📚 IGCSE WJEC Spanish: Core Knowledge Points | IGCSE WJEC 西班牙语：核心知识点梳理
This article brings together the core grammar, vocabulary and exam skills needed for the IGCSE WJEC Spanish specification. It is designed as a revision checklist, with each point paired in English and Chinese so you can test your recall quickly.
本文汇总了 IGCSE WJEC 西班牙语考试所需的语法、词汇和应试技巧。它可作为复习清单使用，每个要点均按英文和中文配对照，方便你快速自测。
1. Ser and Estar | 系动词 ser 与 estar
Use ser for permanent characteristics, origin, time and identity. Typical contexts include nationality, profession, physical description and dates.
用 ser 表示永久特征、来源、时间和身份。典型语境包括国籍、职业、外貌描述和日期。
Use estar for temporary states, location, feelings and conditions. For example, ‘Estoy cansado’ means I am tired right now, not as a permanent trait.
用 estar 表示暂时状态、位置、感受和状况。例如：’Estoy cansado’ 表示我现在累了，而不是一种永久特征。
| Pronoun | Ser | Estar |
|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy |
| tú | eres | estás |
| él/ella/usted | es | está |
| nosotros/-as | somos | estamos |
| vosotros/-as | sois | estáis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | son | están |
A common exam mistake is to say ‘soy aburrido’ when you mean ‘estoy aburrido’. The first means ‘I am boring’; the second means ‘I am bored’.
考试中常见的错误是想表达 ‘我很无聊’ 却说成 ‘soy aburrido’。前者指 ‘我是个无趣的人’，后者才是 ‘我感到无聊’。
2. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词
Regular present tense verbs follow three patterns according to their infinitive ending: -ar, -er and -ir. The endings are added to the stem after removing the infinitive ending.
规则现在时动词根据其不定式结尾 -ar、-er 和 -ir 分为三类。去掉不定式结尾后，在词干上加上相应的词尾。
| Pronoun | hablar | comer | vivir |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/-as | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/-as | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
Spanish often omits the subject pronoun because the verb ending already shows who is doing the action. For example, ‘Hablamos español’ is enough to mean ‘We speak Spanish’.
西班牙语经常省略主语代词，因为动词词尾已经表明动作的执行者。例如，’Hablamos español’ 就足以表达 ‘我们说西班牙语’。
3. Key Irregular Verbs in Present | 现在时关键不规则动词
Some of the most frequent verbs in Spanish are irregular in the present tense. You should memorise these because they appear constantly in reading and listening tasks.
西班牙语中一些最常用的动词在现在时中是不规则的。你需要牢记这些动词，因为它们在阅读和听力任务中频繁出现。
| Pronoun | tener | ir | hacer |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | tengo | voy | hago |
| tú | tienes | vas | haces |
| él/ella/usted | tiene | va | hace |
| nosotros/-as | tenemos | vamos | hacemos |
| vosotros/-as | tenéis | vais | hacéis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | tienen | van | hacen |
There are also stem-changing verbs: e → ie in querer (quiero), o → ue in poder (puedo), and e → i in pedir (pido). These changes occur in all persons except nosotros and vosotros.
此外还有词干变化动词：e → ie 如 querer (quiero)、o → ue 如 poder (puedo)、e → i 如 pedir (pido)。这些变化发生在除了 nosotros 和 vosotros 之外的所有人称。
4. Preterite vs Imperfect | 简单过去时与未完成过去时
The preterite is used for completed actions at a specific moment in the past. Time markers include ‘ayer’, ‘anoche’, ‘el año pasado’ and ‘la semana pasada’.
简单过去时 用于过去某一特定时刻已经完成的动作。时间标记包括 ‘ayer’（昨天）、’anoche’（昨晚）、’el año pasado’（去年）和 ‘la semana pasada’（上周）。
The imperfect is used for background description, habitual actions and ongoing states in the past. Time markers include ‘siempre’, ‘todos los días’, ‘de niño’ and ‘antes’.
未完成过去时 用于过去的背景描述、习惯性动作和持续状态。时间标记包括 ‘siempre’（总是）、’todos los días’（每天）、’de niño’（小时候）和 ‘antes’（以前）。
Regular preterite endings for -ar verbs are -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron. For -er and -ir verbs, they are -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron.
-ar 动词的规则简单过去时词尾是 -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron。-er 和 -ir 动词的词尾是 -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron。
Some key irregular preterite forms are: ser/ir → fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron; hacer → hice; tener → tuve; estar → estuve.
一些关键的简单过去时不规则形式是：ser/ir → fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron；hacer → hice；tener → tuve；estar → estuve。
Compare: ‘Ayer fui al cine’ (a specific completed action) and ‘Cuando era niño, jugaba al fútbol’ (a habitual past action).
比较：’Ayer fui al cine’（昨天我去了电影院，具体完成动作）与 ‘Cuando era niño, jugaba al fútbol’（我小时候常踢足球，过去习惯动作）。
5. Future and Conditional | 将来时与条件式
The future tense is formed by adding endings to the infinitive: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án. This works for regular and many irregular verbs alike.
将来时通过在不定式后加词尾构成：-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án。规则动词和许多不规则动词都适用这一规则。
The conditional tense uses the same stem but adds -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. It is often used for polite requests or hypothetical situations.
条件式使用相同词干，但加词尾 -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían。它常用于礼貌请求或假设情况。
Some common irregular stems in the future and conditional are: tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, poner → pondr-, hacer → har-, decir → dir-, querer → querr-, poder → podr-, saber → sabr-.
将来时和条件式中一些常见的不规则词干有：tener → tendr-、salir → saldr-、poner → pondr-、hacer → har-、decir → dir-、querer → querr-、poder → podr-、saber → sabr-。
Examples: ‘Hablaré con mi profesor’ means ‘I will speak with my teacher’. ‘Me gustaría viajar a España’ means ‘I would like to travel to Spain’.
例如：’Hablaré con mi profesor’ 意为 ‘我将和我的老师谈谈’。’Me gustaría viajar a España’ 意为 ‘我想去西班牙旅行’。
For near future plans, you can also use ir a + infinitive: ‘Voy a estudiar esta noche’ means ‘I am going to study tonight’.
对于近期计划，也可以使用 ir a + 不定式：’Voy a estudiar esta noche’ 意为 ‘我今晚要学习’。
6. Commands and Requests | 命令式与请求
For informal affirmative commands with tú, use the third person singular of the present tense. For example, hablar → habla, comer → come, vivir → vive.
对于 tú 的非正式肯定命令，使用现在时第三人称单数形式。例如：hablar → habla、comer → come、vivir → vive。
For negative tú commands, use the present subjunctive form with ‘no’. For example: no hables, no comas, no vivas.
对于 tú 的否定命令，使用现在时虚拟式并加上 ‘no’。例如：no hables、no comas、no vivas。
Formal commands with usted also use the subjunctive. The endings are often -e for -ar verbs and -a for -er/-ir verbs: hable, coma, viva.
usted 的正式命令同样使用虚拟式。-ar 动词通常以 -e 结尾，-er/-ir 动词以 -a 结尾：hable、coma、viva。
Common classroom commands include: escucha (listen), escribe (write), lee (read), abre (open), cierra (close), siéntate (sit down).
常见课堂指令包括：escucha（听）、escribe（写）、lee（读）、abre（打开）、cierra（关上）、siéntate（坐下）。
For polite requests, you can use ‘¿Puede…?’ or ‘¿Podría…?’ followed by the infinitive, such as ‘¿Podría ayudarme?’ meaning ‘Could you help me?’
礼貌请求可用 ‘¿Puede…?’ 或 ‘¿Podría…?’ 后接不定式，如 ‘¿Podría ayudarme?’ 意为 ‘您能帮我吗？’
7. Pronouns and Word Order | 代词与语序
Direct object pronouns replace the thing receiving the action: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las. Indirect object pronouns replace the person receiving the action: me, te, le, nos, os, les.
直接宾语代词替代动作的承受者：me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las。间接宾语代词替代动作的接收者：me, te, le, nos, os, les。
Object pronouns usually go before a conjugated verb: ‘Lo tengo’ means ‘I have it’. They can also be attached to infinitives and gerunds: ‘Voy a comprarlo’ means ‘I am going to buy it’.
宾语代词通常放在变位动词之前：’Lo tengo’ 意为 ‘我有它’。它们也可以附着在不定式和副动词上：’Voy a comprarlo’ 意为 ‘我要去买它’。
When using both indirect and direct object pronouns together, the indirect pronoun comes first. If both start with ‘l’, the indirect changes to ‘se’: ‘Se lo di’ means ‘I gave it to him/her’.
当间接宾语代词和直接宾语代词同时使用时，间接宾语代词在前。如果两者都以 ‘l’ 开头，间接宾语代词要变为 ‘se’：’Se lo di’ 意为 ‘我把它给他/她了’。
Reflexive pronouns are me, te
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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