Tag: KS3

📚 KS3 CIE Science: Understanding Gravity | KS3 CIE 科学：理解重力

Gravity is one of the most familiar forces in the universe. It pulls objects toward the ground, keeps the Moon orbiting Earth, and holds the planets in orbit around the Sun. In KS3 CIE Science, you need to understand what gravity is, how it relates to mass and weight, and how it affects falling objects and motion in space.

重力是宇宙中最常见的力之一。它把物体拉向地面，让月球绕地球运行，也使行星绕太阳运转。在 KS3 CIE 科学课程中，你需要理解什么是重力、它与质量和重量有什么关系，以及它如何影响下落物体和太空中的运动。

1. What Is Gravity? | 什么是重力？

Gravity is a force of attraction that pulls objects with mass toward each other. On Earth, gravity pulls every object toward the centre of the planet. This force is why a dropped pencil falls to the floor and why your body stays on the ground instead of floating away.

重力是一种吸引力，把有质量的物体彼此拉近。在地球上，重力把每个物体拉向地球的中心。这就是为什么一支掉落的铅笔会落到地板上，也是为什么你的身体能留在地面而不会飘走。

Gravity acts everywhere in the universe, not just on Earth. Any object that has mass produces a gravitational pull. However, you only notice the pull from very large objects such as Earth, the Moon, or the Sun because their masses are enormous.

重力在宇宙中无处不在，并不仅限于地球。任何有质量的物体都会产生引力。然而，你只能注意到地球、月球或太阳等非常大质量物体的引力，因为它们的质量巨大。

On Earth, the direction of gravity is always downwards, toward the centre of the planet. When you stand on the ground, the ground pushes back on your feet, balancing the downward pull of gravity.

在地球上，重力的方向总是向下，指向地球中心。当你站在地面上时，地面对你的脚施加一个向上的支持力，与向下的重力相平衡。

2. Gravity as a Non-Contact Force | 作为非接触力的重力

Gravity is a non-contact force. This means it can act between objects even when they are not touching. A contact force, such as friction or air resistance, requires surfaces to touch. Gravity can pull an apple from a tree across empty space without any direct contact.

重力是一种非接触力。这意味着它可以在物体不接触的情况下产生作用。像摩擦力或空气阻力这样的接触力需要物体表面相互接触。重力则可以在隔着空无一物的空间的情况下，把苹果从树上拉下来，而无需直接接触。

Non-contact forces also include magnetism and electrostatic force. In the same way, gravity acts through a gravitational field. Around Earth, there is a region called the gravitational field where Earth’s gravitational pull can be felt.

非接触力还包括磁力和静电力。同样，重力通过引力场产生作用。在地球周围存在一个叫做引力场的区域，在这个区域内可以感受到地球的引力。

The arrows used to represent gravity point toward the centre of the attracting object. On a force diagram for a falling apple, the weight arrow is drawn straight downwards.

用来表示重力的箭头指向吸引物体的中心。在下落的苹果的受力图中，重量的箭头竖直向下。

3. Mass and Weight: Two Different Ideas | 质量与重量：两个不同的概念

In everyday language, people often use ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ as if they are the same. In science they are different. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms (kg) and does not change with location. Weight is the force of gravity acting on that mass. It is measured in newtons (N) and can change if the gravitational field changes.

在日常生活中，人们常把 “质量” 和 “重量” 当作一回事。但在科学中它们是不同的。质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg），不随位置改变。重量是作用在质量上的重力，单位是牛顿（N），如果重力场变化，重量也会变化。

A 1 kg bag of sugar has the same mass on Earth, on the Moon, and in space. However, its weight is smaller on the Moon and almost zero far away from any planet because the gravitational pull is weaker.

一袋 1 千克的糖在地球、月球和太空中都有相同的质量。但在月球上它的重量更小，在远离任何行星的地方重量几乎为零，因为那里的引力更弱。

Mass is a scalar quantity: it only has size. Weight is a vector quantity: it has both size and direction, and its direction is always the direction of the gravitational pull.

质量是标量：它只有大小。重量是矢量：它既有大小又有方向，方向始终与重力的方向一致。

4. The Weight Equation | 重量公式

The relationship between mass and weight is given by the equation:

质量与重量之间的关系由以下公式给出：

W = m × g

Here, W stands for weight in newtons (N), m stands for mass in kilograms (kg), and g stands for the gravitational field strength in newtons per kilogram (N/kg).

其中，W 代表重量，单位为牛顿（N）；m 代表质量，单位为千克（kg）；g 代表重力场强度，单位为牛顿每千克（N/kg）。

On Earth, the gravitational field strength g is approximately 9.8 N/kg. For KS3 calculations, your teacher may ask you to use 10 N/kg to make the numbers easier.

在地球上，重力场强度 g 约为 9.8 N/kg。在 KS3 的计算中，老师可能会要求你使用 10 N/kg，以便简化计算。

For example, the weight of a 2 kg object on Earth is:

例如，一个质量为 2 kg 的物体在地球上的重量为：

W = 2 kg × 10 N/kg = 20 N

Always check that your mass is in kilograms and your final answer is in newtons.

一定要检查质量是否以千克为单位，最终答案是否以牛顿为单位。

5. Measuring Weight and Mass | 测量重量与质量

Weight and mass are measured with different instruments. Mass is measured with a balance, such as a top-pan balance, and is recorded in kilograms or grams.

重量和质量用不同的仪器测量。质量用天平（如托盘天平）测量，单位记录为千克或克。

Weight is measured with a force meter, also called a newton meter or spring balance. The object is hung from the hook, and the scale reads the force in newtons.

重量用测力计来测量，也叫牛顿计或弹簧秤。把物体挂在挂钩上，刻度盘就会以牛顿为单位显示力的大小。

• Balance measures mass (kg). | 天平测量质量（kg）。

Published by TutorHao | KS3 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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📚 Understanding Gravity: Key Questions for KS3 CIE Science | 理解重力：KS3 CIE 科学核心问题

Gravity is one of the most important forces in the universe. For KS3 CIE Science, you need to explain what gravity is, how it affects mass and weight, and how to answer common questions about falling objects, orbits and gravitational fields. This revision guide covers the key ideas and exam-style questions you are likely to meet.

重力是宇宙中最重要的力之一。在 KS3 CIE 科学课程中，你需要解释什么是重力、它如何影响质量与重量，以及如何回答关于落体、轨道和引力场的常见问题。这份复习指南涵盖了你可能遇到的核心概念和考题类型。

1. What is gravity? | 什么是重力？

Gravity is a non-contact force that pulls objects with mass towards each other. You do not need to touch an object for gravity to act. The more mass an object has, the stronger its gravitational pull. On Earth, we feel gravity as the force that pulls us down towards the ground.

重力是一种非接触力，它将有质量的物体相互拉近。重力不需要接触物体就能产生作用。物体的质量越大，它的引力就越强。在地球上，我们感受到的重力就是把我们拉向地面的力。

Gravity always attracts; it never repels. This is different from magnetic and electric forces, which can both attract and repel. Gravity is also very weak compared with other forces, but it acts over very large distances and holds planets, stars and galaxies together.

重力总是吸引，从不排斥。这与磁力和电力不同，磁力和电力既能吸引也能排斥。与其他力相比，重力非常弱，但它可以在非常大的距离上起作用，并把行星、恒星和星系维系在一起。

2. Why do objects fall towards the Earth? | 为什么物体会落向地球？

Objects fall towards the Earth because the Earth’s mass is extremely large. The Earth creates a gravitational field around it, and any object inside that field experiences a force pulling it towards the centre of the Earth. We call this force the object’s weight.

物体落向地球是因为地球的质量非常大。地球在它周围产生一个引力场，处在该场中的任何物体都会受到一个拉向地球中心的力。我们把这个力称为物体的重量。

When you drop a ball, gravity pulls it downwards. If there were no air resistance, all objects would fall with the same acceleration, no matter how heavy they are. This idea was famously demonstrated by Galileo and later tested on the Moon during the Apollo 15 mission.

当你松开一个球时，重力会把它向下拉。如果没有空气阻力，所有物体都会以相同的加速度下落，无论它们有多重。这一观点由伽利略著名地提出，后来在阿波罗 15 号任务中在月球上得到了验证。

3. What is the difference between mass and weight? | 质量与重量有什么区别？

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms (kg) and does not change wherever you go in the universe. You could be on Earth, the Moon or floating in space and your mass would stay the same.

质量是物体所含物质的多少。它的单位是千克（kg），无论你在宇宙中的哪个地方，质量都不会改变。无论你在地球、月球还是漂浮在太空中，你的质量都保持不变。

Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object’s mass. Because weight is a force, it is measured in newtons (N). Your weight can change if you move to a place where gravity is stronger or weaker. You weigh less on the Moon because the Moon’s gravity is weaker than Earth’s.

重量是作用在物体质量上的重力。因为重量是一种力，所以它的单位是牛顿（N）。如果你去一个重力更强或更弱的地方，你的重量会改变。你在月球上体重更轻，因为月球的重力比地球弱。

4. How do we calculate weight on Earth? | 如何计算地球上的重量？

You can calculate weight using the equation:

你可以用以下公式计算重量：

W = m × g

In this equation, W is weight in newtons (N), m is mass in kilograms (kg), and g is the gravitational field strength. On Earth, g is about 10 N/kg at KS3 level (more precisely 9.8 N/kg). This means every 1 kg of mass experiences a gravitational force of about 10 N.

在这个公式中，W 是重量，单位为牛顿（N）；m 是质量，单位为千克（kg）；g 是引力场强度。在 KS3 阶段，地球上 g 约为 10 N/kg（更精确为 9.8 N/kg）。这意味着每 1 kg 的质量受到大约 10 N 的重力。

Example: A student has a mass of 45 kg. Their weight on Earth is W = 45 × 10 = 450 N. Always show the unit N, because weight is a force.

例题：一名学生的质量为 45 kg。他在地球上的重量为 W = 45 × 10 = 450 N。一定要写出单位 N，因为重量是力。

5. Why is your weight different on the Moon? | 为什么在月球上你的重量不同？

The Moon has a smaller mass than the Earth, so its gravitational field strength is weaker. On the Moon, g is about 1.6 N/kg. This is roughly one sixth of Earth’s gravity. Your mass stays the same, but your weight is much smaller.

月球的质量比地球小，所以它的引力场强度较弱。在月球上，g 约为 1.6 N/kg。这大约是地球重力的六分之一。你的质量保持不变，但你的重量会小得多。

For the same 45 kg student, weight on the Moon would be W = 45 × 1.6 = 72 N. That is why astronauts can jump much higher on the Moon even when wearing heavy spacesuits.

同样是 45 kg 的学生，在月球上的重量为 W = 45 × 1.6 = 72 N。这就是为什么宇航员即使穿着沉重的宇航服，在月球上也能跳得更高的原因。

6. What is a gravitational field? | 什么是引力场？

A gravitational field is the region around a mass where another mass experiences a gravitational force. The Earth’s gravitational field pulls objects towards the centre of the Earth. We cannot see the field, but we can observe its effects, such as falling objects and orbiting satellites.

引力场是质量周围使另一个质量受到引力作用的区域。地球的引力场将物体拉向地心。我们看不见这个场，但可以观察到它的效果，比如下落的物体和绕轨道运行的卫星。

Field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg). The closer you are to a planet, the stronger its gravitational field. As you move further away from Earth, gravity becomes weaker, but it never completely disappears.

场强的单位是牛顿每千克（N/kg）。你离行星越近，它的引力场就越强。当你离地球越来越远时，重力会变弱，但永远不会完全消失。

7. How does gravity keep the Moon in orbit? | 重力如何让月球保持在轨道上？

The Moon is constantly falling towards the Earth because of gravity. However, the Moon also has a sideways motion. The combination of this forward motion and the pull of gravity makes the Moon follow a curved path around the Earth. We call this an orbit.

由于重力，月球始终在向地球“下落”。然而，月球同时也有侧向运动。这种向前运动与重力拉力的结合，使月球沿着一条绕地球的弯曲路径运行。我们称之为轨道。

If gravity suddenly disappeared, the Moon would fly off in a straight line into space. Gravity provides the centripetal force needed to keep objects in circular motion.

如果重力突然消失，月球将沿直线飞入太空。重力提供了物体做圆周运动所需的向心力。

8. What is free fall and air resistance? | 什么是自由落体和空气阻力？

Free fall happens when gravity is the only force acting on an object. In a vacuum, a feather and a hammer fall at the same rate because there is no air resistance. This was demonstrated on the Moon by Apollo 15 astronaut David Scott.

当重力是作用在物体上的唯一力时，就会发生自由落体。在真空中，羽毛和锤子以相同的速率下落，因为没有空气阻力。阿波罗 15 号宇航员大卫·斯科特在月球上证明了这一点。

On Earth, air resistance acts against falling objects. It increases as the object moves faster. When air resistance becomes equal to the object’s weight, the object stops accelerating and falls at a constant speed called terminal velocity.

在地球上，空气阻力会阻碍下落物体。物体运动得越快，空气阻力越大。当空气阻力等于物体的重量时，物体不再加速，并以恒定速度下落，这个速度称为终端速度。

9. Why do astronauts feel weightless? | 为什么宇航员会感到失重？

Astronauts on the International Space Station are not beyond Earth’s gravity. In fact, Earth’s gravity at the ISS is still about 90% of that on the ground. They feel weightless because they are in free fall around the Earth.

国际空间站上的宇航员并不是不受地球重力影响。事实上，在地球空间站高度，地球重力仍约为地面的 90%。他们感到失重是因为他们正在绕地球自由落体。

Both the astronauts and the space station are falling towards Earth at the same rate, so they do not push against the floor. This creates the sensation of weightlessness, just like when a lift suddenly drops.

宇航员和空间站以相同的速率向地球下落，因此他们不会压在地板上。这就产生了失重的感觉，就像电梯突然下降时一样。

10. Common exam-style questions on gravity | 重力常见考题类型

KS3 CIE exams often ask you to explain the difference between mass and weight, calculate weight using W = m × g, or predict what happens to weight on different planets. You should also be able to describe how gravity affects falling objects and orbits.

KS3 CIE 考试经常要求你解释质量与重量的区别、使用 W = m × g 计算重量，或预测在不同行星上重量会如何变化。你还应该能够描述重力如何影响下落物体和轨道。

Typical questions include: ‘State the unit of weight’, ‘Why does a hammer and a feather fall at the same rate on the Moon?’, and ‘Calculate the weight of a 5 kg object on Earth’. Always use the correct units and show your working.

常见题目包括：“写出重量的单位”、“为什么锤子和羽毛在月球上以相同速率下落？”以及“计算地球上 5 kg 物体的重量”。一定要使用正确的单位并写出计算过程。

Published by TutorHao | KS3 CIE Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

📚 KS3 CIE Forces 1: Year 7 Scheme of Work | KS3 CIE 力 1：七年级教学计划

This scheme of work supports Year 7 students following the Cambridge Lower Secondary Science (CIE KS3) curriculum for the topic ‘Forces 1’. It breaks the topic into clear learning objectives, key ideas, practical activities and common misconceptions so teachers can plan a coherent sequence of lessons. Students will explore what forces do, how to measure them, and how balanced and unbalanced forces explain everyday motion.

本教学计划面向学习剑桥初中科学（CIE KS3）课程“力 1”专题的七年级学生。它把该专题拆分为清晰的学习目标、核心概念、实践活动和常见误区，帮助教师规划连贯的课程序列。学生将探索力的作用、如何测量力，以及平衡与不平衡力如何解释日常运动。

1. What is a Force? | 什么是力？

A force is a push or a pull acting on an object. Forces cannot be seen, but their effects can be observed: they can change the speed of an object, change its direction, or change its shape. The unit of force is the newton (N), named after Sir Isaac Newton.

力是作用在物体上的推或拉。力本身看不见，但它的作用可以被观察到：力可以改变物体的速度、改变其运动方向或改变其形状。力的单位是牛顿（N），以艾萨克·牛顿爵士的名字命名。

Forces always occur in pairs when two objects interact. For example, when you kick a ball, your foot applies a force to the ball, and the ball applies an equal and opposite force to your foot.

当两个物体相互作用时，力总是成对出现。例如，当你踢球时，你的脚对球施加一个力，球也对你的脚施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力。

In Year 7, students learn to identify forces in familiar situations such as pushing a trolley, stretching a rubber band, dropping a ball and sitting on a chair.

在七年级，学生要学会识别熟悉情境中的力，例如推手推车、拉伸橡皮筋、扔下球和坐在椅子上。

2. Types of Forces | 力的类型

Forces can be divided into two main groups: contact forces and non-contact forces. Contact forces require objects to touch each other, while non-contact forces act at a distance.

力可分为两大类：接触力和非接触力。接触力需要物体相互接触，而非接触力可以在一定距离外产生作用。

Common contact forces include friction, air resistance, water resistance, tension and the normal reaction force. Common non-contact forces include gravity, magnetic force and electrostatic force.

常见的接触力包括摩擦力、空气阻力、水的阻力、张力和法向反作用力。常见的非接触力包括重力、磁力和静电力。

A useful classroom activity is to sort pictures of everyday actions into contact and non-contact force examples. This helps students see that gravity acts without touching, while friction only appears when surfaces rub together.

一个有用的课堂活动是将日常动作的图片分为接触力和非接触力两类。这有助于学生明白重力不接触就能起作用，而摩擦力只有在表面相互摩擦时才会出现。

3. Measuring Forces | 测量力

Forces are measured with a newton meter, also called a spring balance or force meter. The reading is taken in newtons (N). A newton meter works by measuring the extension of a spring: the greater the force, the more the spring stretches.

力用牛顿计测量，也称为弹簧秤或测力计。读数以牛顿（N）为单位。牛顿计通过测量弹簧的伸长来工作：力越大，弹簧拉伸得越长。

In the laboratory, students can practise measuring forces by pulling objects across different surfaces, hanging masses from a newton meter, or stretching elastic bands. The key skill is reading the scale correctly and aligning the eye with the pointer to avoid parallax error.

在实验室中，学生可以通过在不同表面上拉动物体、在牛顿计上悬挂砝码或拉伸橡皮筋来练习测量力。关键技能是正确读取刻度，并让视线与指针对齐以避免视差误差。

When measuring weight, the newton meter should be held vertically. When measuring a horizontal pull, it should be held parallel to the direction of motion.

测量重量时，牛顿计应竖直握住。测量水平拉力时，应使其与运动方向平行。

4. Representing Forces with Arrows | 用箭头表示力

Forces are drawn as arrows on force diagrams. The length of the arrow shows the size (magnitude) of the force, the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the force, and the starting point shows where the force acts.

力在力的示意图中用箭头表示。箭头的长度表示力的大小（大小），箭头方向表示力的方向，起点表示力的作用点。

For example, an object resting on a table has a downward weight arrow and an upward normal reaction arrow of equal length. A moving car being pushed has a longer thrust arrow pointing forward and a shorter friction arrow pointing backward.

例如，放在桌子上的物体有一个向下的重力箭头和一个向上的法向反作用力箭头，两者长度相等。一辆被推动的汽车有一个向前的较长推力箭头和一个向后的较短摩擦力箭头。

Students should practise drawing simple free-body diagrams with clear labels and a scale, such as 1 cm = 1 N. This prepares them for calculating resultant forces.

学生应练习绘制带清晰标注和比例（如 1 厘米 = 1 牛）的简单受力图。这为他们计算合力做好准备。

5. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces | 平衡力与不平衡力

When all forces acting on an object are balanced, the resultant force is zero. The object either stays still or continues moving at a constant speed in a straight line. This is a simple statement of Newton’s first law of motion.

当作用在物体上的所有力相互平衡时，合力为零。物体要么保持静止，要么继续沿直线匀速运动。这是牛顿第一运动定律的简单表述。

When forces are unbalanced, the resultant force is not zero. The object will speed up, slow down or change direction. The acceleration is in the direction of the resultant force.

当力不平衡时，合力不为零。物体将加速、减速或改变方向。加速度的方向与合力的方向一致。

A common experiment uses a wooden block pulled by a newton meter. When the pull is small and the block does not move, friction is equal and opposite to the pull, so forces are balanced. When the pull becomes large enough, the block moves and forces become unbalanced.

一个常见实验是用牛顿计拉木块。当拉力较小、木块不动时，摩擦力与拉力大小相等、方向相反，因此力是平衡的。当拉力足够大时，木块开始运动，力变得不平衡。

Resultant force = forward force – backward force

6. Friction | 摩擦力

Friction is a contact force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are sliding or trying to slide past each other. It is caused by microscopic roughness on the surfaces.

摩擦力是一种接触力，它阻碍两个相互滑动或试图相互滑动的表面之间的运动。它是由表面上的微观粗糙引起的。

Friction can be useful or unwanted. Useful friction allows us to walk without slipping, stops cars safely and lets us hold objects. Unwanted friction wears out machine parts and wastes energy as heat.

摩擦力可能是有益的，也可能是有害的。有益摩擦使我们走路不打滑、让汽车安全停下、让我们能握住物体。有害摩擦会磨损机器零件并以热的形式浪费能量。

Friction can be reduced by using lubricants such as oil or grease, by smoothing surfaces, or by using wheels and ball bearings. It can be increased by making surfaces rougher or pressing them together harder.

摩擦可以通过使用油或油脂等润滑剂、打磨光滑表面或使用轮子和滚珠轴承来减小。可以通过使表面更粗糙或更用力地挤压表面来

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📚 Activate 1 Student Book Cover: Unlocking KS3 Science | Activate 1 学生用书封面：开启 KS3 科学之旅

The front cover of Activate 1 is more than just a design. It signals the start of Key Stage 3 science, where biology, chemistry and physics are taught as one connected subject. The images, colours and symbols on the cover invite learners to ask questions, explore ideas and build the skills needed for later IGCSE or CIE Checkpoint study.

Activate 1 的封面不仅仅是装饰。它标志着关键阶段 3（KS3）科学的开始，生物、化学和物理被作为一个相互关联的学科来教授。封面上的图像、颜色和符号引导学生提出问题、探索概念，并培养后续 IGCSE 或 CIE Checkpoint 学习所需的技能。

1. Why the Cover Matters | 为什么封面很重要

A textbook cover is often the first contact a student has with a subject. The Activate 1 cover uses vibrant shapes and scientific symbols to show that science is active, not passive. It tells learners that they will predict, test, observe and conclude rather than only memorise facts.

教科书封面通常是学生接触一门学科的第一印象。Activate 1 封面用鲜艳的形状和科学符号表明科学是主动的，而不是被动的。它告诉学习者，他们将进行预测、测试、观察和总结，而不仅仅记忆事实。

The title Activate itself means to start or switch on. For KS3 learners, this book activates prior knowledge from primary school and switches on more formal scientific thinking. That switch is important because science at secondary level asks for evidence, models and precise language.

书名 Activate 本身意思是启动或开启。对于 KS3 学习者来说，这本书激活小学阶段的已有知识，并开启更正式的科学思维。这一转变非常重要，因为中学阶段的科学要求证据、模型和准确的语言。

When you look at the cover, try to identify at least five scientific clues. This simple habit trains your brain to observe carefully, which is a core skill in every science lesson and in CIE Checkpoint assessments.

当你看到封面时，试着找出至少五个科学线索。这个简单的习惯能训练大脑仔细观察，而观察能力正是每一节科学课以及 CIE Checkpoint 评估中的核心技能。

2. One Book, Three Sciences | 一本书，三门科学

Although Activate 1 is one book, it contains three sciences: biology, chemistry and physics. The cover often mixes natural forms, such as cells or leaves, with laboratory glassware and force arrows to represent this integration.

虽然 Activate 1 是一本书，但它包含三门科学：生物、化学和物理。封面通常把细胞或叶片等自然形态与实验室玻璃器皿和力的箭头混合在一起，代表这种整合。

Biology topics focus on living things and how they work. Chemistry topics focus on substances, particles and reactions. Physics topics focus on energy, forces and the behaviour of matter in space and time.

生物主题关注生物及其工作原理。化学主题关注物质、粒子和反应。物理主题关注能量、力以及物质在空间和时间中的行为。

The cover does not place one science above another. Instead, it shows that many questions need all three sciences to answer. For example, understanding how the human body moves involves biology for muscles, chemistry for respiration and physics for forces.

封面并没有让某一门科学凌驾于其他科学之上。相反，它表明许多问题需要三门科学共同回答。例如，理解人体如何运动既需要生物学的肌肉知识，也需要化学的呼吸作用以及物理学的力。

This integrated approach is exactly what CIE Lower Secondary Science encourages. Students learn to move between disciplines instead of keeping them in separate boxes.

这种整合方式正是 CIE 初中科学所鼓励的。学生要学会在不同学科之间迁移，而不是把它们分隔开来。

3. Working Scientifically: The Cover in Action | 科学探究：封面在行动

The cover often shows tools such as a magnifying glass, a test tube or a circuit symbol. These remind students that science is a practical subject. In KS3, working scientifically means planning investigations, recording data, drawing graphs and evaluating evidence.

封面经常展示放大镜、试管或电路符号等工具。这些提醒学生科学是一门实践性学科。在 KS3 阶段，科学探究意味着设计探究、记录数据、绘制图表和评估证据。

A typical enquiry might ask: How does temperature affect the rate of dissolving? You would change temperature, measure the time taken for a solute to disappear, and plot a graph of time against temperature.

一个典型的探究可能会问：温度如何影响溶解速率？你会改变温度，测量溶质消失所需的时间，并绘制时间与温度的关系图。

The key variables are independent, dependent and control variables. In the example above, temperature is independent, dissolving time is dependent, and volume of water is controlled.

关键变量是自变量、因变量和控制变量。在上面的例子中，温度是自变量，溶解时间是因变量，水的体积是控制变量。

Fair testing means changing only the independent variable and keeping all other factors the same. Without fair testing, you cannot be sure what caused the result.

公平测试意味着只改变自变量而保持其他因素不变。没有公平测试，你就无法确定是什么导致了结果。

When you record results, use a table with clear headings and units. Then plot a scatter graph or line graph, depending on whether the data is continuous. This is a skill that appears frequently in CIE Checkpoint science papers.

记录结果时，使用带有清晰标题和单位的表格。然后根据数据是否连续，绘制散点图或折线图。这是 CIE Checkpoint 科学试卷中经常出现的技能。

4. Biology Topics You Will Meet | 你将遇到的生物主题

Activate 1 biology includes cells, the human body, reproduction and ecosystems. The cover may show a microscope or a cell pattern to hint at the first unit: cells. Students learn that animal and plant cells share some parts but differ in others.

Activate 1 生物部分包括细胞、人体、生殖和生态系统。封面可能展示显微镜或细胞图案来暗示第一个单元：细胞。学生将了解动物细胞和植物细胞有一些共同结构，但另一些不同。

For example, plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole. Animal cells lack these structures. Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell.

例如，植物细胞有细胞壁、叶绿体和大的永久液泡。动物细胞没有这些结构。两者都有细胞核、细胞质和细胞膜，细胞膜控制物质的进出。

The word equation for aerobic respiration is:

有氧呼吸的文字方程式为：

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）

In the human body topic, learners explore organ systems such as the digestive system, circulatory system and respiratory system. They learn how organs work together to keep cells supplied with nutrients and oxygen.

在人体主题中，学习者探索消化系统、循环系统和呼吸系统等器官系统。他们学习器官如何协同工作，为细胞提供营养和氧气。

Reproduction covers the differences between adolescence and puberty, as well as the basics of human reproductive systems. Ecosystems introduce food chains, food webs and the importance of producers, consumers and decomposers.

生殖部分涵盖青春期与发育期的区别，以及人类生殖系统的基础知识。生态系统部分介绍食物链、食物网以及生产者、消费者和分解者的重要性。

5. Chemistry Topics You Will Meet | 你将遇到的化学主题

Chemistry in Activate 1 introduces particles, elements, compounds, mixtures and simple reactions. The cover may include a flask or bubble shapes, suggesting mixing and change.

Activate 1 中的化学介绍粒子、元素、化合物、混合物和简单反应。封面可能包括烧瓶或气泡形状，暗示混合与变化。

Students learn that all matter is made of particles. In a solid, particles are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions. In a liquid, particles are close but can move past each other. In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly.

学生将学到所有物质都由粒子组成。固体中粒子紧密排列并在固定位置振动；液体中粒子彼此接近但可以滑动；气体中粒子相距很远并快速运动。

The particle model explains changes of state, such as melting and boiling. A simple word equation for a neutralisation reaction is:

粒子模型可以解释熔化、沸腾等状态变化。中和反应的简单文字方程式为：

acid + alkali → salt + water

酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水

Elements are made of only one type of atom. Compounds contain two or more different elements chemically joined. Mixtures are not chemically joined and can often be separated by physical methods such as filtration, evaporation or distillation.

元素只由一种原子组成。化合物含有两种或更多不同元素通过化学键结合。混合物没有化学结合，通常可以通过过滤、蒸发或蒸馏等物理方法分离。

Common hazard symbols appear on the cover and in practical lessons: flammable, corrosive, toxic and irritant. Students must learn to recognise these symbols and follow safety rules when handling chemicals.

常见的危险符号出现在封面和实验课上：易燃、腐蚀性、有毒和刺激性。学生必须学会识别这些符号，并在处理化学品时遵守安全规则。

6. Physics Topics You Will Meet | 你将遇到的物理主题

Physics in Activate 1 covers forces, energy, waves and simple circuits. Cover symbols such as lightning bolts or gears point to energy transfer and motion.

Activate 1 中的物理涵盖力、能量、波和简单电路。封面上的闪电或齿轮等符号指向能量转移和运动。

A key idea is that forces are pushes or pulls, measured in newtons (N). Balanced forces do not change motion, while unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration.

一个关键概念是力是推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。平衡力不改变运动状态，而非平衡力会导致加速或减速。

The relationship between speed, distance and time is:

速度、距离和时间之间的关系为：

speed = distance ÷ time

速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored. Learners identify energy stores such as kinetic, thermal, chemical, gravitational potential and elastic potential. They also use simple energy transfer diagrams.

能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能被转移或储存。学习者识别动能、热能、化学能、重力势能和弹性势能等能量储存形式。他们还使用简单的能量转移图。

In the electricity topic, students build series and parallel circuits. They learn that current is measured in amperes (A) and potential difference in volts (V). A simple circuit must be complete for current to flow.

在电学主题中，学生搭建串联和并联电路。他们学习电流以安培（A）为单位，电势差以伏特（V）为单位。电路必须完整闭合，电流才能流动。

7. Symbols, Diagrams and Models | 符号、图表与模型

A good scientist reads visual information carefully. The Activate 1 cover uses diagrams to communicate ideas quickly. In class, you will draw labelled diagrams of cells, circuits and filtration equipment.

一名优秀的科学家会仔细阅读视觉信息。Activate 1 封面用图表快速传达概念。在课堂上，你将绘制带标签的细胞、电路和过滤装置示意图。

Symbols carry meaning in science. For example, a straight line with a circle in a circuit represents a bulb, and a long line plus a shorter thick line represents a cell or battery.

符号在科学中承载意义。例如，电路中带圆圈的直线代表灯泡，一长一短两条粗线代表电池。

Models help explain things we cannot see directly. The particle model is one example. Another is the food web model, which shows how energy passes through an ecosystem.

模型有助于解释我们无法直接看到的事物。粒子模型就是一个例子。另一个是食物网模型，它显示能量如何通过生态系统传递。

When drawing a graph, remember to label the x-axis and y-axis, include units, use a sensible scale and plot points with a sharp pencil. A line of best fit should show the overall trend and may be straight or curved.

绘制图表时，记得标注 x 轴和 y 轴、标明单位、使用合理刻度并用尖铅笔描点。最佳拟合线应显示总体趋势，可以是直线或曲线。

8. How to Use the Cover for Revision | 如何利用封面进行复习

Before opening the book, look at the cover and list every scientific image you can find. Then predict which unit each image belongs to. This five-minute activity activates your brain and improves recall.

在打开书之前，先看封面并列出你能找到的每一个科学图像。然后预测每个图像属于哪个单元。这个五分钟的活动能激活大脑并提高记忆。

After studying a topic, revisit the cover and see if you can explain the science behind an image. If you can teach it to a friend, you are ready for checkpoint-style questions.

学习完一个主题后，重新看封面，看看自己能否解释某个图像背后的科学。如果你能把它教给朋友，就说明你已经准备好应对 Checkpoint 风格的题目。

Use active recall by closing the book and writing down everything you remember about a topic. Then check your notes and fill in the gaps in a different colour. This technique is much more effective than reading notes over and over.

使用主动回忆法，合上书并写出关于某个主题你能记住的所有内容。然后对照笔记，用不同颜色的笔补上遗漏的部分。这种方法比反复阅读笔记有效得多。

Spaced repetition is another useful strategy. Review a topic one day, then three days later, then one week later. This helps move information from short-term memory into long-term memory.

间隔重复是另一个有用策略。第一天复习某个主题，三天后再复习，一周后再复习。这有助于将信息从短期记忆转化为长期记忆。

9. Common Misconceptions to Avoid | 常见误区与避免方法

One common misconception is that heavier objects always fall faster than lighter ones. In fact, without air resistance, all objects fall at the same rate because gravitational acceleration is the same for all masses.

一个常见的误区是重物体总比轻物体下落得快。事实上，在没有空气阻力的情况下，所有物体下落速率相同，因为重力加速度对任何质量都相同。

Another misconception is that particles expand when heated. The particles themselves do not grow; instead, they gain energy and move further apart, so the spaces

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📚 KS3 Science: Atoms, Elements and Compounds | KS3 科学：原子、元素与化合物

All substances around us, from the water we drink to the metal in a bicycle, are built from tiny particles called atoms. In KS3 Science you learn how atoms join, how the periodic table organises elements, and why compounds have different properties from their parent elements.

我们周围的所有物质——从饮用水到自行车上的金属——都由被称为原子的微小粒子构成。在 KS3 科学中，你将学习原子如何结合、元素周期表如何组织元素，以及为什么化合物的性质与其组成元素不同。

1. What Are Atoms? | 什么是原子？

An atom is the smallest building block of matter. Each atom has a tiny central nucleus made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons moving around the nucleus.

原子是物质的最小构建单元。每个原子都有一个由质子和中子组成的微小中心核，核外有电子围绕原子核运动。

Protons carry a positive charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and neutrons have no charge. In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons, so the positive and negative charges balance.

质子带正电，电子带负电，中子不带电。在电中性原子中，质子数等于电子数，因此正负电荷相互平衡。

Everything from oxygen gas to a diamond is made of atoms. Even a single grain of sugar contains an enormous number of atoms.

从氧气到钻石，一切物质都由原子组成。即使是一粒糖也含有数量极为庞大的原子。

2. Elements and Chemical Symbols | 元素与化学符号

An element is a substance made of only one type of atom. There are about 100 known elements, and each element has its own chemical symbol, usually one or two letters.

元素是只由一种原子组成的物质。已知元素约有 100 种，每种元素都有自己的化学符号，通常由一或两个字母组成。

The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalised, and the second letter, if there is one, is always lower case. For example, H stands for hydrogen, He for helium, O for oxygen, Fe for iron, and Na for sodium.

化学符号的第一个字母必须大写，第二个字母（如果有）必须小写。例如，H 代表氢，He 代表氦，O 代表氧，Fe 代表铁，Na 代表钠。

• Hydrogen (H) – 氢 (H)
• Carbon (C) – 碳 (C)
• Nitrogen (N) – 氮 (N)
• Oxygen (O) – 氧 (O)
• Iron (Fe) – 铁 (Fe)
• Copper (Cu) – 铜 (Cu)
• Sodium (Na) – 钠 (Na)
• Chlorine (Cl) – 氯 (Cl)

Memorising these common symbols will help you write chemical formulae and equations correctly throughout KS3.

记住这些常见符号将帮助你在 KS3 阶段正确书写化学式和化学方程式。

3. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表

The periodic table arranges all known elements in order of increasing atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

元素周期表按照原子序数递增的顺序排列所有已知元素。原子序数就是原子核中的质子数。

Rows in the periodic table are called periods, and columns are called groups. Elements in the same group usually have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

周期表中的横行称为周期，纵列称为族。同一族元素通常具有相似的化学性质，因为它们最外层电子数相同。

Metals are found on the left and centre of the periodic table, while non-metals are found on the right. Group 1 contains the alkali metals, Group 7 contains the halogens, and Group 0 contains the noble gases.

金属位于周期表的左侧和中部，非金属位于右侧。第 1 族是碱金属，第 7 族是卤素，第 0 族是稀有气体。

4. Compounds and Chemical Formulae | 化合物与化学式

A compound is a substance formed when atoms of two or more different elements chemically join together. A compound has a fixed composition and always contains the same elements in the same proportions.

化合物是由两种或多种不同元素的原子化学结合而成的物质。化合物具有固定组成，总是以相同比例含有相同元素。

A chemical formula shows the types and numbers of atoms in a compound. The formula H₂O tells us that a water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

化学式表示化合物中原子的种类和数量。化学式 H₂O 表明一个水分子含有 2 个氢原子和 1 个氧原子。

H₂O  CO₂  NaCl  CaCO₃

For example, CO₂ is carbon dioxide, NaCl is sodium chloride, and CaCO₃ is calcium carbonate.

例如，CO₂ 是二氧化碳，NaCl 是氯化钠，CaCO₃ 是碳酸钙。

5. Mixtures vs Compounds | 混合物与化合物的区别

A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically joined together. The substances in a mixture can usually be separated by physical methods such as filtration, evaporation, or distillation.

混合物含有两种或多种没有化学结合的物质。混合物中的物质通常可以通过过滤、蒸发或蒸馏等物理方法分离。

A compound has chemical bonds holding atoms together, so it cannot be separated into its elements by physical methods. For example, iron filings and sulfur can be separated with a magnet when they form a mixture, but heating them produces iron sulfide, a compound that cannot be separated by a magnet.

化合物中的原子由化学键连接在一起，因此不能用物理方法将其分解为元素。例如，铁屑和硫形成混合物时可以用磁铁分离，但加热后生成硫化亚铁，这是一种化合物，无法用磁铁分离。

A compound often has very different properties from the elements that form it. Sodium is a reactive metal and chlorine is a toxic gas, but sodium chloride is the safe salt we eat.

化合物的性质通常与组成它的元素截然不同。钠是一种活泼金属，氯是一种有毒气体，但氯化钠却是我们食用的安全食盐。

6. States of Matter | 物质的三种状态

Atoms and molecules can be arranged differently in solids, liquids, and gases. In a solid, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate in fixed positions. In a liquid, particles are close but can slide past each other. In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.

原子和分子在固体、液体和气体中的排列方式不同。在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则图案，只能在固定位置振动；在液体中，粒子相距较近但可以相互滑动；在气体中，粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。

Changes of state include melting, freezing, boiling, evaporating, and condensing. During these changes, the atoms themselves do not change; only their arrangement and movement change.

物态变化包括熔化、凝固、沸腾、蒸发和冷凝。在这些变化过程中，原子本身不发生改变，改变的只是它们的排列方式和运动状态。

For example, ice, liquid water, and steam all consist of H₂O molecules, but the spacing and motion of the molecules are different in each state.

例如，冰、液态水和水蒸气都由 H₂O 分子组成，但分子之间的间距和运动方式各不相同。

7. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化

A physical change does not produce a new substance. Melting ice, dissolving sugar in water, and breaking a glass rod are all physical changes because the chemical identity of the substance stays the same.

物理变化不会产生新物质。冰融化、糖溶于水、折断玻璃棒都是物理变化，因为物质的化学身份保持不变。

A chemical change produces at least one new substance. Burning magnesium, rusting iron, and adding acid to limestone are chemical changes.

化学变化会生成至少一种新物质。镁条燃烧、铁生锈、向石灰石中加酸都是化学变化。

Signs that a chemical reaction has taken place include a colour change, a gas being given off, a temperature change, or a precipitate forming.

判断是否发生化学反应的依据包括：颜色变化、放出气体、温度变化或生成沉淀。

2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

In this reaction, magnesium metal reacts with oxygen gas to form magnesium oxide, a new white compound.

在这个反应中，金属镁与氧气反应生成氧化镁，一种新的白色化合物。

8. Conservation of Mass | 质量守恒

During a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, but they are not created or destroyed. The total mass of the reactants is therefore equal to the total mass of the products.

在化学反应过程中，原子会被重新排列，但不会被创造或消灭。因此，反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。

When magnesium is burned in air, the ash may seem heavier than the original metal. This is because oxygen from the air has combined with the magnesium, so the product contains both magnesium and oxygen atoms.

镁在空气中燃烧后，生成的灰烬看起来比原来的金属更重。这是因为空气中的氧与镁结合，产物中同时含有镁原子和氧原子。

If the reaction is carried out in a closed container, the total mass before and after the reaction stays exactly the same.

如果反应在密闭容器中进行，反应前后的总质量完全保持不变。

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

9. Naming Simple Compounds | 简单化合物的命名

For a compound made from a metal and a non-metal, the metal is named first and the non-metal changes its ending to -ide. For example, sodium and chlorine form sodium chloride, and magnesium and oxygen form magnesium oxide.

对于由金属和非金属组成的化合物，金属名称在前，非金属名称改变词尾为 -ide。例如，钠和氯生成氯化钠，镁和氧生成氧化镁。

When two non-metals combine, prefixes such as mono-, di-, and tri- are often used. Carbon monoxide has one oxygen atom, while carbon dioxide has two oxygen atoms.

两种非金属结合时，常使用 mono-、di-、tri- 等前缀。一氧化碳含有一个氧原子，二氧化碳含有两个氧原子。

• NaCl = sodium chloride – 氯化钠
• MgO = magnesium oxide – 氧化镁
• H₂O = water – 水
• CO₂ = carbon dioxide – 二氧化碳
• CH₄ = methane – 甲烷

Some compounds have common names that do not follow the simple naming rules, such as water and methane, so these need to be learned separately.

有些化合物有不符合简单命名规则的常用名称，例如水和甲烷，这些名称需要单独记忆。

10. Key Practical: Heating and Burning | 关键实验：加热与燃烧

A common KS3 practical is heating a strip of magnesium ribbon in air. The magnesium burns with a bright white flame and leaves a white ash, which is magnesium oxide.

一个常见的 KS3 实验是加热一段镁条。镁在空气中燃烧时发出明亮的白色火焰，并留下白色灰烬，这就是氧化镁。

Safety is important in this practical: wear safety goggles, use tongs to hold the ribbon, and do not look directly at the bright light because it can damage your eyes.

这个实验的安全注意事项很重要：佩戴护目镜，用坩埚钳夹住镁条，不要直视强光，因为强光会伤害眼睛。

Measuring the mass before and after heating shows that the product is heavier than the original metal. The extra mass comes from oxygen in the air that joins the magnesium.

测量加热前后的质量会发现产物比原来的金属更重。额外的质量来自空气中与镁结合的氧。

2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

This experiment links the ideas of elements, compounds, chemical change, and conservation of mass in one practical activity.

这个实验将元素、化合物、化学变化和质量守恒等概念融合在一个实践活动中。

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📚 Activate 1 Student Book: KS3 Science Core Concepts | Activate 1 学生用书：KS3 科学核心概念

Activate 1 is a KS3 science course that builds key ideas in biology, chemistry and physics. This revision guide walks through the main topics from the student book, including working scientifically, cells, particles, reactions, forces and space. It is useful for KS3 and Cambridge Checkpoint preparation.

《Activate 1》是一套 KS3 科学教材，帮助同学们建立生物、化学和物理的核心概念。本复习指南梳理学生用书中的主要主题，包括科学探究方法、细胞、粒子、化学反应、力和太空等内容。该指南也适用于 KS3 和 Cambridge Checkpoint 的备考复习。

1. Working Scientifically | 科学探究方法

Before studying content, you need to plan fair tests and handle data correctly. The independent variable is the one you change, the dependent variable is the one you measure, and control variables must be kept constant. A reliable experiment repeats readings and takes averages.

在学习科学内容之前，你需要学会设计公平实验并正确处理数据。自变量是你改变的变量，因变量是你测量的变量，控制变量则必须保持不变。可靠的实验需要重复读数并取平均值。

Safety is also central in the laboratory. Always wear eye protection when heating or using acids, tie back long hair, and report spills or breakages to a teacher immediately. You should also read labels and never taste or smell chemicals unless told to do so.

实验室安全同样非常重要。加热或使用酸液时要始终佩戴护目镜，扎起长发，如果发生泼洒或玻璃破损应立即报告老师。还应阅读标签，除非老师要求，否则不要品尝或直接闻化学药品。

When drawing graphs, put the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis. Use a line of best fit to show patterns and identify anomalous results that do not fit the trend.

绘制图表时，将自变量放在 x 轴，因变量放在 y 轴。使用最佳拟合线来显示规律，并找出不符合趋势的异常结果。

2. Cells | 细胞

All living things are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria. Plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole, which support the cell, absorb light and store cell sap.

所有生物都由细胞组成。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体。植物细胞还有细胞壁、叶绿体和中央大液泡，它们分别起到支持细胞、吸收光照和储存细胞液的作用。

The nucleus controls the cell and contains DNA. Mitochondria release energy by respiration, and chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis in plant cells. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.

细胞核控制细胞活动并含有 DNA。线粒体通过呼吸作用释放能量，叶绿体在植物细胞中吸收光能进行光合作用。细胞膜控制物质的进出。

To view cells, use a microscope. Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece magnification by the objective magnification. For example, a ×10 eyepiece and a ×40 objective give a total magnification of ×400.

观察细胞需要使用显微镜。总放大倍数等于目镜放大倍数乘以物镜放大倍数。例如，×10 的目镜和 ×40 的物镜，总放大倍数为 ×400。

total magnification = eyepiece magnification × objective magnification

Specialised cells such as root hair cells, sperm cells and red blood cells are adapted to their functions. Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water; sperm cells have a tail to swim; red blood cells carry oxygen by using haemoglobin.

根毛细胞、精子和红细胞等特化细胞都适应其特定功能。根毛细胞有较大的表面积以吸收水分；精子有尾部可以游动；红细胞利用血红蛋白运输氧气。

3. Structure and Function of Body Systems | 身体系统的结构与功能

Cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into organ systems. For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which forms the stomach, part of the digestive system. Organ systems work together to keep the body alive.

细胞组成组织，组织组成器官，器官组成器官系统。例如，肌肉细胞构成肌肉组织，肌肉组织构成胃，而胃是消化系统的一部分。各个器官系统相互配合以维持生命。

The skeleton supports the body, protects organs and allows movement. At joints, muscles pull bones; pairs of muscles such as the biceps and triceps work against each other. Antagonistic muscles allow smooth movement in opposite directions.

骨骼支撑身体、保护器官并使人运动。在关节处，肌肉牵拉骨骼；肱二头肌和肱三头肌等成对肌肉相互拮抗。拮抗肌使人体能够向相反方向平稳运动。

Breathing brings oxygen into the lungs, and the circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to cells. Gas exchange happens in the alveoli, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

呼吸将氧气带入肺，循环系统将氧气和营养物质输送到细胞。气体交换发生在肺泡中，氧气进入血液，二氧化碳从血液中排出。

The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into small soluble molecules. Enzymes help to speed up digestion, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

消化系统将大分子食物分解为小分子可溶性物质。酶有助于加快消化速度，小肠将营养物质吸收到血液中。

4. Reproduction | 生殖

In human reproduction, sperm and egg cells fuse during fertilisation to form a zygote. The zygote divides and becomes an embryo, which develops in the uterus. The placenta supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes waste.

在人类生殖过程中，精子和卵细胞在受精时融合形成受精卵。受精卵分裂并发育成胚胎，在子宫内发育。胎盘为胎儿提供氧气和营养物质，并排出废物。

During pregnancy, the amniotic fluid protects the developing fetus from knocks and bumps. After about nine months, contractions of the uterus lead to labour and birth. After birth, the baby obtains milk for nourishment and immunity.

怀孕期间，羊水保护发育中的胎儿免受撞击。约九个月后，子宫收缩引发分娩和出生。出生后，婴儿通过吸吮乳汁获得营养和免疫物质。

The menstrual cycle prepares the female body for possible pregnancy. The uterus lining thickens, and if fertilisation does not occur, the lining is shed during menstruation. Ovulation is the release of an egg from an ovary.

月经周期使女性身体为可能的怀孕做好准备。子宫内膜增厚，如果没有受精，内膜就会在月经期间脱落。排卵是卵子从卵巢中释放的过程。

Flowering plants reproduce by pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal. Pollen from the anther reaches the stigma, and seeds form in the ovary. Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water, animals or explosive mechanisms.

开花植物通过传粉、受精和种子传播进行繁殖。花药中的花粉到达柱头后完成传粉，子房中形成种子。种子可以通过风、水、动物或弹射机制传播。

5. Particles and Their Behaviour | 粒子及其行为

The particle model explains solids, liquids and gases. Solid particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in fixed positions; liquid particles are close but can move past each other; gas particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions.

粒子模型能解释固体、液体和气体的性质。固体粒子排列紧密且有规则，只在固定位置振动；液体粒子相互靠近但能滑动；气体粒子相距很远并快速向各个方向运动。

Changing state requires energy. Melting, evaporating and boiling absorb energy, while freezing and condensing release energy. Mass is conserved during changes of state because no particles are created or destroyed.

物态变化需要能量。熔化、蒸发和沸腾吸收能量，而凝固和冷凝释放能量。物态变化过程中质量守恒，因为粒子不会凭空产生或消失。

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids because gas particles move more quickly.

扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的运动。气体中的扩散比液体中快，因为气体粒子运动得更快。

Gas pressure is caused by particles colliding with the walls of a container. Increasing the temperature makes particles move faster, so they collide more often and with more force, raising the pressure.

气体压力由粒子撞击容器壁产生。温度升高使粒子运动加快，因此它们碰撞得更频繁、更有力，从而使压力升高。

6. Elements, Atoms and Compounds | 元素、原子和化合物

All substances are made of atoms. An element contains only one type of atom, and its symbol is shown on the periodic table. Examples include oxygen (O), carbon (C) and iron (Fe).

所有物质都由原子组成。元素只含一种原子，其符号列在元素周期表中。例如氧（O）、碳（C）和铁（Fe）。

A compound is formed when two or more different elements chemically combine. Properties of a compound are different from the elements that make it. For example, water has the formula H₂O, and carbon dioxide has the formula CO₂.

化合物由两种或两种以上不同元素通过化学结合形成。化合物的性质不同于组成它的元素。例如，水的化学式为 H₂O，二氧化碳的化学式为 CO₂。

water: H₂O | carbon dioxide: CO₂

Chemical formulae use symbols and small subscript numbers to show the ratio of atoms. A mixture is not chemically combined and can be separated by physical methods such as filtration, distillation or chromatography.

化学式用元素符号和下角数字表示原子的比例。混合物没有发生化学结合，可以用过滤、蒸馏或色谱法等物理方法分离。

The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

元素周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列元素。同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们的原子最外层电子数相同。

7. Reactions | 化学反应

A chemical reaction makes new substances and is often difficult to reverse. Signs of a reaction include colour change, gas bubbles, temperature change and the formation of a precipitate. Physical changes, by contrast, do not make new substances.

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📚 KS3 Science: Sound Waves and Hearing | KS3科学：声波与听觉

Sound waves are all around us, from speech and music to traffic noise. This KS3 revision guide explains how sound is made, how it travels, and how we hear it.

声波无处不在——从说话、音乐到交通噪音。本 KS3 复习指南将解释声音是如何产生的、如何传播的，以及我们如何听到声音。

1. What Is Sound? | 什么是声音

Sound is a form of energy carried by vibrations. When an object vibrates, it pushes and pulls nearby particles, creating a wave that carries energy away from the source.

声音是由振动携带的一种能量形式。物体振动时，会推拉周围的粒子，产生从声源向外传播的波。

Sound waves are longitudinal waves. In a longitudinal wave, particles vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels.

声波是纵波。在纵波中，粒子沿波传播的方向来回振动。

• Example: A guitar string vibrates when plucked.
• 示例：拨动吉他弦时，弦会振动。

2. How Sound Travels | 声音如何传播

A sound wave travels by making particles in a medium bunch together in compressions and spread out in rarefactions.

声波通过使介质中的粒子聚集形成密部、分散形成疏部来传播。

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to pass on the vibrations.

声音不能在真空中传播，因为真空中没有粒子来传递振动。

3. Sound Needs a Medium | 声音需要介质

Sound can travel through solids, liquids and gases, but it travels at different speeds in each medium.

声音可以在固体、液体和气体中传播，但在不同介质中的传播速度不同。

Sound travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases because particles are closer together in solids, so vibrations pass along more quickly.

声音在固体中传播最快，在液体中较慢，在气体中最慢，因为固体中的粒子靠得更近，振动传递得更快。

4. Speed of Sound | 声速

In air at room temperature, sound travels at approximately 340 m/s. This means it takes about 3 seconds to travel 1 kilometre.

在室温空气中，声速约为 340 m/s。这意味着声音传播 1 公里约需 3 秒。

The speed of sound increases with temperature because particles move faster and collide more often.

声速随温度升高而增加，因为粒子运动更快、碰撞更频繁。

speed = distance ÷ time

For all waves, speed, frequency and wavelength are linked by the equation:

对于所有波，波速、频率和波长之间的关系为：

v = f × λ

Where v is speed in m/s, f is frequency in hertz (Hz), and λ is wavelength in metres (m).

其中 v 是速度（m/s），f 是频率（Hz），λ 是波长（m）。

5. Frequency and Pitch | 频率与音调

Pitch is how high or low a sound seems. It depends on the frequency of the sound wave.

音调是声音听起来的高低。它取决于声波的频率。

High frequency means high pitch; low frequency means low pitch. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), which means number of vibrations per second.

频率高则音调高；频率低则音调低。频率的单位是赫兹（Hz），表示每秒振动的次数。

Humans can normally hear sounds from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). Sounds above this range are called ultrasound; sounds below are infrasound.

人类通常能听到约 20 Hz 到 20,000 Hz（20 kHz）的声音。高于此范围的声波叫超声波，低于此范围的是次声波。

6. Amplitude and Loudness | 振幅与响度

Loudness is how loud or quiet a sound seems. It depends on the amplitude of the sound wave.

响度是声音听起来的大小。它取决于声波的振幅。

A larger amplitude transfers more energy, so the sound is louder. Amplitude is the maximum distance a particle moves from its resting position.

振幅越大传递的能量越多，因此声音越响。振幅是粒子离开平衡位置的最大距离。

We measure loudness in decibels (dB). Sounds above 85 dB can damage hearing over a long time.

我们用分贝（dB）来测量响度。长期暴露在 85 dB 以上的声音中会损害听力。

7. The Ear and Hearing | 耳朵与听觉

The human ear converts sound waves into electrical signals that the brain interprets as sound.

人耳把声波转换成电信号，由大脑解读为声音。

The outer ear collects sound and directs it down the ear canal to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates, and tiny bones in the middle ear pass the vibrations to the cochlea in the inner ear.

外耳收集声音并把它导入耳道到达鼓膜。鼓膜振动，中耳的小骨头把振动传到内耳的耳蜗。

In the cochlea, hair cells change the vibrations into electrical signals. The auditory nerve carries these signals to

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📚 Activate 1 Workbook: KS3 Science Revision Guide | Activate 1 练习册：KS3 科学复习指南

The Activate 1 Workbook is a practical companion to the KS3 science course, offering short-answer questions, matching tasks and diagram-based exercises. It helps students practise scientific vocabulary, interpret data and apply key ideas from biology, chemistry and physics.

《Activate 1 练习册》是 KS3 科学课程的实用配套材料，提供简答题、配对题和图形题。它帮助学生练习科学词汇、解读数据，并应用生物、化学和物理中的核心概念。

1. Working Scientifically | 科学探究方法

Workbook questions on scientific enquiry usually ask you to identify the independent variable, dependent variable and control variables. A fair test changes only the independent variable, while all other factors are kept the same so the results are valid.

关于科学探究的练习册题目通常会要求你找出自变量、因变量和控制变量。公平实验只改变自变量，其他因素保持不变，这样结果才有效。

Graph work is also frequent: label the x-axis with the independent variable and the y-axis with the dependent variable, include units, and draw a smooth line of best fit. Always record observations in a results table before plotting.

绘图题也很常见：用 x 轴表示自变量，y 轴表示因变量，标出单位，并画出平滑的最佳拟合线。绘制图表前，务必先在结果表中记录观察结果。

2. Cells | 细胞

Typical questions ask you to label an animal cell and a plant cell. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria.

典型题目会要求你标注动物细胞和植物细胞。植物细胞有细胞壁、叶绿体和中央大液泡，而动物细胞没有。两者都有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体。

You also need to use the microscope formula:

total magnification = eyepiece magnification × objective magnification

你还需要使用显微镜公式：总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。同时要能够解释根毛细胞、精子和红细胞等特化细胞如何适应其功能。

3. Structure and Function of Body Systems | 身体系统的结构与功能

This unit links organs to organ systems. Examples include the breathing system, the circulatory system and the skeletal system. Workbook questions often ask you to place structures in order, such as trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

本单元将器官与器官系统联系起来。例如呼吸系统、循环系统和骨骼系统。练习册题目常要求你按顺序排列结构，例如气管 → 支气管 → 细支气管 → 肺泡。

Gas exchange happens in the alveoli, where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out. In muscles and joints, antagonistic muscle pairs contract and relax to move bones at joints, and ligaments and cartilage support movement.

气体交换发生在肺泡中，氧气进入血液，二氧化碳从血液排出。在肌肉和关节中，拮抗肌对通过收缩和舒张使骨骼在关节处运动，韧带和软骨支撑运动。

4. Reproduction | 生殖

You should know the main structures of the male and female reproductive systems and their roles. Fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of a sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote that divides to form an embryo.

你应当了解男性和女性生殖系统的主要结构及其功能。受精发生时，精子细胞核与卵细胞核融合，形成合子，合子分裂形成胚胎。

Puberty causes physical changes such as growth spurts, voice changes and the start of periods. Plant reproduction is also part of this topic: pollination transfers pollen to the stigma, and fertilisation leads to seed formation

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📚 Activate 1 Workbook Cover – KS3 Science Overview | Activate 1 练习册封面之 KS3 科学概览

The Activate 1 Workbook cover is more than just a protective page – it is a visual summary of the entire KS3 Science programme. For students beginning their secondary science journey, the cover often features images of cells, atoms, forces, and laboratory equipment, all of which link directly to the topics covered in the book. Understanding what these images represent gives you a head start in mastering the key ideas of Year 7 science.

Activate 1 练习册封面不仅仅是一层保护页——它其实是整个 KS3 科学课程体系的视觉概要。对于刚刚开始中学科学学习的学生来说，封面通常印有细胞、原子、力以及实验器材等图像，这些都与书中的学习主题直接相关。理解这些图像所代表的科学概念，能让你在掌握七年级科学核心知识时抢占先机。

1. What Is the Activate 1 Workbook? | Activate 1 练习册是什么？

The Activate 1 Workbook is a KS3 science resource designed for students aged 11-14, typically in Year 7. It accompanies the Activate 1 Student Book and provides structured practice questions, diagrams to label, data analysis tasks, and revision checklists. The workbook follows the English National Curriculum and prepares students for the transition to GCSE sciences.

Activate 1 练习册是一本面向 11-14 岁学生（通常为七年级）的 KS3 科学学习资源。它配合 Activate 1 学生用书使用，提供结构化的练习题、需要标注的示意图、数据分析任务以及复习清单。这本练习册遵循英国国家课程标准，并为学生过渡到 GCSE 科学课程做好准备。

• Covers biology, chemistry, and physics in one integrated course
• Includes practical skills and scientific enquiry questions
• Uses levelled questions to build confidence and stretch ability

• 涵盖生物、化学和物理三门学科的整合课程
• 包含实验技能和科学探究类题目
• 采用分级题目来建立信心并拓展能力

2. How the Cover Mirrors the KS3 Curriculum | 封面如何映射 KS3 课程

The design of the Activate 1 Workbook cover typically combines images from three main science disciplines. For example, a microscope or cell illustration represents biology, a molecular diagram or test tube represents chemistry, and a rocket or lever represents physics. This visual mixture is deliberate: it tells students that science is connected, not three isolated subjects.

Activate 1 练习册的封面设计通常融合了三个主要科学学科的图像。例如，显微镜或细胞插图代表生物学，分子结构图或试管代表化学，而火箭或杠杆则代表物理学。这种视觉混合是刻意的：它告诉学生科学是一个相互联系的整体，而不是三门孤立的学科。

3. Biology on the Cover: Cells and Life Processes | 封面上的生物学：细胞与生命活动

A large cell diagram on the cover reminds students that all living things are made of cells. KS3 biology starts with animal and plant cells, comparing structures such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, and vacuole. Students learn to use a microscope and prepare slides of onion cells or cheek cells.

封面上大大的细胞示意图提醒学生：所有生物体都是由细胞构成的。KS3 生物学的开端就是动物细胞和植物细胞，比较它们的结构，如细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、细胞壁、叶绿体和液泡。学生还要学习使用显微镜，并制作洋葱表皮细胞或口腔上皮细胞的临时装片。

In addition to cell structure, the biology section covers how cells are organised into tissues, organs, and organ systems. The human respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems are typical examples. Reproduction in plants and animals is also introduced at this stage.

除了细胞结构之外，生物学部分还涵盖了细胞如何组织成组织、器官和器官系统。人体的呼吸系统、循环系统和消化系统都是典型例子。植物和动物的生殖也在此阶段引入。

• Animal cell: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria
• Plant cell: cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole in addition to animal cell parts
• Specialised cells: sperm cell, nerve cell, root hair cell, palisade cell

• 动物细胞：细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体
• 植物细胞：在动物细胞基础上还有细胞壁、叶绿体和中央大液泡
• 特化细胞：精子细胞、神经细胞、根毛细胞、栅栏组织细胞

4. Chemistry on the Cover: Particles and Reactions | 封面上的化学：粒子与反应

Chemistry images often show molecular models or flasks of coloured solutions. At KS3 level, students explore the particle model of solids, liquids, and gases. They learn that all matter is made of tiny particles, and these particles move differently depending on the state of matter. For example, solid particles vibrate in fixed positions, while gas particles move rapidly and spread out.

化学图像通常展示分子模型或装有彩色溶液的烧瓶。在 KS3 阶段，学生会探索固体、液体和气体的粒子模型。他们学习所有物质都由微小粒子组成，并且这些粒子根据物质的状态不同而运动方式不同。例如，固体的粒子在固定位置振动，而气体的粒子快速运动并扩散开来。

Chemical reactions are another key focus. Students learn to recognise signs of a chemical change, such as colour change, gas production, temperature change, or precipitate formation. Common reactions include burning, rusting, and acid-carbonate neutralisation. Word equations are introduced to represent these changes.

化学反应是另一个重点。学生学会识别化学变化的迹象，如颜色变化、产生气体、温度变化或生成沉淀。常见反应包括燃烧、生锈以及酸与碳酸盐的中和反应。此时引入文字方程式来表示这些变化。

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁

5. Physics on the Cover: Forces and Energy | 封面上的物理：力与能量

The physics section of the cover might show a rocket, a bicycle, or a lever, all of which relate to forces and energy. KS3 physics introduces the idea that a force is a push or a pull, measured in newtons (N). Forces can be contact forces like friction or non-contact forces like gravity and magnetism.

封面上的物理部分可能展示火箭、自行车或杠杆，这些都与力和能量有关。KS3 物理引入力的概念：力是推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。力可以是摩擦力这样的接触力，也可以是重力和磁力这样的非接触力。

Energy is a central theme throughout KS3 physics. Students learn about different energy stores, such as chemical, kinetic, thermal, gravitational potential, and elastic potential energy. Energy transfers and conservation, including simple Sankey diagrams, are introduced at this level.

能量是整个 KS3 物理的核心主题。学生学习不同的能量储存方式，如化学能、动能、热能、重力势能和弹性势能。能量转移和能量守恒，包括简单的桑基图，也在此阶段引入。

• Balanced forces: net force = 0, object remains still or moves at constant speed
• Unbalanced forces: net force ≠ 0, object accelerates or decelerates
• Gravity on Earth: roughly 10 N/kg near the surface

• 平衡力：合力为零，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动
• 非平衡力：合力不为零，物体加速或减速
• 地球表面重力：约为每千克 10 牛

6. Working Scientifically: Skills Behind the Design | 科学探究技能：封面设计背后的科学

The cover also includes laboratory equipment such as test tubes, Bunsen burners, and thermometers. These images highlight the importance of practical skills and scientific enquiry. KS3 students are expected to plan experiments, make predictions, record data, draw graphs, and evaluate results.

封面还包含试管、本生灯和温度计等实验器材。这些图像突出了实验技能和科学探究的重要性。KS3 学生需要具备设计实验、做出预测、记录数据、绘制图表和评估结果的能力。

Key enquiry skills include identifying variables, writing a method, repeating measurements for reliability, and spotting anomalous results. Safety is equally important: students must know how to use a Bunsen burner safely, handle glassware, and wear eye protection.

关键的探究技能包括识别变量、撰写实验步骤、重复测量以提高可靠性，以及识别异常结果。安全同样重要：学生必须知道如何安全使用本生灯、处理玻璃器皿并佩戴护目镜。

7. Key Vocabulary from the Activate 1 Units | Activate 1 单元核心词汇

Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for success in KS3 science. The Activate 1 Workbook includes word banks at the start of each unit. Terms such as ‘diffusion’, ‘organism’, ‘element’, ‘compound’, ‘friction’, and ‘kinetic energy’ appear regularly and must be used accurately in written answers.

掌握科学词汇对于在 KS3 科学中取得成功至关重要。Activate 1 练习册在每个单元开头都提供了词汇表。诸如 “扩散”、“生物体”、“元素”、“化合物”、“摩擦力” 和 “动能” 等术语频繁出现，学生必须能够在书面答案中准确使用它们。

• Biology: cell membrane, cytoplasm, respiration, photosynthesis, habitat
• Chemistry: solute, solvent, solution, saturated, evaporation, condensation
• Physics: acceleration, mass, weight, pressure, frequency, amplitude

• 生物学：细胞膜、细胞质、呼吸作用、光合作用、栖息地
• 化学：溶质、溶剂、溶液、饱和、蒸发、冷凝
• 物理学：加速度、质量、重量、压强、频率、振幅

8. Common Misconceptions and How to Avoid Them | 常见误区与避免方法

KS3 students often confuse mass and weight, thinking they are the same thing. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg), while weight is the force of gravity on that mass, measured in newtons (N). On Earth, weight = mass × gravitational field strength.

KS3 学生经常混淆质量和重量，认为它们是同一个概念。质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg）；而重量是重力对物体施加的力，单位是牛顿（N）。在地球上，重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度。

Another misconception is that only animals respire. In fact, plants respire all the time, just like animals. Photosynthesis is a separate process that plants use to make glucose, but respiration occurs in all living cells to release energy from food.

另一个误区是认为只有动物进行呼吸作用。事实上，植物和动物一样，每时每刻都在进行呼吸作用。光合作用是植物用来制造葡萄糖的一个独立过程，而呼吸作用发生在所有活细胞中，从食物中释放能量。

In chemistry, students often think that gases have no mass. However, gases are made of particles, and these particles have mass. A blown-up balloon is heavier than an empty balloon because of the air inside it, even though air is a gas.

在化学中，学生常常认为气体没有质量。然而，气体由粒子组成，而这些粒子是有质量的。一个吹起来的气球比空的气球重，因为里面有空气，尽管空气是气体。

9. Using the Workbook for Effective Revision | 如何利用练习册高效复习

The Activate 1 Workbook is designed so that each page can be used as a mini-revision session. Start by reading the learning objective at the top of the page, then complete the questions without looking at your notes. After marking your work, write down the topics you got wrong and revisit them in the Student Book.

Activate 1 练习册的设计使每一页都可以用作一次小型复习。首先阅读页面顶部的学习目标，然后在不看笔记的情况下完成题目。批改之后，把做错的题目记录下来，并回到学生用书中重新学习相关主题。

Active revision techniques work best for KS3 science. Instead of just reading notes, create flashcards, draw labelled diagrams, and explain concepts out loud. The workbook often includes ‘I can…’ statements – these are perfect for self-assessment before a test.

主动复习技巧对 KS3 科学最有效。与其仅仅阅读笔记，不如制作闪卡、绘制带标注的图表，并大声解释概念。练习册中经常包含 “我能做到……” 的自我评价语句——这些非常适合在测验前进行自评。

• Set a timer for 25 minutes and complete one workbook page
• Use the mark scheme in the back of the book after attempting every question
• Colour-code your misconceptions: red for ‘must revise’, green for ‘how to fix’

• 设置 25 分钟计时器，完成一页练习册
• 尝试每一道题目后，再使用书后的评分标准
• 用颜色标记自己的误区：红色表示 “必须复习”，绿色表示 “改正方法”

10. Assessment Tips for KS3 Science | KS3 科学评估建议

KS3 science assessments often include a mix of multiple-choice, short-answer, and extended writing questions. To gain full marks on longer questions, students should use scientific vocabulary and link ideas logically. For example, when explaining why a cup of hot water cools down, mention energy transfer from water to surroundings by heating, not just ‘it gets cold’.

KS3 科学评估通常包括选择题、简答题和长篇书面回答等多种题型。要在较长的题目上获得满分，学生应使用科学词汇并合乎逻辑地组织观点。例如，在解释一杯热水为什么会变凉时，应提到能量通过热传递从水转移到周围环境，而不仅仅是 “它变冷了”。

In practical-based assessments, examiners look for the correct identification of variables and the ability to describe a method in clear steps. Use command words carefully: ‘describe’ means say what happens, ‘explain’ means give a scientific reason, and ‘evaluate’ means weigh up advantages and disadvantages.

在基于实验的评估中，考官会考查学生能否正确识别变量以及清晰地按步骤描述实验方法。要仔细理解指令词：“描述” 是陈述现象，“解释” 是给出科学原因，“评价” 是权衡优点和缺点。

11. Practical Safety and Laboratory Skills | 实验安全与技能

Every KS3 science lesson involving practical work begins with safety rules. Students must tie back long hair, wear safety goggles when heating or handling chemicals, and report any breakages to the teacher immediately. The Activate 1 Workbook often tests these rules through scenario-based questions.

每一节涉及实验操作的 KS3 科学课都以安全规则开始。学生必须把长头发扎起来、在加热或处理化学品时佩戴护目镜，并立即向老师报告任何破损情况。Activate 1 练习册经常通过情景题来考查这些规则。

Common apparatus includes test tubes, beakers, measuring cylinders, Bunsen burners, and tripods. Students should be able to draw scientific diagrams in 2D using a sharp pencil, with clearly labelled parts and no shading. Knowing how to measure volume and temperature accurately is a key practical skill.

常见器材包括试管、烧杯、量筒、本生灯和三脚架。学生应该能够用削尖的铅笔绘制二维科学示意图，标注清晰的部件名称且不涂阴影。能够准确测量体积和温度是一项关键的实验技能。

• Always point a test tube away from yourself and others when heating
• Read the meniscus at eye level for volume measurements
• Use a thermometer for at least one minute before reading the temperature

• 加热试管时，试管口要远离自己和他人
• 测量体积时，视线应与液面凹液面底部保持水平
• 温度计应在测量前放置至少一分钟再读数

12. Summary and Next Steps | 总结与下一步

The Activate 1 Workbook cover is a gateway to the three pillars of KS3 science: biology, chemistry, and physics. By linking the visual clues on the cover to the topics inside, students can build a mental map of the whole Year 7 curriculum. This approach makes revision more meaningful and less overwhelming.

Activate 1 练习册封面是通往 KS3 科学三大支柱——生物、化学和物理——的大门。通过将封面上的视觉线索与书内主题联系起来，学生可以构建一张七年级整个课程的思维导图。这种方法能让复习更有意义，也不会令人感到不知所措。

Your next step is to open the workbook, find the contents page, and match each chapter to the cover images you have studied. Then set a regular revision timetable, practise past questions, and keep a glossary of new words. With consistent effort, you will build a strong foundation for GCSE science.

你的下一步是打开练习册，找到目录页，并将每一章与你在封面中研究过的图像对应起来。然后制定一个固定的复习时间表，练习过去的题目，并持续积累新词汇表。只要坚持努力，你就能为 GCSE 科学打下坚实的基础。

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📚 ACTIVATE 1 Workbook Cover: A KS3 Science Learning Map | ACTIVATE 1 练习册封面：KS3 科学学习地图

The ACTIVATE 1 Workbook cover is often the first page students see, but it is much more than a decorative front sheet. It usually lists the main biology, chemistry and physics units covered in the KS3 course, often with colour-coded bands or small icons that match the textbook chapters. The cover therefore works as a visual learning map: it tells you exactly which topics you will study, the order in which they appear, and which areas you should revisit before tests. Understanding this ‘cover map’ helps you plan revision, track progress and build confidence before moving up to GCSE science. In this article, we explore the key topics shown on a typical ACTIVATE 1 workbook cover and how to use them effectively.

ACTIVATE 1 练习册封面往往是学生最先看到的一页，但它远不只是装饰性封面。封面通常会列出 KS3 课程中的主要生物、化学和物理单元，并配以不同颜色的色带或小图标，与教科书章节对应。因此，封面就像一张可视化学习地图：它会告诉你具体要学习哪些主题、出现的顺序，以及考试前需要重点复习的内容。理解这张“封面地图”有助于你规划复习、跟踪进度，并在进入 GCSE 科学之前建立信心。本文就来探讨典型 ACTIVATE 1 练习册封面上呈现的关键主题，以及如何高效使用这些主题。

1. Why the Workbook Cover Is More Than a Cover | 为什么练习册封面不只是封面

On the ACTIVATE 1 workbook cover, the layout is designed to match the structure of the student book. Biology chapters are often shown in green, chemistry in orange or blue, and physics in purple or red. This colour coding is not random: it helps your brain form a mental map of the subject. When you open the workbook, you can quickly see that ‘Cells’ belongs to biology, ‘Particles’ belongs to chemistry, and ‘Forces’ belongs to physics. Examiners and teachers often encourage students to use the cover as a checklist. If you can explain every heading printed on the front, you are already well prepared for the end-of-unit assessments.

在 ACTIVATE 1 练习册封面上，排版设计通常与学生用书的结构相匹配。生物章节通常以绿色显示，化学以橙色或蓝色显示，物理以紫色或红色显示。这种颜色编码并非随意安排：它能帮助大脑形成学科的思维导图。打开练习册时，你可以很快看出“细胞”属于生物，“粒子”属于化学，“力”属于物理。考官和老师常常鼓励学生把封面当作自查清单。如果你能把封面上的每一个标题都解释清楚，那么你已经为单元结束测验做好了充分准备。

2. Working Scientifically: The Core Skill Strand | 科学探究：核心技能主线

Almost every ACTIVATE 1 workbook cover includes a ‘Working scientifically’ section or icon. This strand is not a separate science topic, but a set of skills that runs through all units. It covers how to plan investigations, identify independent and dependent variables, control variables, record results in tables, draw graphs, and evaluate evidence. Students also learn about laboratory safety, using a Bunsen burner, reading measuring cylinders at eye level, and choosing appropriate units. These skills are assessed across biology, chemistry and physics, so the cover reminds you that practical work is just as important as factual recall.

几乎每本 ACTIVATE 1 练习册封面都包含“科学探究”板块或图标。这一主线不是单独的科学主题，而是一套贯穿所有单元的技能。它涵盖如何设计探究实验、识别自变量和因变量、控制变量、用表格记录结果、绘制图表以及评估证据。学生还要学习实验室安全、使用本生灯、平视读取量筒刻度，以及选择合适的单位。这些技能会在生物、化学和物理中同时考查，因此封面提醒我们：实验操作与知识记忆同样重要。

• Independent variable: the factor you change.
• Dependent variable: the factor you measure.
• Control variable: the factor you keep the same.

对应中文要点：自变量是你改变的因素；因变量是你测量的因素；控制变量是保持不变的因素。复习时，可以在每个单元标题旁边写下相关实验，强化“科学探究”技能。

3. Biology Unit 1: Cells | 生物单元一：细胞

The ‘Cells’ heading on the workbook cover signals the first major biology unit. In KS3, students learn that all living organisms are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria, while plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. You need to be able to label these parts and describe their functions. The unit also introduces specialised cells, such as red blood cells, nerve cells and root hair cells, and explains how cells work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Observing onion cells and cheek cells under a microscope is a common practical activity.

练习册封面上的“细胞”标题标志着第一个重要生物单元。在 KS3 阶段，学生要学习所有生物体都由细胞组成。动物细胞包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体，而植物细胞还有细胞壁、叶绿体和永久液泡。你需要能够标注这些结构并描述其功能。该单元还介绍特化细胞，例如红细胞、神经细胞和根毛细胞，并解释细胞如何协同形成组织、器官和器官系统。用显微镜观察洋葱细胞和口腔上皮细胞是常见的实验活动。

• Nucleus: controls the cell and contains genetic information.
• Chloroplast: absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
• Cell wall: provides support and shape in plant cells.

对应中文要点：细胞核控制细胞活动并含有遗传信息；叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用；细胞壁在植物细胞中起支撑和固定形状的作用。掌握这些关键词是单元测验的基础。

4. Biology Unit 2: Structure and Function of Body Systems | 生物单元二：身体系统的结构与功能

The next biology heading on the cover often groups several body systems into one unit. Students study the gas exchange system, including the lungs, trachea and alveoli, and how oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide leaves it. They also examine the digestive system, where food is broken down mechanically and chemically, and absorption happens in the small intestine. Other systems include the circulatory system, which transports blood, nutrients and gases, and the skeletal and muscular systems, which allow movement and protect organs. Understanding how these systems work together is a key KS3 checkpoint.

封面上的下一个生物主题通常将多个身体系统归为一个单元。学生要学习气体交换系统，包括肺、气管和肺泡，以及氧气如何进入血液、二氧化碳如何排出。他们还要研究消化系统，食物在这里被机械性和化学性消化，营养在小肠被吸收。其他系统包括循环系统，负责运输血液、营养物质和气体；还有骨骼和肌肉系统，使人能够运动并保护器官。理解这些系统如何协同工作是 KS3 的一个关键考查点。

• Alveoli: tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place.
• Small intestine: main site of nutrient absorption.
• Capillary: a narrow blood vessel that links arteries and veins.

对应中文要点：肺泡是进行气体交换的微小气囊；小肠是营养吸收的主要部位；毛细血管是连接动脉和静脉的狭窄血管。复习时建议画出各系统的简单流程图。

5. Biology Unit 3: Reproduction | 生物单元三：生殖

The reproduction section on the cover includes both human and plant reproduction. In humans, students learn about the male and female reproductive systems, gametes, fertilisation, pregnancy and birth. They also study puberty, the menstrual cycle, and the role of hormones. In plants, the focus is on flower structure, pollination, fertilisation, seed formation and dispersal. Key terms include sperm, egg, embryo, placenta, pollen, ovule and germination. Questions often ask students to compare sexual and asexual reproduction or to label diagrams of a flower and the male reproductive system.

封面上的生殖板块包括人类生殖和植物生殖。在人类部分，学生要学习男性和女性生殖系统、配子、受精、怀孕和分娩。他们还会学习青春期、月经周期以及激素的作用。在植物部分，重点是花的结构、传粉、受精、种子形成和传播。关键术语包括精子、卵细胞、胚胎、胎盘、花粉、胚珠和萌发。考题通常要求学生比较有性生殖和无性生殖，或者标注花和男性生殖系统的示意图。

• Sperm: male gamete produced in the testes.
• Egg: female gamete produced in the ovaries.
• Pollination: transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

对应中文要点：精子是睾丸产生的雄性配子；卵细胞是卵巢产生的雌性配子；传粉是花粉从花药传到柱头的过程。注意区分传粉和受精两个概念。

6. Chemistry Unit 1: Particles and Their Behaviour | 化学单元一：粒子及其行为

The chemistry sections of the ACTIVATE 1 cover begin with particles. Students learn that all matter is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving. The particle model explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases, and why changes of state happen when energy is added or removed. Key processes include melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation and sublimation. The unit also introduces diffusion, gas pressure, density and conservation of mass. A common formula used here is:

ACTIVATE 1 封面的化学部分从粒子开始。学生要学习所有物质都由不断运动的微小粒子组成。粒子模型解释了固体、液体和气体的性质，以及为什么加入或移走能量时会发生状态变化。关键过程包括熔化、凝固、沸腾、蒸发、凝结和升华。该单元还介绍扩散、气体压强、密度和质量守恒。这里常用的公式是：

density = mass ÷ volume

This formula is often tested with simple calculations. Students should also be able to describe how gas pressure is caused by particles hitting the walls of a container, and why increasing temperature raises pressure if volume is fixed.

这个公式经常出现在简单计算题中。学生还应能够描述气体压强是由粒子撞击容器壁引起的，以及为什么在体积固定时温度升高会使压强增大。

7. Chemistry Unit 2: Elements, Atoms and Compounds | 化学单元二：元素、原子与化合物

The next chemistry heading covers elements, atoms and compounds. An element is a substance made of only one type of atom, while a compound contains two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Students learn to use chemical symbols from the periodic table, such as H, O, C, Fe and Cl, and to write simple formulae like H₂O, CO₂ and NaCl. They also explore mixtures and how they differ from compounds. Separation techniques, including filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography, are common practical tasks. The periodic table is introduced as a way of organising elements by atomic number.

下一个化学标题涵盖元素、原子和化合物。元素是由同一类原子组成的纯净物，而化合物含有两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合在一起。学生要学会使用元素周期表中的化学符号，如 H、O、C、Fe 和 Cl，并能书写简单的化学式，如 H₂O、CO₂ 和 NaCl。他们还会探索混合物及其与化合物的区别。过滤、蒸发、蒸馏和色谱等分离技术是常见的实验任务。元素周期表作为按原子序数排列元素的方式被引入。

• Element: made of only one type of atom.
• Compound: two or more elements chemically bonded.
• Mixture: two or more substances not chemically joined.

对应中文要点：元素只由一种原子组成；化合物是两种或多种元素通过化学键结合；混合物是两种或多种物质没有发生化学结合。复习时务必能根据性质判断物质类别。

8. Chemistry Unit 3: Reactions, Acids and Alkalis | 化学单元三：反应、酸和碱

This chemistry section brings together chemical reactions and the behaviour of acids and alkalis. Students learn to identify signs of a chemical reaction, such as colour change, gas production, temperature change and precipitate formation. They compare physical changes with chemical changes. The unit then focuses on acids, alkalis, indicators and the pH scale. Acids have a pH less than 7, neutral solutions have a pH of 7, and alkalis have a pH greater than 7. Neutralisation is a key reaction, often written as:

这一化学板块将化学反应与酸和碱的性质结合起来。学生要学会识别化学反应的迹象，如颜色变化、放出气体、温度变化和生成沉淀。他们还要比较物理变化和化学变化。随后重点学习酸、碱、指示剂和 pH 标度。酸的 pH 小于 7，中性溶液的 pH 为 7，碱的 pH 大于 7。中和反应是关键反应，通常写为：

acid + base → salt + water

For example, sodium hydroxide neutralises hydrochloric acid to make sodium chloride and water. The chemical equation is NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O. Students should also know the difference between strong and weak acids, and how to use litmus paper and universal indicator.

例如，氢氧化钠与盐酸中和生成氯化钠和水，化学方程式为 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O。学生还应了解强酸和弱酸的区别，以及如何使用石蕊试纸和通用指示剂。

9. Physics Unit 1: Forces | 物理单元一：力

The first physics unit on the cover is usually ‘Forces’. Students learn that a force is a push or a pull, measured in newtons with a newton meter. Forces can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. Key forces include gravity, friction, air resistance, upthrust and magnetic force. Balanced forces keep an object still or moving at constant speed, while unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. Students also calculate speed and weight using simple equations:

封面上的第一个物理单元通常是“力”。学生要学习力是一种推或拉，用牛顿计测量，单位是牛顿。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。主要的力包括重力、摩擦力、空气阻力、浮力和磁力。平衡力使物体保持静止或匀速运动，非平衡力则导致加速或减速。学生还要用简单公式计算速度和重量：

speed = distance ÷ time

weight = mass × gravitational field strength

Common practical work includes measuring the speed of a toy car down a ramp and investigating how friction affects movement. Drawing force arrows with correct labels is an important exam skill.

常见实验包括测量玩具车沿斜面下滑的速度，以及探究摩擦如何影响运动。正确画出带标注的力的箭头是一项重要的考试技能。

10. Physics Unit 2: Sound and Light | 物理单元二：声音与光

The ‘Sound and light’ heading covers two types of waves. Sound is a longitudinal wave that travels through a medium such as air, water or a solid, but not through a vacuum. Its speed depends on the medium, and pitch depends on frequency while loudness depends on amplitude. Light is a transverse wave that can travel through a vacuum. Students study reflection from smooth surfaces, refraction when light passes between materials, and how prisms disperse white light into colours. The structure of the eye and how we see objects are also included. Comparing sound and light is a typical extended-writing task.

“声音与光”这一标题涵盖两种波。声音是一种纵波，需要空气、水或固体等介质传播，不能在真空中传播。声音的速度取决于介质，音调取决于频率，响度取决于振幅。光是一种横波，可以在真空中传播。学生要学习光滑表面的反射、光在不同材料之间传播时的折射，以及棱镜如何将白光色散成不同颜色。眼睛的结构和视觉形成也包含在内。比较声音和光是典型的扩展写作任务。

• Longitudinal wave: vibrations are parallel to the direction of travel.
• Transverse wave: vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of travel.
• Reflection: light bouncing off a surface.

对应中文要点：纵波的振动方向与传播方向平行；横波的振动方向与传播方向垂直；反射是光从表面弹回的现象。记住这些区别有助于避免常见混淆。

11. Physics Unit 3: Space | 物理单元三：太空

The final physics section on the cover is often ‘Space’. Students learn about the structure of the solar system, including the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids and comets. They study the order of the planets from the Sun and understand why Earth is able to support life. The unit also covers the rotation of Earth causing day and night, and the orbit of Earth around the Sun causing seasons. Other topics include the Moon’s phases, solar and lunar eclipses, and the difference between mass and weight on Earth and on other planets. Questions often ask students to explain shadows, seasons or why a year is 365.25 days.

封面上的最后一个物理部分通常是“太空”。学生要学习太阳系的结构，包括太阳、行星、卫星、小行星和彗星。他们要记忆八大行星距太阳由近及远的顺序，并理解地球为什么能够支持生命。该单元还涵盖地球自转产生昼夜、地球绕太阳公转产生四季。其他主题包括月相、日食和月食，以及质量和重量在地球与其他行星上的区别。考题常要求学生解释影子、季节或为什么一年有 365.25 天。

• Rotation: Earth spins once every 24 hours, causing day and night.
• Orbit: Earth travels around the Sun once every 365.25 days.
• Gravity: the force that keeps planets in orbit around the Sun.

对应中文要点：自转是地球每 24 小时旋转一圈，产生昼夜交替；公转是地球每 365.25 天绕太阳运行一圈；引力是使行星围绕太阳运转的力。注意区分自转与公转的周期。

12. How to Use the Workbook Cover for Revision | 如何利用练习册封面进行复习

The ACTIVATE 1 workbook cover can be used as a high-impact revision tool. Start by covering the page with sticky notes on which you write keywords, diagrams and formulae. Use the colour coding to group topics: green for biology, orange for chemistry, purple for physics. Then turn each heading into a question. For example, under ‘Cells’ ask ‘What are the differences between animal and plant cells?’ Under ‘Particles’ ask ‘How does the particle model explain melting?’ Finally, tick off each heading only when you can explain it aloud without looking at your notes. This method turns passive reading into active recall and helps you identify gaps before assessments.

ACTIVATE 1 练习册封面可以用作高效复习工具。你可以先在封面上贴便利贴，写上关键词、插图和公式。利用颜色编码将主题分组：绿色代表生物，橙色代表化学，紫色代表物理。然后把每个标题转化为问题。例如，在“细胞”下问：“动物细胞和植物细胞有什么区别？”在“粒子”下问：“粒子模型如何解释熔化？”最后，只有当你能够不参考资料口头解释一个标题时，才能打勾。这种方法能把被动阅读变成主动回忆，并帮助你在测评前发现薄弱环节。

You can also make a simple table from the cover headings to track your confidence level in each topic. The table below shows a useful format:

你还可以根据封面标题制作一个简单的表格，跟踪自己每个主题的掌握程度。下表是一种实用的格式：

The cover is a gateway, not just a label. When you can confidently work through every heading on it, you have built the essential KS3 foundation for GCSE science. Use it before each end-of-topic test and before any internal exam to make revision shorter, sharper and more structured.

封面是一扇门，而不只是一个标签。当你能自信地逐一掌握封面上的每个标题时，你已经为 GCSE 科学打下了坚实的 KS3 基础。在每次单元测验和校内考试前使用它，可以让复习更短、更精准、更有条理。

Published by TutorHao | KS3 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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