📚 Year 7 WJEC Psychology: Complete Curriculum Breakdown | Year 7 WJEC 心理学：课程大纲全面解析
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. In Year 7, the WJEC curriculum introduces you to the basic building blocks of this fascinating subject. You will explore how we think, feel, remember and interact with others, while also learning the research skills needed to investigate human behaviour. This article breaks down the entire Year 7 WJEC Psychology syllabus topic by topic, giving you a clear roadmap for your first year of study.
心理学是对心理与行为的科学研究。在 Year 7，WJEC 课程大纲将带你进入这一迷人学科的基础模块。你将探索我们如何思考、感受、记忆以及与他人互动，同时学习研究人类行为所需的研究技能。本文按主题逐一分解 Year 7 WJEC 心理学的全部大纲，为你第一年的学习提供清晰路线图。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. The word comes from the Greek ‘psyche’ (mind or soul) and ‘logos’ (study of). In this opening topic, you will learn that psychology is not just about reading minds or lying on a couch; it is a broad discipline that uses evidence to understand why we act, think and feel the way we do. You will discover the main branches of psychology, such as cognitive, social, developmental and biological psychology, and understand how psychologists differ from psychiatrists.
心理学通常被定义为对心理与行为的科学研究。这个词源于希腊语”psyche”（心灵或灵魂）和”logos”（研究）。在这个开篇主题中，你将认识到心理学不仅仅是读心术或躺在沙发上聊天；它是一门广泛的学科，利用证据来理解我们为何会有这样那样的行为、思维和情感。你将了解心理学的主要分支，比如认知心理学、社会心理学、发展心理学和生物心理学，并理解心理学家与精神病学家之间的区别。
- Psychology uses the scientific method, just like biology or chemistry. | 心理学使用科学方法，跟生物学或化学一样。
- Key areas: cognitive (thinking), social (groups), developmental (growth), biological (brain). | 主要领域：认知（思维）、社会（群体）、发展（成长）、生物（大脑）。
- Psychologists aim to describe, explain, predict and sometimes change behaviour. | 心理学家的目标是描述、解释、预测甚至改变行为。
2. The Scientific Method in Psychology | 心理学中的科学方法
Psychology is a science because psychologists follow a systematic process when conducting research. In Year 7, you are introduced to the basic steps: asking a question, forming a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting data, analysing results and drawing conclusions. You will learn how to write a simple hypothesis that includes the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV). Understanding variables and how to control them is the foundation of all psychological research.
心理学是一门科学，因为心理学家在研究时遵循系统性的流程。在 Year 7，你将初步接触研究的基本步骤：提出问题、形成假设、设计研究、收集数据、分析结果并得出结论。你将学习如何撰写一个简单的假设，包含自变量（IV）和因变量（DV）。理解变量及其控制方法，是所有心理学研究的基础。
Hypothesis: ‘If pupils receive praise, then their test scores will be higher.’ IV = amount of praise; DV = test scores.
假设：”如果学生受到表扬，那么他们的考试成绩会更高。” 自变量 = 表扬的多少；因变量 = 考试成绩。
- Hypotheses must be testable and clearly mention IV and DV. | 假设必须是可检验的，并明确指出自变量和因变量。
- Control of extraneous variables improves the reliability of findings. | 控制额外变量可以提高研究结果的信度。
3. Research Methods: Experiments, Observations and Interviews | 研究方法：实验、观察与访谈
You will learn about three main research methods that psychologists use. Lab experiments take place in a controlled setting where the researcher manipulates the IV and measures the DV. They allow us to infer cause and effect. Observations involve watching behaviour in a natural or structured setting without interference. Interviews can be structured (set questions) or unstructured (free-flowing), and they produce qualitative data. Each method has strengths and limitations that you need to evaluate.
你将学习心理学家使用的三种主要研究方法。实验室实验在控制环境中进行，研究者操纵自变量并测量因变量。它们能让我们推断因果关系。观察法是指在自然或结构化环境中不加干扰地观察行为。访谈可以是结构化的（固定问题）或非结构化的（自由流动），产生的是定性数据。每种方法都有自己的优势和局限，你需要对这些进行评估。
| Method 方法 | Key Feature 关键特征 | Data Type 数据类型 |
|---|---|---|
| Lab Experiment 实验室实验 | Controls variables; cause & effect 控制变量；因果关系 | Quantitative 定量 |
| Observation 观察 | Watching natural behaviour 观察自然行为 | Qualitative often 多为定性 |
| Interview 访谈 | Asking questions directly 直接提问 | Qualitative 定性 |
4. Ethical Issues in Research | 研究中的伦理问题
Psychologists must always treat participants with respect. In Year 7, you are introduced to the core ethical principles: informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm and debriefing. You will examine classic studies (such as Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment) and discuss how ethical guidelines were sometimes broken in the past, and how today’s research is regulated by the British Psychological Society (BPS) code of ethics.
心理学家必须始终尊重参与者。在 Year 7，你将了解到核心伦理原则：知情同意、随时退出的权利、保密、免受伤害以及事后解释。你将审视经典研究（如班杜拉的波波玩偶实验），讨论过去有时如何违反伦理准则，以及今天的研究如何受到英国心理学会（BPS）伦理规范的约束。
- Informed consent: participants must know what they are agreeing to. | 知情同意：参与者必须知道他们同意做什么。
- Protection from harm: psychological or physical distress must be avoided. | 免受伤害：必须避免心理或身体上的痛苦。
- Debriefing: telling participants the true purpose after the study. | 事后解释：研究结束后告知参与者真实目的。
5. Memory: How We Encode, Store and Retrieve Information | 记忆：我们如何编码、存储和提取信息
Memory is one of the most studied areas in psychology. You will learn about the multi-store model of memory, which has three components: sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information enters through our senses, gets encoded if we pay attention, and then moves to STM. Through rehearsal, it can be transferred to LTM. You will also learn about the capacity and duration of each store using classic experiments like Miller’s chunking and Peterson & Peterson’s trigram study.
记忆是心理学研究最多的领域之一。你将学习记忆的多重存储模型，它由三个部分组成：感觉登记器、短时记忆（STM）与长时记忆（LTM）。信息通过感官进入，如果我们注意，就会被编码并进入短时记忆。通过复述，它可以被转移到长时记忆中。你还将通过经典实验（如米勒的组块研究和彼得森父子的三字母组研究），了解每个存储库的容量和持续时间。
Capacity of STM: 7 ± 2 chunks. Duration of STM: about 18 seconds without rehearsal.
短时记忆容量：7±2 个组块。短时记忆持续时间：无复述时约 18 秒。
6. Forgetting and Eyewitness Testimony | 遗忘与目击证词
Why do we forget? Two key explanations are decay (memory trace fades over time) and interference (new information disrupts old memories). You will explore how proactive and retroactive interference affect recall. This leads to the real-world application of eyewitness testimony, where you learn how leading questions, anxiety and post-event information can distort memory. Loftus and Palmer’s car crash study is a classic experiment you must know.
我们为什么会遗忘？两个关键解释是消退（记忆痕迹随时间消退）和干扰（新信息干扰旧记忆）。你将探索前摄干扰和倒摄干扰如何影响回忆。由此引出目击证词在现实中的应用，你将学习引导性问题、焦虑和事后信息如何扭曲记忆。洛夫特斯和帕尔默的汽车碰撞研究是你必须掌握的经典实验。
- Leading questions: ‘How fast were the cars going when they smashed?’ vs ‘…hit?’ | 引导性问题：”汽车相撞时的速度有多快？”对比”……碰到时？”
- Post-event discussion can alter individual memories. | 事后讨论可能改变个体的记忆。
- Eyewitness testimony is not always reliable. | 目击证词并不总是可靠的。
7. Social Influence: Conformity, Obedience and Bystander Effect | 社会影响：从众、服从与旁观者效应
In this topic, you discover how other people affect our behaviour. Conformity is changing your behaviour or beliefs to fit in with a group, as shown in Asch’s line judgement study. Obedience is following orders from an authority figure, famously investigated by Milgram. You also discuss the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present, due to diffusion of responsibility. These studies raise important ethical questions.
在这个主题中，你将发现他人如何影响我们的行为。从众是指改变自己的行为或信念以融入群体，正如阿希的线条判断研究所展示的。服从是指听从权威人物的命令，米尔格拉姆著名的实验对此进行了研究。你还将讨论旁观者效应，即紧急情况下有他人在场时，个体出手相助的可能性会降低，这是因为责任扩散。这些研究提出了重要的伦理问题。
Asch found that 75% of participants conformed at least once. Milgram found 65% obeyed to 450V.
阿希发现 75% 的参与者至少从众了一次。米尔格拉姆发现 65% 的人服从到了 450 伏特。
8. Attachment: Early Bonds and Their Impact | 依恋：早期纽带及其影响
Attachment is a deep emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver. You will study Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation and his idea of the critical period. You will also learn about Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, which identified secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment types. The quality of early attachment is thought to influence later relationships, a concept known as the internal working model.
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间深刻的情感纽带。你将学习鲍尔比的母爱剥夺理论及其关键期的观点。你还将学习安斯沃思的陌生情境实验，它识别出了安全型、不安全回避型和不安全抗拒型依恋类型。早期依恋的质量被认为会影响后来的人际关系，这一概念被称为内部工作模型。
- Secure attachment: child explores when caregiver present, upset when absent, comforted on return. | 安全型依恋：照料者在场时孩子会探索，离开时会不安，回来时获得安慰。
- Insecure-avoidant: child ignores caregiver and shows little emotion. | 不安全回避型：孩子不理会照料者，表现出很少情绪。
- The critical period for attachment is around the first 2-3 years. | 依恋的关键期大约在前2-3年。
9. Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory | 认知发展：皮亚杰的理论
Jean Piaget explained how children’s thinking changes through stages. In Year 7, you focus on the stages and key concepts like schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and egocentrism. You will learn about object permanence, conservation tasks, and class inclusion. Piaget’s work shows that children are not just little adults; they think in qualitatively different ways at each stage.
让·皮亚杰解释了儿童的思维如何通过不同阶段变化。在 Year 7，你将重点学习各个阶段以及关键概念，如图式、同化、顺应和自我中心。你将了解客体永久性、守恒任务和类包含。皮亚杰的研究表明，儿童不仅仅是小大人；他们在每个阶段的思维在质上是不同的。
| Stage 阶段 | Age 年龄 | Key Feature 关键特征 |
|---|---|---|
| Sensorimotor 感知运动 | 0-2 years | Object permanence 客体永久性 |
| Preoperational 前运算 | 2-7 years | Egocentrism; lack of conservation 自我中心；缺乏守恒 |
| Concrete operational 具体运算 | 7-11 years | Logical thinking about concrete events 对具体事件的逻辑思维 |
| Formal operational 形式运算 | 11+ years | Abstract reasoning 抽象推理 |
10. The Brain and Behaviour: A Biological Introduction | 大脑与行为：生物学导论
Psychology has a strong biological foundation. You will be introduced to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and how neurons send messages through electrical and chemical signals. Key areas such as the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and limbic system are explained in simple terms. You will also learn about the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in mood and behaviour, linking biology to psychology.
心理学有强大的生物学基础。你将初步了解中枢神经系统（大脑与脊髓）以及神经元如何通过电信号和化学信号传递信息。额叶、颞叶和边缘系统等关键区域将以简单术语解释。你还将了解神经递质（如血清素和多巴胺）在情绪和行为中的作用，将生物学与心理学联系起来。
- Frontal lobe: decision-making, problem-solving, personality. | 额叶：决策、问题解决、人格。
- Temporal lobe: memory and auditory processing. | 颞叶：记忆与听觉处理。
- Synapse: tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters cross. | 突触：神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此通过。
11. Introduction to Mental Health and Wellbeing | 心理健康与幸福导论
As a gentle introduction to clinical psychology, Year 7 covers the concept of mental health as a continuum from good wellbeing to mental illness. You will learn that mental health issues are common and can affect anyone. The topic stresses the importance of reducing stigma and promoting positive coping strategies. You may explore simple case studies about stress, anxiety or low mood, and discuss how talking therapies and healthy habits can support recovery.
作为临床心理学的温和入门，Year 7 涵盖心理健康是一个从良好幸福状态到心理疾病的连续体这一概念。你将认识到心理健康问题是常见的，并且可能影响任何人。该主题强调减少污名化和提倡积极应对策略的重要性。你也许会探索关于压力、焦虑或情绪低落的简单案例，并讨论交谈疗法和健康习惯如何支持康复。
- The mental health continuum: from flourishing to struggling to clinical disorder. | 心理健康连续体：从繁荣到挣扎再到临床障碍。
- Stigma can stop people seeking help; we can help by talking openly. | 污名会阻止人们求助；通过公开谈论我们可以提供帮助。
- Protective factors: exercise, sleep, social support, hobbies. | 保护因素：锻炼、睡眠、社会支持、爱好。
12. Research Skills and Exam Preparation | 研究技能与考试准备
Throughout Year 7, you will develop practical research skills. You will learn how to design a simple questionnaire or experiment, collect data and present it using bar charts, tallies and summary tables. You must also be able to calculate the mean, median, mode and range. Exam questions often ask you to describe, apply and evaluate psychological knowledge. Knowing key terms and being able to link a study to a question is crucial for success.
整个 Year 7 中，你将发展实际研究技能。你将学习如何设计简单的问卷或实验，收集数据并用条形图、计数表和汇总表展示。你还必须会计算平均数、中位数、众数和极差。考试题目经常要求你描述、应用和评价心理学知识。掌握关键术语并能将研究与问题联系起来，对于取得成功至关重要。
- Mean: add all scores and divide by number of scores. | 平均数：所有分数相加再除以分数个数。
- Median: middle value when data are ordered. | 中位数：数据排序后的中间值。
- Ethics, method strengths/limitations and application to real life are common evaluation points. | 伦理、方法优缺点以及与现实生活的联系是常见的评价要点。
Tip: Use the PEEL structure (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) in longer answers.
技巧：在较长答案中使用 PEEL 结构（观点、证据、解释、联系）。
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