📚 Year 7 WJEC Computer Science: Quick-Reference Glossary Guide | Year 7 WJEC 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
This guide provides a complete set of essential computing terms tailored to the Year 7 WJEC specification. Each term is explained clearly in both English and Chinese to help you memorise definitions, understand key concepts, and feel confident in the classroom and during assessments. Keep this resource handy as a quick reference and revision tool.
本指南针对Year 7 WJEC课程提供了一套完整的基本计算机术语。每个术语均使用中英双语清晰解释，帮助你记忆定义、理解关键概念，并在课堂和考试中充满信心。请将此资源作为快速查阅和复习工具。
1. Algorithms and Problem Solving | 算法与问题解决
An algorithm is a precise, step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a task. In computer science, algorithms must be unambiguous, finite, and effective, meaning each step is clear, the process terminates, and it successfully reaches the goal.
算法是设计用来解决特定问题或执行任务的一系列精确、逐步的指令。在计算机科学中，算法必须不含糊、有限且有效，这意味着每一步都清晰、过程会终止，并能成功达成目标。
A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm using standard symbols. Ovals mark the start and end, parallelograms represent input or output, rectangles indicate processing steps, and diamonds stand for decisions. Flowcharts make it easier to visualise the logic and flow of a program.
流程图是使用标准符号对算法进行图形化表示。椭圆表示开始和结束，平行四边形表示输入或输出，矩形表示处理步骤，菱形表示判断。流程图使程序的逻辑和流程更易于可视化。
Pseudocode is a simplified, human-readable way to write algorithms that resembles real programming code but ignores strict syntax. It uses everyday language and common programming keywords such as INPUT, OUTPUT, IF, and WHILE. Pseudocode helps programmers design solutions before coding.
伪代码是一种简化的、人类可读的算法书写方式，类似真实的编程代码但忽略严格语法。它使用日常语言和常见的编程关键字，如INPUT、OUTPUT、IF和WHILE。伪代码帮助程序员在编写代码之前设计解决方案。
A trace table is a tool used to test algorithms manually. It records the values of variables at each step as you follow the instructions. Trace tables help identify logic errors and verify that the algorithm produces the correct output.
跟踪表是一种手动测试算法的工具。当你按照指令执行时，它会记录每一步的变量值。跟踪表有助于发现逻辑错误并验证算法是否正确输出。
2. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Computers use the binary number system because they operate with two states: on (1) and off (0). Binary is a base-2 system, whereas humans use base-10 (denary). Every piece of data is ultimately stored as a pattern of 0s and 1s.
计算机使用二进制数制，因为其操作基于两种状态：开(1)和关(0)。二进制是基数为2的系统，而人类使用基数为10的十进制。所有数据最终都以0和1的模式存储。
A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in computing, capable of holding a single 0 or 1. Eight bits together form a byte, which can represent 256 different values, enough for one character like ‘A’ or ‘?’. Common multiples include kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), and gigabyte (GB).
比特(二进制位)是计算中最小的数据单位，可以存储一个0或1。八个比特组成一个字节，可表示256个不同的值，足够表示一个字符，如’A’或’?’。常见的倍数有千字节(KB)、兆字节(MB)和吉字节(GB)。
Example: 1101₂ = 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13 in denary
示例：1101₂ = 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13（十进制）
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard that assigns a unique 7-bit binary number to letters, digits, and symbols. For instance, uppercase ‘A’ is 65 in denary or 01000001 in binary. This allows text to be stored and transmitted digitally.
ASCII(美国信息交换标准代码)是一种字符编码标准，为字母、数字和符号分配唯一的7位二进制数。例如，大写’A’的十进制是65，二进制是01000001。这使得文本能够被数字存储和传输。
Image representation relies on tiny dots called pixels. Each pixel’s colour is defined by binary numbers. In a black-and-white image, 1 could stand for white and 0 for black. Higher colour depth uses more bits per pixel, allowing a wider range of colours.
图像表示依赖于称为像素的微小点。每个像素的颜色由二进制数定义。在黑白图像中，1可代表白色，0代表黑色。较高的颜色深度每个像素使用更多位，允许更广泛的颜色范围。
3. Computer Hardware | 计算机硬件
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often called the brain of the computer. It fetches, decodes, and executes instructions at billions of cycles per second. The speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Modern CPUs contain multiple cores to handle tasks simultaneously.
CPU(中央处理器)常被称作计算机的大脑。它以每秒数十亿次的速度获取、解码和执行指令。速度以吉赫兹(GHz)为单位。现代CPU包含多个核心，可同时处理任务。
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile primary memory that temporarily holds data and programs currently in use. When the power is turned off, all data in RAM is lost. More RAM allows a computer to run more applications smoothly.
RAM(随机存取存储器)是易失性主存，临时保存正在使用的数据和程序。当电源关闭时，RAM中的所有数据都会丢失。更多的RAM允许计算机更流畅地运行更多应用程序。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that stores firmware and the boot instructions needed to start the computer. Its content remains even when the power is off and is typically not changed during normal operation.
ROM(只读存储器)是非易失性存储器，存储启动计算机所需的固件和引导指令。即使电源关闭，其内容也会保留下来，并且在正常操作中通常不会更改。
Secondary storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD), provide permanent storage for operating systems, software, and files. HDDs use spinning magnetic platters, while SSDs use flash memory with no moving parts, making them faster and more durable.
辅助存储设备，如硬盘驱动器(HDD)和固态驱动器(SSD)，为操作系统、软件和文件提供永久存储。HDD使用旋转的磁性盘片，而SSD使用没有移动部件的闪存，因此速度更快、更耐用。
The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components, including the CPU, RAM, storage, and expansion cards. It provides communication pathways (buses) and power distribution. The power supply unit (PSU) converts electricity from the wall outlet into the voltages required by the computer.
主板是连接所有组件（包括CPU、RAM、存储和扩展卡）的主电路板。它提供了通信通道（总线）和电力分配。电源单元(PSU)将墙壁插座中的电力转换为计算机所需的电压。
4. Input and Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
Input devices allow users to send data or instructions to a computer. Common examples include the keyboard (text entry), mouse (pointing), touchscreen (direct interaction), microphone (audio capture), and webcam (video capture). Sensors, such as temperature or light sensors, are also input devices that detect changes in the environment.
输入设备允许用户向计算机发送数据或指令。常见的例子包括键盘（文本输入）、鼠标（指向）、触摸屏（直接交互）、麦克风（音频捕捉）和网络摄像头（视频捕捉）。传感器，如温度或光传感器，也是检测环境变化的输入设备。
Output devices present processed data to the user in meaningful forms. The monitor displays visual information, speakers produce sound, and printers create physical copies. Haptic devices and headphones are other examples of output devices.
输出设备以有意义的形式将处理后的数据呈现给用户。显示器显示视觉信息，扬声器产生声音，打印机创建物理副本。触觉设备和耳机是其他输出设备的例子。
Peripherals are external devices connected to a computer, usually via USB, HDMI, or wireless connections like Bluetooth. They can be input, output, or storage devices. Examples include external hard drives, game controllers, and scanners. Peripherals extend a computer’s functionality.
外设是连接计算机的外部设备，通常通过USB、HDMI或无线连接（如蓝牙）连接。它们可以是输入、输出或存储设备。例子包括外接硬盘、游戏手柄和扫描仪。外设扩展了计算机的功能。
5. Programming Basics | 编程基础
A variable is a named container that stores data in a program. The value held by a variable can change during execution. For example, score = 0 creates a variable called score and assigns it an initial value of 0. Good variable names make code readable.
变量是程序中存储数据的命名容器。变量持有的值可以在执行过程中改变。例如，score = 0 创建一个名为score的变量，并将其初始值设为0。好的变量名使代码具有可读性。
A constant is similar to a variable, but its value cannot be modified once set. Constants are useful for fixed data such as mathematical values (e.g., pi = 3.14) or configuration settings that should remain unchanged throughout the program.
常量类似于变量，但一旦设定其值就不能修改。常量对于固定数据非常有用，比如数学值（如pi = 3.14）或应在整个程序中保持不变的配置设置。
Common data types include integer (whole numbers), float or real (decimal numbers), string (text enclosed in quotes), and Boolean (true or false). Choosing the correct data type helps the program run efficiently and avoids errors.
常见的数据类型包括整型（整数）、浮点型或实数型（小数）、字符串（用引号括起来的文本）以及布尔型（真或假）。选择正确的数据类型有助于程序高效运行并避免错误。
Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations: ‘+’ for addition, ‘-‘ for subtraction, ‘*’ for multiplication, ‘/’ for division, and ‘^’ or ‘**’ for exponentiation in many languages. The modulus operator (‘%’) gives the remainder of a division, useful for checking even or odd numbers.
算术运算符执行数学计算：’+’用于加法，’-‘用于减法，’*’用于乘法，’/’用于除法，在许多语言中’^’或’**’用于指数运算。取模运算符（’%’）返回除法的余数，可用于检查奇数或偶数。
String concatenation joins two or more strings together using the ‘+’ operator or specific functions. For example, “Hello” + ” ” + “World” produces “Hello World”. Understanding string manipulation is essential for handling text-based outputs.
字符串拼接使用’+’运算符或特定函数将两个或多个字符串连接在一起。例如，“Hello” + ” ” + “World” 产生 “Hello World”。理解字符串操作对于处理基于文本的输出至关重要。
6. Sequence, Selection and Iteration | 顺序、选择与迭代
Sequence is the simplest control structure: instructions are executed one after the other in the order they are written. Every program relies on sequencing as its foundational flow. Without sequence, instructions could be skipped or run out of order.
顺序是最简单的控制结构：指令按照编写顺序一个接一个地执行。每个程序都以顺序作为其基本流程。没有顺序，指令可能会被跳过或不按顺序运行。
Selection allows a program to make decisions and execute different branches of code based on conditions. The IF statement is the most common form. An IF-ELSE structure provides two alternatives, while ELSE-IF chains handle multiple possibilities. Comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=) create the conditions.
选择允许程序根据条件做出决策并执行不同的代码分支。IF语句是最常见的形式。IF-ELSE结构提供两种选择，而ELSE-IF链处理多种可能性。比较运算符（==, !=, <, >, <=, >=）创建这些条件。
Iteration (looping) repeats a block of code multiple times. A FOR loop is used when the number of repetitions is known, such as counting from 1 to 10. A WHILE loop continues as long as a condition remains true, and is ideal when the exact number of repetitions is unknown beforehand.
迭代（循环）多次重复一个代码块。当重复次数已知时使用FOR循环，例如从1计数到10。WHILE循环只要条件为真就持续进行，适用于事先不知道确切重复次数的情况。
Combining logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) enables more complex conditions. For instance, IF age >= 12 AND age <= 16 checks if someone is a teenager. Nested loops and selection structures can solve sophisticated problems but must be carefully designed to avoid infinite loops.
结合逻辑运算符（AND, OR, NOT）可以实现更复杂的条件。例如，IF age >= 12 AND age <= 16 检查某人是否是青少年。嵌套循环和选择结构能解决复杂问题，但必须仔细设计以避免无限循环。
7. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A computer network is formed when two or more devices are connected to share resources, such as files, printers, or internet access. Networks can be classified by their geographical size: a LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area like a school or office, while a WAN (Wide Area Network) spans cities or countries.
计算机网络是在两个或多个设备连接在一起共享资源（如文件、打印机
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导