Different types of nationalism | 不同类型的民族主义

📚 Different types of nationalism | 不同类型的民族主义

Nationalism is one of the non-core political ideas in the Edexcel A-Level Politics specification, and candidates are expected to distinguish between several competing types. This article explains civic, ethnic, liberal, conservative, anti-colonial and expansionist nationalism, and shows how each type treats nation, state, sovereignty and self-determination.

民族主义是 Edexcel A-Level 政治学大纲中的非核心政治思想之一，考生需要区分几种相互竞争的民族主义类型。本文解释公民民族主义、族裔民族主义、自由民族主义、保守民族主义、反殖民/后殖民民族主义以及扩张民族主义，并说明每种类型如何看待民族、国家、主权和自决。

1. Defining nationalism and the nation | 民族主义与民族的定义

Nationalism is best understood as the political principle that the nation and the state should be congruent: each nation should have its own sovereign state, and the state should draw its legitimacy from the nation. It treats the nation as the primary source of political authority and often calls for self-determination.

民族主义最好被理解为一种政治原则，即民族与国家应当重合：每个民族应当拥有自己的主权国家，国家应当从民族中取得合法性。它把民族视为政治权威的主要来源，并常常要求实现民族自决。

A nation is a cultural-political community whose members share a mixture of history, language, territory, symbols and aspirations. The exact basis of membership varies, which is why different types of nationalism define the nation differently.

民族是一个文化—政治共同体，其成员共享历史、语言、领土、象征和愿景等不同要素。成员资格的具体基础各不相同，因此不同类型的民族主义对民族的定义也不同。

2. Civic nationalism | 公民民族主义

Civic nationalism defines the nation primarily by citizenship, legal equality and shared political values such as democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Membership is in principle open to anyone who accepts these values, regardless of ethnicity or ancestry.

公民民族主义主要以公民身份、法律平等和共同的政治价值观（如民主、人权和法治）来定义民族。原则上，只要接受这些价值观，任何人都可以成为民族成员，不论其族裔或血统。

This type is often described as inclusive and voluntary. France after the Revolution and the United States are common examples: the republic itself creates the nation, rather than a pre-existing ethnic group claiming the state.

这种类型通常被描述为包容性和自愿性的。法国大革命后的法国和美国是常见例子：共和国本身创造了民族，而不是一个既有的族裔群体占有国家。

However, critics argue that civic nationalism can still be assimilationist, because it expects minority cultures to abandon their distinct identities in order to be accepted as equal citizens.

然而

Published by TutorHao | A-Level Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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