📚 AS AQA Physics Unit 1 Insert (January 2020) Explained | AS物理Unit 1公式表详解（2020年1月）
The January 2020 AQA AS Physics Unit 1 examination came with an official insert, a vital sheet of equations and physical data. This insert is not just a resource to glance at during the exam; it is a strategic tool. Understanding every formula, its limits, and its typical application can significantly boost your marks on questions involving calculations and data analysis.
2020年1月AQA AS物理Unit 1考试随附了官方公式表，这是一份关键的方程和物理数据表。这张公式表不仅仅是考试时匆匆看一眼的参考资源，更是战略性工具。理解每个公式的适用范围、限制和典型应用，能够在涉及计算和数据分析的题目上显著提升你的得分。
1. The Layout of the Insert | 公式表的整体结构
The AQA AS Physics insert is divided into tables: fundamental constants, astronomical and particle data, and a formula list grouped by topic (mechanics, materials, electricity, waves, particles). Each section has unique conventions, so you must become familiar with the notation before entering the exam room.
AQA AS物理公式表分为几个部分：基本常数表、天文和粒子数据表，以及按主题分类的公式列表（力学、材料、电学、波动、粒子）。每个部分都有独特的符号约定，你必须在进入考场前熟悉这些记号。
- Constants: speed of light c, Planck constant h, gravitational constant G, electron mass mₑ, etc. | 常数：光速c、普朗克常数h、万有引力常数G、电子质量mₑ等。
- Formula lists: equations are printed in their exact variables, so you need to know which equation to select for a given problem. | 公式列表：方程以标准变量形式给出，你需要在解题时选择正确的公式。
- Additional data: values such as the charge of an electron e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C are provided. | 额外数据：例如电子电荷e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C 直接给出。
2. Fundamental Constants and Units | 基本常数与单位
The constants table is your first stop for any calculation. It ensures you do not need to memorise exact values, but you must still know the units and how they combine.
常数表是任何计算的第一站。它确保你不需要记忆精确数值，但你仍然需要知道这些常数的单位以及它们如何结合。
| Constant | Value | Unit |
| Speed of light in vacuum c | 3.00 × 10⁸ | m s⁻¹ |
| Planck constant h | 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ | J s |
| Gravitational constant G | 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ | N m² kg⁻² |
| Elementary charge e | 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ | C |
Notice that the unit for Planck constant is joules-second, not just J or s. You must be able to use this in equations like the photoelectric effect E = hf, where frequency f is in Hz (or s⁻¹).
注意，普朗克常数的单位是焦耳·秒（J s），而不仅仅是J或s。你需要能在光电效应方程E = hf中使用它，其中频率f的单位为Hz（即s⁻¹）。
3. Mechanics: Equations of Motion | 力学：运动学方程
The insert provides the kinetic equations for uniform acceleration. These are essential for Unit 1 questions on projectiles, free‑fall, and collisions.
公式表提供了匀加速运动的运动学方程。这些对于Unit 1中关于抛体、自由落体和碰撞的题目至关重要。
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
All variables must be consistent in unit. If time is in milliseconds, convert to seconds before substituting. Also, choose a positive direction; sign errors are the most common loss of marks.
所有变量必须单位一致。如果时间以毫秒给出，代入前需换算为秒。同时，规定正方向；符号错误是最常见的失分原因。
4. Newton’s Laws and Momentum | 牛顿定律与动量
Newton’s second law is given as F = ma, but the insert also includes F = Δ(mv)/Δt, which is the general form for varying mass or variable velocity.
牛顿第二定律以F = ma给出，但公式表同时包含F = Δ(mv)/Δt，这是处理变质量或变速度的一般形式。
F = ma
F = Δ(mv) / Δt
Momentum p = mv
Remember that momentum is a vector. In collisions, the impulse (Ft) equals the change in momentum, unit Ns or kg m s⁻¹. The insert gives these directly, so you don’t need to derive them.
记住动量是矢量。在碰撞中，冲量（Ft）等于动量变化量，单位为N·s 或 kg·m·s⁻¹。公式表直接给出这些，无需自行推导。
5. Materials: Stress, Strain, and Young Modulus | 材料：应力、应变和杨氏模量
Unit 1 includes the behaviour of materials. The insert lists the definitions of stress and strain as well as the Young modulus.
Unit 1包含材料行为。公式表列出了应力和应变的定义以及杨氏模量。
Stress σ = F / A
Strain ε = ΔL / L
Young modulus E = σ / ε = F L / (A ΔL)
Stress is measured in Pa (or N m⁻²), strain is dimensionless. The Young modulus is a measure of stiffness; you should understand its gradient on a stress‑strain graph.
应力的单位为Pa（或N·m⁻²），应变无量纲。杨氏模量衡量材料的刚度；你应该理解应力-应变图上其斜率的意义。
6. Electricity: Current, Resistance and Circuits | 电学：电流、电阻与电路
The electrical section of the insert is central to Unit 1. Although you may know Ohm’s law, the insert also provides resitivity and power equations that you need to apply.
公式表的电学部分是Unit 1的核心。即使你可能知道欧姆定律，公式表还提供了电阻率方程和功率方程，你需要学会应用。
V = IR
R = ρL / A
P = VI = I²R = V² / R
- In series circuits: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … | 串联电路：R总 = R₁ + R₂ + …
- In parallel circuits: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … | 并联电路：1/R总 = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
The resistivity equation includes area A, which must be the cross‑sectional area in m². Many candidates forget to convert mm² to m², causing a factor of 10⁶ error.
电阻率公式包含面积A，必须为截面积，单位m²。许多考生忘记将mm²转换为m²，造成10⁶倍的误差。
7. Waves: Speed, Frequency, and Refraction | 波动：波速、频率与折射
Wave equations on the insert include the universal wave equation and the refractive index definition.
公式表上的波动方程包括通用波动方程和折射率定义。
v = fλ
n = c / v
n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂
For the refraction equations, v is the speed of light in the material, and θ angles are measured to the normal. Snell’s law appears in two forms; make sure you use the one with the correct refractive indices.
对于折射方程，v是材料中的光速，θ角均以法线为基准。斯涅尔定律以两种形式出现；请确保你使用正确的折射率形式。
8. Particles and Quantum Phenomena | 粒子与量子现象
The particle physics section includes Einstein’s mass‑energy relationship and the photoelectric effect equations. These are directly on the insert.
粒子物理部分包含爱因斯坦质能关系和光电效应方程。这些直接列在公式表中。
E = hf
E = mc²
hf = Φ + Ek(max)
In the photoelectric equation, Φ is the work function, and Ek(max) is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons. You must be careful with units: energy is in eV or J, and the insert includes the conversion factor.
在光电方程中，Φ是逸出功，Ek(max)是光电子的最大动能。必须注意单位：能量可以是eV或J，公式表包含换算因子。
9. Measurements and Uncertainties | 测量与不确定度
Though not a long list of equations, the insert gives the rules for combining uncertainties and percentage uncertainty. This is often tested in Unit 1.
虽然这一部分公式较短，但公式表给出了不确定度合成和百分比不确定度的规则。这在Unit 1中经常考查。
- When adding or subtracting measurements, add absolute uncertainties. | 加减测量时，绝对不确定度相加。
- When multiplying or dividing, add percentage uncertainties. | 乘除时，百分比不确定度相加。
- For powers n, multiply the percentage uncertainty by n. | 对于幂n，百分比不确定度乘以n。
These principles are not always printed on the insert, but they appear in your data analysis questions. Master them separately.
这些原则不一定印在公式表上，但会出现在数据分析题中。请单独掌握。
10. Worked Example: Using the Insert Efficiently | 实例：高效使用公式表
Let’s apply the insert to a typical question: A copper wire has length 2.50 m and cross‑sectional area 0.30 mm². The resistance is 0.15 Ω. Calculate the resistivity of copper.
现在我们用公式表解一道典型题：一根铜丝长2.50 m，截面积0.30 mm²，电阻为0.15 Ω。求铜的电阻率。
From the insert, we need the equation R = ρL / A. Rearrange to get ρ = RA / L.
从公式表选取方程R = ρL / A，变形得ρ = RA / L。
ρ = (0.15 Ω × 0.30 × 10⁻⁶ m²) / 2.50 m = 1.8 × 10⁻⁸ Ω m
Notice the conversion of mm² to m²: 1 mm² = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m². The final unit is Ω m, which appears on the insert as the standard unit for resistivity.
注意mm²到m²的转换：1 mm² = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m²。最终单位为Ω·m，这正是公式表上电阻率的标准单位。
11. Other Useful Data on the Insert | 公式表上的其他有用数据
Besides formulas, the insert gives the charge and mass of particles. You may need these in nuclear or particle questions, even though Unit 1 focuses on the photoelectric effect and energy levels.
除了公式，公式表还给出粒子电荷和质量。即使在Unit 1中主要考察光电效应和能级，你仍可能在核物理或粒子相关问题中用到它们。
- Electron rest mass mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg | 电子静质量 mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
- Proton rest mass mₚ = 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg | 质子静质量 mₚ = 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
- Electron volt to joule: 1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J | 电子伏特与焦耳换算：1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J
These values are essential when calculating the energy of a photon in joules and converting to electronvolts.
这些数值在计算光子能量（焦耳）并转换为电子伏特时必不可少。
12. Final Revision Strategy with the Insert | 最后冲刺策略：熟悉公式表
Do not wait until the exam to read the insert for the first time. Create a checklist of every equation on it. For each equation, write a one‑line example and the common unit pitfalls.
不要等到考场上才第一次阅读公式表。为表上每一个方程建立清单。针对每个方程，写一个一行示例和常见的单位陷阱。
In the exam, underline the equations you plan to use before substituting numbers. This shows the examiner your reasoning and reduces arithmetic errors.
考试中，在代入数字前先用下划线标出你准备使用的公式。这既能向考官展示你的推理过程，也能减少计算错误。
Finally, remember that the insert is identical for all papers in the session. If you become familiar with its layout now, you will save vital seconds during the exam.
最后，请记住，本公式表在当次考试的所有试卷中都是相同的。如果你现在就熟悉它的布局，考试时就能节省宝贵时间。
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