📚 IGCSE WJEC Sociology: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help IGCSE WJEC Sociology students learn, recall and apply the key terms that examiners expect. It groups vocabulary by topic, gives a clear English definition followed by a Chinese explanation, and adds memory hooks for quick revision.
本指南旨在帮助 IGCSE WJEC 社会学学生掌握、回忆并运用考官期望的关键术语。文章按主题分类，先给出清晰的英文定义，再配中文解释，并加入记忆线索以便快速复习。
1. Why Terminology Matters | 为什么要掌握术语
In WJEC IGCSE Sociology, marks are awarded for accurate use of sociological language. A term such as ‘socialisation’ is not just a word; it signals that you understand a process. Without precise terms, answers often become vague and descriptive rather than analytical.
在 WJEC IGCSE 社会学中，准确运用社会学术语可以得分。“社会化”这样的术语不只是一个词，它表明你理解了一个过程。缺少准确术语，答案往往会变得模糊、只描述而缺乏分析。
A useful memory habit is to learn terms in pairs or opposites, for example primary socialisation versus secondary socialisation, or formal control versus informal control.
一个有用的记忆习惯是成对或成反义学习术语，例如初级社会化与次级社会化，或正式控制与非正式控制。
When revising, do not just memorise definitions. Always link each term to an example from family, education, crime or inequality. This helps you move from description to application.
复习时不要只背定义。始终把每个术语与家庭、教育、犯罪或不平等方面的例子联系起来。这有助于你从描述转向应用。
2. Socialisation and Culture | 社会化与文化
Culture is the whole way of life of a society, including language, customs, beliefs, dress and norms. It is learned, not inherited biologically. Sociologists therefore say culture is socially constructed.
文化是一个社会的整体生活方式，包括语言、习俗、信仰、服饰和规范。它是后天习得的，不是生物遗传的。社会学家因此认为文化是社会建构的。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of a society. Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly in the family, and secondary socialisation continues through schools, peer groups, media and workplaces.
社会化是学习社会文化的终身过程。初级社会化发生在儿童早期，主要在家中；次级社会化通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和工作场所继续进行。
Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour in specific situations, while values are wider beliefs about what is desirable and worth aiming for. For example, queuing is a norm; respect for fairness is a value.
规范是特定情境中不成文的行为规则，而价值观是关于什么是可取、值得追求的广泛信念。例如排队是一种规范；公平是一种价值观。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that pass on culture. The main agents are the family, education, peer group, mass media, religion and the workplace.
社会化的中介是传递文化的个人、群体和机构。主要中介包括家庭、学校、同辈群体、大众媒体、宗教和工作场所。
3. Identity, Roles and Status | 身份、角色与地位
Identity is how individuals see themselves and how others see them. It can be shaped by gender, ethnicity, class, age and nationality. Social identity is often linked to group membership, while personal identity is unique to the individual.
身份是个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待自己。它受性别、族裔、阶级、年龄和国籍的影响。社会身份通常与群体归属有关，而个人身份则是个体特有的。
A role is the expected behaviour attached to a social position, such as the role of a student or parent. Role conflict occurs when two roles demand incompatible behaviour, for example being both a student and an employee during exams.
角色是附加在社会位置上的期望行为，例如学生或父母的角色。当两个角色要求不相容的行为时，就产生角色冲突，比如考试期间同时是学生和雇员。
Status can be ascribed, such as being born into a royal family, or achieved, such as earning a degree. A master status is the one that dominates how others see a person.
地位可以是先赋的，如出生于王室；也可以是自致的，如获得学位。首要地位是主导他人看待某人的那一种地位。
In the exam, you should use these terms precisely. For instance, say ‘achieved status’ rather than simply ‘status’ when the position is earned through effort.
考试中应准确使用这些术语。例如，当地位是通过努力获得的时候，应该说“自致地位”，而不只是说“地位”。
4. Family Key Terms | 家庭核心术语
A household is a group of people living at the same address, while a family is based on kinship, marriage, adoption or blood ties. Not all households are families, and not all families live in one household.
住户是住在同一地址的一群人，而家庭基于亲属、婚姻、收养或血缘关系。并非所有住户都是家庭，也并非所有家庭都住在一个住户中。
The nuclear family consists of two generations, usually parents and children, living together. An extended family includes other relatives such as grandparents, aunts or uncles.
核心家庭由两代人组成，通常是父母和子女同住。扩展家庭包括其他亲属，如祖父母、姑姑或叔叔。
A reconstituted family, often called a stepfamily, forms when adults remarry or cohabit after previous relationships and bring children from earlier unions. A lone-parent family is one parent raising children on their own.
重组家庭，常被称为继亲家庭，是成年人在之前关系结束后再婚或同居，并带着之前家庭的孩子组成。单亲家庭是一位家长独自抚养子女。
Conjugal roles refer to the domestic roles of married or cohabiting partners. A symmetrical family is one in which roles are becoming more equal and shared between men and women.
夫妻角色指已婚或同居伴侣的家庭角色。对称家庭是男女角色变得更加平等和共同分担的家庭。
Patriarchy is a system in which men hold more power and authority, often in the family and wider society. Sociologists use this term to explain unequal gender roles.
父权制是男性拥有更多权力和权威的制度，通常体现在家庭和更广泛的社会中。社会学家用这个术语解释不平等的性别角色。
5. Education Key Terms | 教育核心术语
Formal education is learning in an organised institution such as a school, with a planned curriculum. Informal education is learning from everyday life, family and media, often without a set syllabus.
正式教育是在学校等有组织的机构中，按照计划课程进行的学习。非正式教育是从日常生活、家庭和媒体中学习，通常没有固定教学大纲。
The hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten lessons learnt in school, such as punctuality, obedience and competition, which are not part of the official syllabus. Sociologists such as Bowles and Gintis link it to preparing students for work.
隐性课程指在学校学到的非书面课程内容，如守时、服从和竞争，这些不是官方教学大纲的一部分。鲍尔斯和金蒂斯等社会学家认为它与让学生为工作做准备有关。
A meritocracy is a system in which rewards and positions are allocated on the basis of ability and effort, not background. Sociologists debate how far education is truly meritocratic.
贤能主义是根据能力和努力而非出身来分配奖励和职位的制度。社会学家对教育在多大程度上真正实现了贤能主义存在争论。
Marketisation of education means running schools like businesses, with competition and choice, often through league tables and funding following pupils. This may increase efficiency but can also widen inequality.
教育市场化意味着像经营企业一样办学校，通过排行榜和资金跟随学生等方式形成竞争与选择。这可能提高效率，但也可能加剧不平等。
Labelling in education occurs when teachers attach a label to a pupil, such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublemaker’. The label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy and affect the pupil’s achievement.
教育中的贴标签指教师给学生贴上“聪明”或“捣蛋”等标签。这个标签可能成为自我实现的预言，影响学生的成绩。
6. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance is behaviour that breaks norms but is not necessarily illegal, such as wearing unusual clothes to a formal event. Crime is behaviour that breaks the law and can lead to formal punishment.
越轨是违反规范但不一定违法的行为，例如穿奇装异服参加正式活动。犯罪是违反法律并可能受到正式惩罚的行为。
Social control is the way society encourages conformity. Formal control uses official agencies such as the police and courts; informal control uses family, peer pressure and community reactions.
社会控制是社会鼓励人们遵从的方式。正式控制使用警察、法院等官方机构；非正式控制依靠家庭、同伴压力和社区反应。
Labelling theory argues that when a person is labelled as deviant, the label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy and push them towards further deviance. Becker is a key thinker here.
标签理论认为，当一个人被贴上越轨标签，这个标签可能成为自我实现的预言，把他推向进一步越轨。贝克尔是这一理论的关键思想家。
Anomie is a state of normlessness, where society’s rules break down, often linked to rapid social change. Merton used it to explain crime as a response to blocked opportunities in society.
失范是一种规范缺失的状态，即社会规则崩塌，常与快速社会变化有关。默顿用它解释犯罪是对社会机会受阻的反应。
White-collar crime is crime committed by middle-class professionals in the course of their jobs, such as fraud. Corporate crime is committed by a company, while blue-collar crime usually refers to manual workers’ crime.
白领犯罪是中层专业人士在工作中实施的犯罪，如欺诈。公司犯罪是由公司实施的犯罪，蓝领犯罪通常指体力劳动者的犯罪。
7. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification is the way society is divided into layers or strata based on class, gender, ethnicity, age or other factors. It involves inequality in income, status and power.
社会分层是社会根据阶级、性别、族裔、年龄等因素划分为不同层级的方式。它涉及收入、地位和权力的不平等。
Social class is often measured by occupation, income, wealth and education. Life chances are the chances of obtaining the good things in life, such as health, education and housing. Weber linked class to life chances.
社会阶级通常通过职业、收入、财富和教育来衡量。生活机会是获得生活中美好事物的可能性，如健康、教育和住房。韦伯把阶级与生活机会联系起来。
Social mobility is movement between classes. It can be upward, downward, intragenerational (within one person’s life) or intergenerational (between parents and children).
社会流动是阶级之间的移动。它可以是向上、向下、代内（一个人一生中）或代际（父母与子女之间）的流动。
Absolute poverty means lacking the basic necessities for survival; relative poverty means being poor compared with the average standard of living in that society. WJEC questions may ask you to distinguish these.
绝对贫困指缺乏生存所需的基本必需品；相对贫困指与该社会的平均生活水平相比处于贫困状态。WJEC 题目可能会要求你区分这两者。
Gender stratification refers to unequal distribution of power, status and resources between men and women. Ethnic stratification refers to inequality between ethnic groups, often shown in employment and education data.
性别分层指男女之间权力、地位和资源分配不均。族裔分层指族裔群体之间的不平等，常体现在就业和教育数据中。
8. Research Methods: Data and Approaches | 研究方法：数据与取向
Primary data is collected first-hand by the researcher, for example questionnaires, interviews or observations. Secondary data already exists, such as official statistics, reports and historical documents.
一手数据由研究者亲自收集，如问卷、访谈或观察。二手数据已经存在，如官方统计、报告和历史文献。
Quantitative data is numerical and often linked to positivism, which seeks objective, cause-and-effect explanations. Qualitative data is rich in words and meanings, often linked to interpretivism, which focuses on understanding social action.
定量数据是数字形式的，通常与实证主义相关，实证主义寻求客观的因果解释。定性数据包含丰富的文字和意义，通常与解释主义相关，解释主义关注理解社会行动。
Validity is whether the research measures what it claims to measure. Reliability is whether the research can be repeated and produce consistent results. A study can be reliable but not valid.
效度指研究是否测量了它声称要测量的内容
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