📚 Year 7 AQA Spanish: Summer Prep and Bridging Course | Year 7 AQA 西班牙语：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your Year 7 Spanish journey! This summer prep guide is designed to give you a flying start before you even step into the classroom. You will build a solid foundation in pronunciation, essential vocabulary, basic grammar and cultural awareness – all aligned with the AQA KS3 Spanish framework. By working through the activities and explanations in this article, you will feel confident and excited to communicate in one of the world’s most widely spoken languages.
欢迎开启你的Year 7西班牙语学习之旅！这份暑期预习指南旨在让你在进入课堂之前就抢占先机。你将打下坚实的基础，涵盖发音、核心词汇、基础语法和文化意识——完全贴合AQA KS3西班牙语框架。通过本文中的活动和讲解，你将充满信心、满怀热情地用这门世界上使用最广泛的语言之一进行交流。
1. Introduction to Spanish | 西班牙语入门
Spanish is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and is now the official language of 21 countries. It is spoken by over 500 million people worldwide, making it the second most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese. Learning Spanish opens doors to rich cultures, from flamenco in Spain to the vibrant festivals of Latin America.
西班牙语是一门起源于伊比利亚半岛的罗曼语族语言，如今是21个国家的官方语言。全球有超过5亿人使用，是仅次于中文普通话的第二大母语。学习西班牙语能为你打开通向丰富文化的大门，从西班牙的弗拉门戈到拉丁美洲充满活力的节日。
As a beginner, you don’t need to worry about being perfect. Focus on listening, repeating and having fun with the sounds and rhythms. The AQA Year 7 course builds up your skills step by step, starting with greetings and everyday words.
作为初学者，你无需追求完美。专注于聆听、模仿，并享受其中的语音和节奏。AQA Year 7课程会循序渐进地培养你的技能，从问候语和日常词汇起步。
2. The Alphabet and Pronunciation | 字母表与发音
The Spanish alphabet has 27 letters, including the familiar 26 letters of the English alphabet plus ‘ñ’ (eñe). Knowing the sounds of the letters is key because Spanish is a phonetic language – words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled, with very few exceptions.
西班牙语字母表有27个字母，包括英文字母表熟知的26个字母再加上’ñ’（eñe）。掌握字母的发音至关重要，因为西班牙语是一种表音语言——单词几乎完全按照拼写发音，极少例外。
The five vowels (a, e, i, o, u) always have one clear sound each: ‘a’ as in ‘father’, ‘e’ as in ‘bed’, ‘i’ as in ‘machine’, ‘o’ as in ‘or’, and ‘u’ as in ‘rude’. Practise by saying ‘mamá, bebé, vivir, coco, luna’ – notice how each vowel keeps its pure sound.
五个元音（a, e, i, o, u）各自只有一个清晰的发音：’a’ 如英语 ‘father’ 中的 a，’e’ 如 ‘bed’，’i’ 如 ‘machine’，’o’ 如 ‘or’，’u’ 如 ‘rude’。试着读 ‘mamá, bebé, vivir, coco, luna’ ——注意每个元音都保持其纯正发音。
Some consonants are different from English: ‘h’ is always silent (hola sounds like ‘ola’), ‘ll’ is pronounced like the ‘y’ in ‘yes’ (llamar sounds like ‘yamar’) in most regions, and ‘j’ is a guttural sound like the ‘ch’ in the Scottish ‘loch’ (jamón). The letter ‘ñ’ is a separate letter and sounds like ‘ny’ in ‘canyon’, as in ‘España’.
有些辅音与英语不同：’h’ 总是不发音（hola 读作 ‘ola’），’ll’ 在多数地区读如英语 ‘yes’ 中的 ‘y’（llamar 读如 ‘yamar’），而 ‘j’ 是喉音，类似苏格兰语 ‘loch’ 中的 ‘ch’（jamón）。字母 ‘ñ’ 是一个独立字母，发音像 ‘canyon’ 中的 ‘ny’，如 ‘España’。
3. Greetings and Introductions | 问候与介绍
Learning how to greet someone is the first step to real communication. The most basic greetings are ‘¡Hola!’ (Hello!) and ‘Buenos días’ (Good morning), ‘Buenas tardes’ (Good afternoon/evening) and ‘Buenas noches’ (Good night). Notice that ‘buenos’ and ‘buenas’ agree with the gender of ‘días’ (masculine) and ‘tardes/noches’ (feminine).
学会问候是真实交流的第一步。最基本的问候语有 ‘¡Hola!’（你好！），以及 ‘Buenos días’（早上好）、’Buenas tardes’（下午/傍晚好）和 ‘Buenas noches’（晚安）。注意 ‘buenos’ 和 ‘buenas’ 要与名词的阴阳性一致：’días’ 是阳性，’tardes/noches’ 是阴性。
To introduce yourself, say ‘Me llamo…’ (My name is…) or ‘Soy…’ (I am…). Then ask ‘¿Cómo te llamas?’ (What is your name? informal) or ‘¿Cómo se llama usted?’ (formal). When someone asks ‘¿Cómo estás?’ (How are you?), you can reply ‘Estoy bien, gracias’ (I’m fine, thanks) or ‘Más o menos’ (So-so).
介绍自己时，可以说 ‘Me llamo…’（我叫……）或 ‘Soy…’（我是……）。然后问 ‘¿Cómo te llamas?’（你叫什么名字？非正式）或 ‘¿Cómo se llama usted?’（正式）。当被问到 ‘¿Cómo estás?’（你好吗？），可以回答 ‘Estoy bien, gracias’（我很好，谢谢）或 ‘Más o menos’（马马虎虎）。
Don’t forget farewells: ‘Adiós’ (Goodbye), ‘Hasta luego’ (See you later) and ‘Hasta mañana’ (See you tomorrow). Practice these short dialogues daily – they will soon become automatic.
别忘了告别语：’Adiós’（再见），’Hasta luego’（回头见）和 ‘Hasta mañana’（明天见）。每天练习这些小对话——很快你就能脱口而出。
4. Numbers and Counting | 数字与计数
Numbers are essential for telling time, exchanging phone numbers and shopping. Start with 0–20: cero (0), uno (1), dos (2), tres (3), cuatro (4), cinco (5), seis (6), siete (7), ocho (8), nueve (9), diez (10), once (11), doce (12), trece (13), catorce (14), quince (15), dieciséis (16), diecisiete (17), dieciocho (18), diecinueve (19), veinte (20).
数字对于报时、交换电话号码和购物必不可少。从0到20学起：cero (0), uno (1), dos (2), tres (3), cuatro (4), cinco (5), seis (6), siete (7), ocho (8), nueve (9), diez (10), once (11), doce (12), trece (13), catorce (14), quince (15), dieciséis (16), diecisiete (17), dieciocho (18), diecinueve (19), veinte (20)。
After veinte, the pattern becomes predictable: veintiuno (21), veintidós (22), etc., up to veintinueve (29). Then come the tens: treinta (30), cuarenta (40), cincuenta (50), sesenta (60), setenta (70), ochenta (80), noventa (90) and cien (100). To form numbers like 31, you say ‘treinta y uno’.
在20之后，组合方式变得规律：veintiuno (21), veintidós (22) 等等，直到 veintinueve (29)。然后是整十：treinta (30), cuarenta (40), cincuenta (50), sesenta (60), setenta (70), ochenta (80), noventa (90) 和 cien (100)。要表达如31这样的数字，说 ‘treinta y uno’。
A fun activity is to count everyday objects around you in Spanish, or play bingo with a friend. Remember that ‘uno’ changes to ‘un’ before a masculine noun (un libro) and to ‘una’ before a feminine noun (una mesa).
一个有趣的活动是用西班牙语数周围的日常物品，或者和朋友玩宾果游戏。记住 ‘uno’ 在阳性名词前变成 ‘un’（un libro），在阴性名词前变成 ‘una’（una mesa）。
5. Days, Months and Dates | 星期、月份与日期
The days of the week in Spanish are: lunes (Monday), martes (Tuesday), miércoles (Wednesday), jueves (Thursday), viernes (Friday), sábado (Saturday) and domingo (Sunday). Unlike English, days are not capitalised and the week starts with lunes.
西班牙语中的星期是：lunes（星期一）、martes（星期二）、miércoles（星期三）、jueves（星期四）、viernes（星期五）、sábado（星期六）和 domingo（星期日）。与英语不同，星期几不大写，而且一周从 lunes 开始。
To say ‘on Monday’, use ‘el lunes’. The months are: enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre, diciembre. To ask for the date, say ‘¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?’ and answer ‘Es el [number] de [month]’, e.g., ‘Es el cinco de julio’.
要说“在星期一”，用 ‘el lunes’。月份是：enero（一月）、febrero（二月）、marzo（三月）、abril（四月）、mayo（五月）、junio（六月）、julio（七月）、agosto（八月）、septiembre（九月）、octubre（十月）、noviembre（十一月）、diciembre（十二月）。询问日期说 ‘¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?’，回答用 ‘Es el [数字] de [月份]’，例如 ‘Es el cinco de julio’。
Learning the rhyme ‘Treinta días tiene septiembre…’ in Spanish helps memorise how many days each month has. Note that the first of the month is ‘el primero’ rather than ‘el uno’.
学习西班牙语版的月份歌谣“Treinta días tiene septiembre…”有助于记住每月天数。注意每月一号用 ‘el primero’，而不是 ‘el uno’。
6. Colours and Descriptions | 颜色与描述
Describing things begins with colours: rojo (red), azul (blue), verde (green), amarillo (yellow), naranja (orange), morado (purple), rosa (pink), marrón (brown), negro (black), blanco (white) and gris (grey). Remember that most colours change their ending to match the gender and number of the noun: un coche rojo, una casa roja, unos zapatos rojos, unas flores rojas.
描述事物从颜色开始：rojo（红色）、azul（蓝色）、verde（绿色）、amarillo（黄色）、naranja（橙色）、morado（紫色）、rosa（粉色）、marrón（棕色）、negro（黑色）、blanco（白色）和 gris（灰色）。记住大多数颜色的词尾要根据名词的性数变化：un coche rojo（一辆红色汽车），una casa roja（一栋红色房子），unos zapatos rojos（一些红色鞋子），unas flores rojas（一些红色花朵）。
Some colours are invariable: naranja and rosa do not change gender. You can also use ‘claro’ (light) and ‘oscuro’ (dark): azul claro (light blue), verde oscuro (dark green). Combine colours with ‘tengo’ (I have) to say what you own: ‘Tengo una mochila amarilla.’
有些颜色是不变的：naranja 和 rosa 没有性数变化。你还可以使用 ‘claro’（浅）和 ‘oscuro’（深）：azul claro（浅蓝），verde oscuro（深绿）。将颜色与 ‘tengo’（我有）结合起来表达你所拥有的物品：’Tengo una mochila amarilla.’（我有一个黄色背包。）
Practise by describing objects in your room or clothing in your wardrobe, always paying attention to the masculine and feminine endings. This builds strong awareness of adjective agreement.
练习描述你房间里的物品或衣柜里的衣服，始终注意阴阳性词尾。这能牢固建立形容词一致性意识。
7. Family and Pets | 家庭与宠物
Talking about your family is a great way to learn possessive adjectives and physical descriptions. Key family members: madre/mamá (mother/mum), padre/papá (father/dad), hermano (brother), hermana (sister), abuelo (grandfather), abuela (grandmother), tío (uncle), tía (aunt), primo (male cousin), prima (female cousin).
谈论家人是学习所有格形容词和外貌描写的绝佳方式。核心家庭成员有：madre/mamá（母亲/妈妈），padre/papá（父亲/爸爸），hermano（兄弟），hermana（姐妹），abuelo（祖父/外祖父），abuela（祖母/外祖母），tío（叔叔/舅舅），tía（阿姨/姑姑），primo（堂/表兄弟），prima（堂/表姐妹）。
Use ‘mi’ (my) for singular: mi hermano, and ‘mis’ for plural: mis hermanos. For ‘your’ (informal) use ‘tu/tus’. To describe someone’s appearance or personality, use ‘Es…’ (He/She is…): ‘Mi hermana es alta y simpática’ (My sister is tall and nice). Common adjectives: bajo/a (short), inteligente (intelligent), divertido/a (funny), tímido/a (shy).
用 ‘mi’（我的）修饰单数名词：mi hermano，而 ‘mis’ 修饰复数名词：mis hermanos。非正式语境下的“你的”用 ‘tu/tus’。要描述某人的外貌或性格，使用 ‘Es…’（他/她是……）：’Mi hermana es alta y simpática.’（我姐姐又高又和善。）常用形容词：bajo/a（矮的），inteligente（聪明的），divertido/a（有趣的），tímido/a（害羞的）。
Pets: un perro (a dog), un gato (a cat), un pez (a fish), un conejo (a rabbit), un pájaro (a bird). Say ‘Tengo un perro que se llama Max’ (I have a dog called Max). This introduces relative clauses naturally.
宠物：un perro（狗），un gato（猫），un pez（鱼），un conejo（兔子），un pájaro（鸟）。可以说 ‘Tengo un perro que se llama Max’（我有一只叫Max的狗）。这自然地引入了关系从句。
8. Basic Verbs: ser, tener, estar | 基础动词：ser, tener, estar
Three verbs are the backbone of early Spanish: ser (to be, permanent), estar (to be, temporary/location) and tener (to have). Their conjugations must be memorised. Let’s look at ‘ser’: yo soy, tú eres, él/ella/usted es, nosotros/as somos, vosotros/as sois, ellos/ellas/ustedes son.
三个动词是早期西班牙语的支柱：ser（是，表永久属性），estar（是/在，表暂时状态或位置）和 tener（有）。它们的变位必须牢记。先看 ‘ser’：yo soy, tú eres, él/ella/usted es, nosotros/as somos, vosotros/as sois, ellos/ellas/ustedes son。
‘Tener’ is irregular: yo tengo, tú tienes, él tiene, nosotros tenemos, vosotros tenéis, ellos tienen. Use ‘tener’ to express age: ‘Tengo once años’ (I am 11 years old). ‘Estar’ is used for location: ‘Estoy en casa’ (I am at home), and for moods: ‘Estoy contento/a’ (I am happy).
‘Tener’ 不规则：yo tengo, tú tienes, él tiene, nosotros tenemos, vosotros tenéis, ellos tienen。用 ‘tener’ 表达年龄：’Tengo once años’（我11岁）。’Estar’ 用于位置：’Estoy en casa’（我在家），以及情绪：’Estoy contento/a’（我很开心）。
A trick to distinguish ser and estar: ‘For how you feel and where you are, always use the verb estar.’ Ser is for descriptions that don’t change quickly: nationality, professions, physical traits. Practise with simple sentences: ‘Soy inglés. Estoy en Madrid. Tengo calor.’
区分 ser 和 estar 的小技巧：“感觉和位置，动词用 estar。” Ser 用于不会快速变化的描述：国籍、职业、外貌特征。练习简单句子：’Soy inglés. Estoy en Madrid. Tengo calor.’（我是英国人。我在马德里。我觉得热。）
9. Gender of Nouns | 名词的性
Every Spanish noun is either masculine or feminine. This concept is new for many English speakers, but there are helpful patterns. Most nouns ending in ‘-o’ are masculine: el libro, el chico. Most ending in ‘-a’ are feminine: la casa, la chica.
每个西班牙语名词要么是阳性，要么是阴性。这个概念对许多英语使用者来说很新鲜，但有规律可循。大多数以’-o’结尾的名词是阳性：el libro（书），el chico（男孩）。大多数以’-a’结尾的名词是阴性：la casa（房子），la chica（女孩）。
There are exceptions: el día (day) is masculine, la mano (hand) is feminine. Nouns ending in ‘-ción’ or ‘-sión’ are feminine: la información, la televisión. Other endings like ‘-dad’ (la ciudad) and ‘-tud’ (la juventud) are also feminine.
也有例外：el día（天）是阳性，la mano（手）是阴性。以’-ción’或’-sión’结尾的名词是阴性：la información（信息），la televisión（电视）。其他词尾如 ‘-dad’（la ciudad，城市）和 ‘-tud’（la juventud，青春）同样是阴性。
Learning the gender of a noun together with its article ‘el’ or ‘la’ is the best strategy. Whenever you learn a new word, say it with ‘el’ or ‘la’. This saves you from making article errors later.
学习名词时将它与冠词 ‘el’ 或 ‘la’ 一起记忆是最好的方法。每学一个新词，就带着 ‘el’ 或 ‘la’ 说出来。这能避免你日后出现冠词错误。
10. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
Spanish has four forms of ‘the’: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural) and las (feminine plural). So ‘the book’ is ‘el libro’, but ‘the books’ is ‘los libros’. ‘The house’ is ‘la casa’, ‘the houses’ is ‘las casas’.
西班牙语中表示“the”有四种形式：el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）和 las（阴性复数）。因此“the book”是 ‘el libro’，但“the books”是 ‘los libros’。“the house”是 ‘la casa’，“the houses”是 ‘las casas’。
Indefinite articles (‘a/an’, ‘some’): un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural). ‘A boy’ is ‘un chico’, ‘some boys’ is ‘unos chicos’. ‘A girl’ is ‘una chica’, ‘some girls’ is ‘unas chicas’. Note that ‘unos/unas’ often mean ‘some’ or ‘a few’.
不定冠词（a/an, some）：un（阳性单数）、una（阴性单数）、unos（阳性复数）、unas（阴性复数）。“A boy”是 ‘un chico’，“some boys”是 ‘unos chicos’。“A girl”是 ‘una chica’，“some girls”是 ‘unas chicas’。注意 ‘unos/unas’ 常表示“一些”或“几个”。
Always match the article to the noun in gender and number. This rule applies to adjectives too. When you write or speak, check every noun: does it need el, la, los, las, un, una, unos or unas?
始终让冠词在性数上与名词保持一致。这条规则同样适用于形容词。在书写或说话时，检查每个名词：它需要的是 el, la, los, las, un, una, unos 还是 unas？
11. Asking and Answering Questions | 提问与回答
Forming questions in Spanish is straightforward. You can simply raise your intonation at the end of a statement: ‘¿Tú hablas español?’ (Do you speak Spanish?). Or you can invert the subject and verb: ‘¿Hablas tú español?’
西班牙语中提问很简单。你只需在陈述句后提高语调：’¿Tú hablas español?’（你说西班牙语吗？）。或者调换主语和动词的位置：’¿Hablas tú español?’。
Question words are essential: ¿Qué? (What?), ¿Cómo? (How?), ¿Dónde? (Where?), ¿Cuándo? (When?), ¿Por qué? (Why?), ¿Quién? (Who?), ¿Cuál? (Which?), ¿Cuántos/as? (How many?). Always start and end with the question marks ¿ and ?.
疑问词必不可少：¿Qué?（什么？），¿Cómo?（怎样？），¿Dónde?（哪里？），¿Cuándo?（何时？），¿Por qué?（为什么？），¿Quién?（谁？），¿Cuál?（哪个？），¿Cuántos/as?（多少？）。永远记得句首用倒问号¿，句尾用问号？。
Practice with a partner: ‘¿Cómo te llamas?’ – ‘Me llamo Ana.’ ‘¿Cuántos años tienes?’ – ‘Tengo doce años.’ ‘¿Dónde vives?’ – ‘Vivo en Londres.’ This simple Q&A builds fluency rapidly.
与伙伴练习：’¿Cómo te llamas?’ – ‘Me llamo Ana.’ ‘¿Cuántos años tienes?’ – ‘Tengo doce años.’ ‘¿Dónde vives?’ – ‘Vivo en Londres.’ 这样简单的问答能迅速提升流利度。
12. Cultural Snapshot: The Spanish-Speaking World | 文化掠影：西班牙语世界
The Spanish-speaking world is incredibly diverse. In Spain, you will encounter distinct traditions like tapas, siesta and the running of the bulls. In Mexico, Día de los Muertos is a colourful celebration honouring ancestors. Across Central and South America, music like salsa, merengue and cumbia brings people together.
西班牙语世界极为多元。在西班牙，你会遇到独特的传统，如塔帕斯小吃、午睡文化和奔牛节。在墨西哥，亡灵节是缅怀先人的缤纷庆典。在中美洲和南美洲各地，萨尔萨、梅伦格和昆比亚等音乐将人们凝聚在一起。
Knowing about culture helps you understand language in context. For example, the phrase ‘Buen provecho’ (enjoy your meal) is said entering or leaving a café. In many countries, greeting with a kiss on the cheek is common among friends. Being culturally aware makes you a better communicator.
了解文化有助于你在语境中理解语言。例如，短语 ‘Buen provecho’（请慢用）在进出咖啡馆时使用。在许多国家，朋友间以贴面亲吻问候很常见。具有文化意识能让你成为更出色的交流者。
As you learn Spanish, explore music, food and festivals from a Spanish-speaking country of your choice. It will bring the language alive and motivate you to keep practising through the summer and beyond.
随着你学习西班牙语，不妨去探索一个西语国家的音乐、美食和节日。这会让语言鲜活起来，并激励你在整个夏天乃至之后坚持练习。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
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