📚 Completing the Square | 配方法完全平方
Completing the square is a key algebraic technique in the Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics syllabus. It allows you to rewrite quadratic expressions in a form that reveals the turning point of a parabola and helps solve equations that cannot be factorised easily.
配方法(又称“完全平方法”)是Edexcel IGCSE数学考纲中的一个核心代数技巧。它能把二次表达式改写成一种直接揭示抛物线顶点坐标的形式,还能帮助你解那些不容易因式分解的方程。
1. What Is Completing the Square? | 什么是配方法
A quadratic expression in the form x² + bx + c can be rewritten as (x + p)² + q, where p and q are constants. This process is called completing the square.
形如 x² + bx + c 的二次表达式可以改写成 (x + p)² + q 的形式,其中 p 和 q 是常数。这个过程就称为配方法。
x² + bx + c = (x + b/2)² − (b/2)² + c
Notice that the constant term is adjusted by subtracting the square of half the coefficient of x.
注意,常数项需要减去 x 系数一半的平方来进行调整。
2. The Basic Rule | 基本规则
For any quadratic x² + bx, you take half of b, write it inside the bracket with x, and then subtract the square of that half.
对于任意二次项 x² + bx,你取 b 的一半,把它和 x 一起写在括号内,然后减去这一半的平方。
- Half of b: b/2
- Square: (b/2)²
- Result: (x + b/2)² − (b/2)²
- b 的一半:b/2
- 平方:(b/2)²
- 结果:(x + b/2)² − (b/2)²
This works for any value of b, positive or negative.
无论 b 是正数还是负数,这个方法都适用。
3. Worked Example 1 | 示例1
Complete the square for x² + 6x + 5.
将 x² + 6x + 5 配成完全平方形式。
Step 1: Take half of 6, which is 3. Write (x + 3)².
第一步:取 6 的一半,即 3。写出 (x + 3)²。
Step 2: Subtract 3² = 9 to keep the expression equal to the original x² + 6x part.
第二步:减去 3² = 9,以保持表达式与原 x² + 6x 部分相等。
x² + 6x = (x + 3)² − 9
Step 3: Add the original constant 5: (x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4.
第三步:加上原来的常数5:(x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4。
So x² + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4.
因此 x² + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4。
4. Worked Example 2 | 示例2
Complete the square for x² − 8x + 2.
将 x² − 8x + 2 配成完全平方形式。
Half of −8 is −4, so we begin with (x − 4)².
−8 的一半是 −4,所以先写 (x − 4)²。
(x − 4)² = x² − 8x + 16
The original expression has x² − 8x, so we must subtract 16: (x − 4)² − 16. Then add the constant 2.
原表达式是 x² − 8x,所以必须减去16:(x − 4)² − 16。然后加上常数2。
x² − 8x + 2 = (x − 4)² − 14
Always check: expand (x − 4)² − 14 gives x² − 8x + 16 − 14 = x² − 8x + 2 ✔
务必检查:展开 (x − 4)² − 14 得 x² − 8x + 16 − 14 = x² − 8x + 2 ✔
5. When the Coefficient of x² is Not 1 | 当x²的系数不为1时
If the quadratic is written as ax² + bx + c with a ≠ 1, first factor out a from the first two terms.
如果二次式是 ax² + bx + c 且 a ≠ 1,先把 a 从前两项中提取出来。
Example: 2x² + 8x + 3.
例:2x² + 8x + 3。
Factor out 2 from 2x² + 8x:
从 2x² + 8x 中提取2:
2(x² + 4x) + 3
Now complete the square inside the brackets: x² + 4x = (x + 2)² − 4.
现在对括号内配方:x² + 4x = (x + 2)² − 4。
Substitute back:
代回:
2[(x + 2)² − 4] + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 8 + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 5
So 2x² + 8x + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 5.
因此 2x² + 8x + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 5。
6. Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square | 用配方法解二次方程
To solve x² + 6x − 7 = 0, first complete the square on the left side.
解方程 x² + 6x − 7 = 0,先对左边配方。
(x + 3)² − 9 − 7 = 0
Simplify:
化简:
(x + 3)² − 16 = 0
Add 16 to both sides:
两边加16:
(x + 3)² = 16
Take the square root of both sides:
两边开平方:
x + 3 = ±4
Therefore:
因此:
x = −3 + 4 = 1 or x = −3 − 4 = −7
The solutions are x = 1 and x = −7.
解为 x = 1 和 x = −7。
7. Turning Point of a Parabola | 抛物线的顶点
Once a quadratic is in the form a(x − h)² + k, the turning point (vertex) is at (h, k).
当二次式写成 a(x − h)² + k 的形式时,顶点坐标为 (h, k)。
For example, from 2(x + 2)² − 5, we can write 2(x − (−2))² + (−5), so the vertex is (−2, −5).
例如,对于 2(x + 2)² − 5,可写成 2(x − (−2))² + (−5),所以顶点是 (−2, −5)。
If a > 0, the vertex is a minimum. If a < 0, the vertex is a maximum.
如果 a > 0,顶点是最小值点;如果 a < 0,顶点是最大值点。
8. Sketching Graphs Using Completed Square Form | 利用配方法画函数图像
With y = (x + 3)² − 4, the vertex is at (−3, −4). Since the coefficient of (x + 3)² is positive, the parabola opens upwards.
对于 y = (x + 3)² − 4,顶点在 (−3, −4)。由于 (x + 3)² 的系数为正,抛物线开口向上。
To find the y-intercept, set x = 0:
求 y 轴截距,令 x = 0:
y = (0 + 3)² − 4 = 9 − 4 = 5
So the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 5). To find the x-intercepts, set y = 0 and solve:
所以图像与 y 轴交于 (0, 5)。求 x 轴截距,令 y = 0 并解方程:
(x + 3)² − 4 = 0 ⇒ x + 3 = ±2 ⇒ x = −1 or −5
Now you can plot the vertex, the intercepts, and sketch the curve.
现在你可以标出顶点、截距,并画出曲线草图。
9. The Quadratic Formula Connection | 与二次公式的联系
The quadratic formula x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a) can be derived by completing the square on the general quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0.
二次公式 x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a) 正是通过对一般二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 配方推导出来的。
This shows that completing the square is not just a trick — it is the foundation of solving any quadratic equation.
这说明配方法不仅仅是一种技巧,它更是解任何二次方程的基础。
10. Common Mistakes | 常见错误
- Forgetting to subtract (b/2)² after adding it inside the bracket.
- When the coefficient of x² is not 1, forgetting to factor it out first.
- Mixing up signs: x² − 6x requires (x − 3)², not (x + 3)².
- Taking the square root of only the first term when solving an equation.
- 在括号内加上 (b/2)² 后忘记减去它。
- 当 x² 的系数不为1时,忘记先提取出来。
- 弄错符号:x² − 6x 应配成 (x − 3)²,而不是 (x + 3)²。
- 解方程时只对第一项取平方根。
11. Practice Questions | 练习题
Try these on your own:
自己尝试以下练习:
| Question | Answer (completed square form) |
| x² + 10x − 3 | (x + 5)² − 28 |
| x² − 4x + 7 | (x − 2)² + 3 |
| 3x² + 12x + 6 | 3(x + 2)² − 6 |
Check your answers by expanding.
通过展开来检查你的答案。
12. Exam Tips | 考试技巧
In the Edexcel IGCSE exam, you may be asked to:
在Edexcel IGCSE考试中,你可能会被要求:
- Express a quadratic in the form (x + p)² + q.
- Find the turning point of a curve by completing the square.
- Solve a quadratic equation using this method.
- Use the completed square form to determine whether a quadratic has real roots.
- 将二次式写成 (x + p)² + q 的形式。
- 通过配方法求曲线的顶点。
- 用这种方法解二次方程。
- 利用配方法判断二次方程是否有实数根。
Always show intermediate steps — you may earn method marks even if your final answer is wrong.
一定要写出中间步骤——即使最终答案错误,你也有可能获得方法分。
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