Germany at War 1914–16 | 1914–16 年战争中的德国

📚 Germany at War 1914–16 | 1914–16 年战争中的德国

This article examines Germany’s experience of the First World War from the outbreak of fighting in August 1914 to the end of 1916. It covers the military campaigns, the home front, the war economy and the political strains that broke apart the Burgfrieden. Edexcel A-Level students should focus on change over time: how a short-war illusion became a long war of attrition, and how state control of society expanded.

本文考察德国从 1914 年 8 月战争爆发到 1916 年底的第一次世界大战经历。内容涵盖军事战役、国内战线、战争经济以及瓦解城堡和平的政治压力。Edexcel A-Level 学生应关注历史变迁：短期战争幻想如何演变为长期消耗战，以及国家对社会的控制如何扩大。

1. The Outbreak of War and the Burgfrieden | 战争爆发与城堡和平

In August 1914 the German Empire entered the First World War after backing Austria-Hungary against Serbia. Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August, invaded neutral Belgium on 4 August, and thereby brought Britain into the conflict. The declaration was met in many German cities with an outburst of patriotic enthusiasm known as the ‘Augusterlebnis’.

1914 年 8 月，德意志帝国在支持奥匈帝国对抗塞尔维亚后加入第一次世界大战。德国于 8 月 1 日对俄国宣战，8 月 4 日入侵中立国比利时，由此将英国卷入冲突。德国许多城市对宣战报以爱国热情，史称“八月体验”。

Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg and the Kaiser encouraged a domestic political truce called the Burgfrieden, a medieval term meaning a ‘peace within a fortress’. On 4 August 1914 the Kaiser famously declared: ‘Ich kenne keine Parteien mehr, ich kenne nur noch Deutsche!’ The SPD, the largest socialist party, voted for war credits, accepting the official line that Germany was fighting a defensive war against Tsarist Russia.

首相特奥巴尔德·冯·贝特曼·霍尔维格和皇帝鼓励国内政治休战，称为 Burgfrieden，这个中世纪术语意为“堡垒内的和平”。1914 年 8 月 4 日，皇帝发表名言：“我不再认识党派，我只认识德国人！”最大的社会主义政党社民党投票支持战争拨款，接受了德国正在对沙皇俄国进行防御战争的官方说法。

2. The Schlieffen Plan and the Failure of Quick Victory | 施里芬计划与速胜失败

The German General Staff expected a two-front war. The Schlieffen Plan aimed to knock France out quickly by sweeping through Belgium and encircling Paris, then turn east to face Russia. Its timetable required German forces to capture Paris within about six weeks.

德国总参谋部预计将面临两线作战。施里芬计划旨在通过穿越比利时、包抄巴黎迅速击败法国，然后转向东线对付俄国。其时间表要求德军在约六周内攻占巴黎。

The plan failed in September 1914 at the First Battle of the Marne. Helmut von Moltke the Younger, the Chief of the General Staff, had weakened the right wing to support the eastern front and lost effective control of the advancing armies. Anglo-French forces halted the German advance, and the subsequent ‘Race to the Sea’ created a continuous line of trenches from the Channel to Switzerland.

该计划于 1914 年 9 月第一次马恩河战役中失败。总参谋长小赫尔穆特·冯·毛奇为支援东线而削弱了右翼，并失去了对推进部队的有效控制。英法联军阻止了德军前进，随后的“奔向大海”形成了从英吉利海峡到瑞士的连续堑壕线。

3. The Western Front and Trench Warfare | 西线与堑壕战

By late 1914 the Western Front had stabilised into static trench warfare. German troops occupied much of Belgium and north-eastern France, including industrial areas around Lille and the coal and iron region of Longwy-Briey, but they could not dislodge the Allies from the defensive line.

到 1914 年底，西线已稳定为静态堑壕战。德国军队占领了比利时大部分地区和法国东北部，包括里尔周边工业区以及隆维—布里埃煤铁

Published by TutorHao | A-Level 德语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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