📚 IGCSE WJEC Music: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | IGCSE WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the TutorHao WJEC IGCSE Music revision guide. This article collects the essential musical terms you need to recognise, define and use in listening, performing and composing tasks. Use the paired English and Chinese explanations to build quick recall, and test yourself by covering one side of each pair.
欢迎使用 TutorHao 的 WJEC IGCSE 音乐复习指南。本文汇集你在聆听、演奏和创作任务中需要识别、定义和运用的核心音乐术语。利用中英对照解释快速记忆，并遮住其中一侧进行自测。
1. Dynamics | 力度术语
Dynamic markings tell performers how loud or soft to play. The main static levels are pianissimo (pp) very soft, piano (p) soft, mezzo piano (mp) moderately soft, mezzo forte (mf) moderately loud, forte (f) loud and fortissimo (ff) very loud.
力度标记告诉演奏者应当奏得多响或多轻。主要的静态力度级别包括 pianissimo (pp) 很弱、piano (p) 弱、mezzo piano (mp) 中弱、mezzo forte (mf) 中强、forte (f) 强以及 fortissimo (ff) 很强。
Gradual changes are equally important: crescendo (cresc.) means getting louder, while diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo means getting softer. A sforzando (sfz) is a sudden strong accent on a single note or chord.
渐变的力度变化同样重要：crescendo (cresc.) 表示逐渐增强，而 diminuendo (dim.) 或 decrescendo 表示逐渐减弱。sforzando (sfz) 是指某个音符或和弦突然得到强烈重音。
2. Tempo and Tempo Changes | 速度与变速
Tempo marks describe the speed of the beat. From slow to fast, common Italian terms include largo (very slow and broad), adagio (slow), andante (walking pace), moderato (moderate), allegro (fast and lively), vivace (very lively) and presto (very fast).
速度标记描述节拍进行的快慢。从慢到快，常见的意大利术语包括 largo（很慢且宽广）、adagio（慢）、andante（步行速度）、moderato（中速）、allegro（快而活泼）、vivace（非常活泼）以及 presto（很快）。
Composers often change tempo within a piece: accelerando (accel.) means gradually getting faster, rallentando (rall.) and ritardando (rit.) mean gradually slowing down, and a tempo tells the performer to return to the original speed.
作曲家常在作品中改变速度：accelerando (accel.) 表示逐渐加快，rallentando (rall.) 和 ritardando (rit.) 表示逐渐减慢，而 a tempo 则要求演奏者回到原来的速度。
3. Articulation and Playing Techniques | 发音与演奏法
Articulation describes how individual notes are attacked and connected. Legato means smooth and connected, staccato means short and detached, tenuto means held for its full value, and an accent means the note is emphasised or attacked more strongly.
发音法描述每个音符如何起音和连接。Legato 表示平滑连贯，staccato 表示短促分离，tenuto 表示充分保持时值，accent 表示该音被强调或更有力地起音。
Specific instrumental techniques also carry Italian terms. On string instruments, pizzicato means plucking the strings with the fingers, arco means using the bow, and tremolo means rapid repetition of a note. A slur is a curved line indicating that notes should be played legato.
特定的乐器演奏技巧也有意大利术语。在弦乐器上，pizzicato 表示用手指拨弦，arco 表示用弓演奏，tremolo 表示快速重复一个音。slur（连音线）是一条弧线，表示其下的音符应连奏。
4. Expression and Style Markings | 表情与风格指示
Expression markings guide the character or mood of a passage. Cantabile means in a singing style, dolce means sweetly, espressivo means expressively, agitato means agitated or restless, and maestoso means majestic.
表情标记指导乐段的性格或情绪。Cantabile 表示如歌地，dolce 表示甜美地，espressivo 表示富有表情地，agitato 表示激动不安地，maestoso 表示庄严宏伟地。
Other common style terms include con brio (with vigour or spirit), grazioso (gracefully) and rubato (flexible tempo for expressive effect). In WJEC listening questions, these terms often describe the overall mood of an extract.
其他常见的风格术语包括 con brio（有活力地）、grazioso（优雅地）和 rubato（弹性速度以增强表现力）。在 WJEC 聆听题中，这些术语常用来描述选段的整体情绪。
5. Form and Structure | 曲式与结构
Musical form is the overall plan of a piece. Binary form has two contrasting sections, usually labelled AB. Ternary form has three sections, ABA, where the first section returns after a contrasting middle section. Rondo form uses a recurring main theme, such as ABACA.
音乐曲式是作品的整体布局。二段体（binary form）有两个对比乐段，通常标记为 AB。三段体（ternary form）有三个乐段，即 ABA，对比中段之后第一段再现。回旋曲式（rondo form）使用反复出现的主部主题，如 ABACA。
Theme and variations presents a melody followed by altered versions of it. Strophic form uses the same music for each verse of a song. Through-composed form introduces new music throughout without large repeated sections. Call and response alternates a leader phrase with a group answer, and an ostinato is a repeated musical pattern.
主题与变奏（theme and variations）先呈示一段旋律，随后是它的多次变化版本。分节歌（strophic form）为每段歌词使用相同音乐。通谱体（through-composed form）则不断引入新音乐，没有大的重复段落。呼应（call and response）让领唱乐句与群体应答交替出现，而 ostinato 是不断重复的音乐模式。
6. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard and how they relate. Monophonic texture has a single melody line with no accompaniment. Homophonic texture features a main melody supported by chords, which is sometimes called melody and accompaniment.
织体描述我们能听到多少个声音层次以及它们之间的关系。单声织体（monophonic）只有一条旋律线，没有伴奏。主调织体（homophonic）以主旋律加和弦伴奏为特征，有时称为旋律与伴奏。
Polyphonic texture has two or more independent melodies sounding together. Heterophonic texture occurs when performers play slightly different versions of the same melody at the same time. Unison means all parts share the same pitch or rhythm, canon is a strict overlapping imitation, and imitation is a broader term for parts copying each other.
复调织体（polyphonic）有两条或更多独立旋律同时进行。支声织体（heterophonic）指演奏者同时奏出同一旋律的不同变体。unison 表示所有声部使用相同音高或节奏，canon 是严格的先后模仿，而 imitation 是声部之间相互模仿的更广义术语。
7. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony concerns the chords that accompany a melody. The tonic chord (I) is the home chord and gives a sense of rest. The dominant chord (V) creates tension that usually resolves to the tonic, while the subdominant chord (IV) provides a move away from the tonic.
和声涉及伴随旋律的和弦。主和弦（I）是归和弦，给人稳定感。属和弦（V）制造紧张感，通常解决到主和弦，而下属和弦（IV）则形成离开主和弦的进行。
Tonality describes the key system of a piece. Major keys tend to sound bright or happy, minor keys tend to sound darker or sadder, and modal music uses older scale patterns such as Dorian or Mixolydian. Chromatic notes lie outside the main key and add colour or tension.
调性描述作品使用的音阶体系。大调通常听感明亮或欢快，小调往往更阴暗或悲伤，而调式音乐使用多利亚、米索利底亚等古老音阶模式。半音化音符位于主调之外，为音乐增添色彩或紧张感。
Cadences are the musical punctuation at phrase endings: perfect (V-I) sounds complete, imperfect (ends on V) sounds unfinished, plagal (IV-I) is often called the Amen cadence, and interrupted (V-vi) surprises the listener by avoiding the tonic.
终止式是乐句结尾的音乐标点：完全终止（V-I）听起来完整，不完全终止（结束于 V）听起来未完成，变格终止（IV-I）常被称为阿门终止，而阻碍终止（V-vi）通过避开主和弦给听者带来意外。
8. Melody and Intervals | 旋律与音程
Melody is the main tune of a piece. Conjunct movement is stepwise and smooth, while disjunct movement uses leaps. Range is the distance between the lowest and highest notes, and register refers to the high, middle or low area where a melody sits.
旋律是作品的主要曲调。级进（conjunct movement）是逐级进行、较为平稳，跳进（disjunct movement）则包含音程跳跃。range（音域）是最低音与最高音之间的距离，register（音区）指旋律所处的高、中或低区域。
A sequence is a melodic pattern repeated immediately at a higher or lower pitch. An arpeggio is a broken chord where notes are played one after another. Common intervals are unison, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and octave. Pentatonic and blues scales are often used in folk and popular music.
sequence（模进）是旋律型立刻在更高或更低音高上重复。arpeggio（琶音）是将和弦音依次奏出的分解和弦。常见音程包括同度、二度、三度、四度、五度、六度、七度和八度。五声音阶和布鲁斯音阶常用于民间音乐和流行音乐。
9. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds in time. Beat and pulse refer to the steady underlying time unit. A bar or measure is a group of beats, and the time signature shows how many beats are in each bar and what note value represents one beat.
节奏是声音长短在时间中的组织模式。beat 和 pulse 指稳定潜在的时间单位。bar 或 measure 是一组拍子，而 time signature（拍号）标明每小节有多少拍以及以何种音符为一拍。
Simple time signatures such as 2/4, 3/4 and 4/4 divide each beat into two equal parts. Compound time signatures such as 6/8, 9/8 and 12/8 divide each beat into three equal parts. Duple, triple and quadruple metre describe two, three or four main beats per bar.
单拍子拍号如 2/4、3/4 和 4/4 将每一拍分成两个等份。复拍子拍号如 6/8、9/8 和 12/8 将每一拍分成三个等份。二拍子、三拍子和四拍子分别描述每小节两、三或四个主要拍子。
Syncopation places accents on weak beats or off-beats to create rhythmic surprise. Dotted rhythm uses a dot to extend a note by half of its original value, and swing rhythm gives unequal long-short pairs typical of jazz.
切分音（syncopation）把重音放在弱拍或拍间，制造节奏上的意外感。附点节奏（dotted rhythm）用附点将音符延长原时值的一半，而摇摆节奏（swing rhythm）使用爵士乐中典型的长短不等的音对。
10. Instruments, Voices and Timbre | 乐器、声乐与音色
The orchestra has four main families. Strings include violin, viola, cello, double bass and harp. Woodwind includes flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and saxophone. Brass includes trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba. Percussion includes tuned instruments such as timpani and untuned instruments such as snare drum and cymbals.
管弦乐队包括四个主要乐器组。弦乐组有小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴和竖琴。木管组有长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管和萨克斯管。铜管组有小号、圆号、长号和大号。打击乐组包括定音鼓等定音打击乐以及小军鼓和钹等不定音打击乐。
Choral voices are usually described as soprano, alto, tenor and bass, often abbreviated SATB. Soprano is the highest female voice, alto is the lower female or upper male voice, tenor is the higher male voice, and bass is the lowest male voice. Timbre, or tone colour, is the unique quality of a sound that allows us to identify an instrument or voice.
合唱声部通常分为女高音（soprano）、女低音（alto）、男高音（tenor）和男低音（bass），常缩写为 SATB。女高音是最高女声，女低音是较低女声或较高男声，男高音是较高男声，男低音是最低男声。Timbre（音色）是声音的独特品质，使我们能辨认出乐器或人声。
11. World and Traditional Music Terms | 世界与传统音乐术语
World music extracts in WJEC often use specific vocabulary. Gamelan is an Indonesian ensemble of tuned percussion and gongs. A raga is a melodic framework used in Indian classical music, and tala is its repeating rhythmic cycle.
WJEC 中的世界音乐选段常使用特定词汇。Gamelan（加美兰）是印度尼西亚的定音打击乐和锣合奏。raga（拉格）是印度古典音乐使用的旋律框架，tala（塔拉）是其循环节奏模式。
African and Latin American traditions also appear. The djembe is a West African goblet drum, samba is a Brazilian dance style with strong percussion, and bossa nova is a laid-back Brazilian style with syncopated guitar rhythms. A drone is a sustained note or chord, and the mbira is a thumb piano from southern Africa.
非洲和拉丁美洲传统音乐也常出现。djembe（金贝鼓）是西非高脚杯形鼓，samba（桑巴）是强打击乐的巴西舞曲，bossa nova（波萨诺瓦）是吉他节奏富有切分的舒缓巴西风格。drone（持续音）是持续保持的音或和弦，而 mbira（拇指琴）是南部非洲的拨簧乐器。
Pentatonic scales, heard in many folk traditions, contain five notes per octave. The blues scale adds flattened notes to a pentatonic framework and is central to blues, jazz and rock styles.
五声音阶广泛存在于许多民间传统中，每八度包含五个音。布鲁斯音阶在五声框架上加入降音，是布鲁斯、爵士和摇滚风格的核心元素。
12. Music Technology and Notation Terms | 音乐科技与记谱术语
Music technology appears in composing and recording tasks. MIDI is a digital language that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate. A synthesiser is an electronic instrument that generates and shapes sound, while sampling involves using a recorded sound as musical material.
音乐科技出现在创作和录音任务中。MIDI 是一种允许电子乐器与计算机相互通信的数字语言。synthesiser（合成器）是生成和处理声音的电子乐器，而 sampling（采样）是将录制的声音用作音乐素材。
Looping repeats a short section of music, and multi-tracking layers several recorded parts on top of one another. Panning places sounds between left and right speakers, reverb adds a sense of space or hall ambience, and delay is an echo effect.
Looping（循环）重复一段短促的音乐片段，multi-tracking（多轨录音）将多个录音声部层叠在一起。panning（声像）将声音放置在左右扬声器之间，reverb（混响）增加空间或厅堂氛围，delay（延迟）则是一种回声效果。
Traditional notation terms are also essential. The staff is the five-line grid, a clef fixes pitch reference such as treble or bass, the key signature shows sharps or flats in the key, and the time signature shows the metre. Recognising these signs quickly supports transcription and score-reading questions.
传统记谱术语同样重要。staff（五线谱）是五条线的谱表，clef（谱号）固定音高参照，如高音谱号或低音谱号，key signature（调号）标明调内的升号或降号，time signature（拍号）标明节拍。快速识别这些符号有助于听写和读谱题。
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