstances include the five Ws: who, what, when, where, and why. They are not optional background; they change how a line is delivered.
给定情境包括五个 W：谁、什么、何时、何地、为何。它们不是可有可无的背景；它们会改变一句台词被说出的方式。
For WJEC IGCSE Drama, when writing about a set text, use the given circumstances to justify performance choices. For example: ‘Because the scene is set in a wealthy drawing room in 1912, the actor’s formal posture and clipped tone reflect Edwardian social restraint.’
在 WJEC IGCSE 戏剧中，写指定文本时，要用给定情境为表演选择提供依据。例如：“因为这场戏发生在 1912 年富裕人家的客厅，演员正式的姿态和短促的语气反映出爱德华时代的社会克制。”
Remember that obstacles are essential. A scene without obstacles is not dramatic. The character must want something they cannot easily get.
记住，障碍必不可少。没有障碍的戏不是戏剧。角色必须想要某种不容易得到的东西。
6. Space and Proxemics Formula | 空间与身体距离公式
Proxemics = Distance + Angle + Level + Body Orientation
Proxemics = Distance + Angle + Level + Body Orientation. Distance zones include intimate, personal, social, and public; changing distance changes tension and status.
身体距离 = 距离 + 角度 + 高度 + 身体朝向。距离区域包括亲密、个人、社交、公共；改变距离会改变紧张感和地位。
- Intimate distance: very close, for secrets, threats, or love. | 亲密距离：非常近，用于秘密、威胁或爱意。
- Personal distance: normal conversation between friends. | 个人距离：朋友间的正常交谈。
- Social distance: formal, professional, or unfamiliar relationships. |
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