📚 Year 8 Edexcel Science Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 8年级Edexcel科学词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong scientific vocabulary is the first step towards mastering Key Stage 3 Science. When you understand the precise meaning of terms like ‘force’, ‘diffusion’ or ‘chloroplast’, you can describe experiments, explain observations and answer exam questions with confidence. This guide collects the essential terminology from the Year 8 Edexcel science course and pairs each term with a clear definition in both English and Chinese. Use it alongside active revision techniques to embed these words into your long-term memory.
建立扎实的科学词汇基础是掌握 KS3 科学课程的第一步。当你准确理解 ‘force’、’diffusion’ 或 ‘chloroplast’ 等术语的精确含义时，你就能自信地描述实验、解释观察结果并回答考试问题。本指南汇集了 Year 8 Edexcel 科学课程的核心术语，并为每个术语配上了中英文双语的清晰定义。请结合主动复习技巧使用，将这些词汇牢牢存入你的长期记忆。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or a pull that acts on an object, measured in newtons (N). Forces can change the shape, speed or direction of an object.
力： 作用在物体上的推或拉，单位为牛顿 (N)。力可以改变物体的形状、速度或运动方向。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact, causing energy to be transferred to the thermal store of the surroundings.
摩擦力： 两个接触表面之间阻碍相对运动的力，会导致能量转移到周围环境的热储存中。
Mass vs Weight: Mass is the amount of matter in an object (kg); weight is the gravitational force acting on that mass (N), calculated by W = m × g.
质量与重量： 质量是物体所含物质的多少 (kg)；重量是作用在该质量上的重力 (N)，由 W = m × g 计算得出。
Speed: A measure of how fast an object moves, calculated as distance divided by time (m/s). Average speed = total distance / total time.
速率： 衡量物体运动快慢的物理量，为距离除以时间 (m/s)。平均速率 = 总距离 / 总时间。
Distance-time graph: A visual representation showing how distance changes over time; the gradient (steepness) of the line indicates speed.
距离-时间图： 一种直观展示距离如何随时间变化的图表；图线的斜率（倾斜程度）代表了速率的大小。
2. Energy | 能量
Energy store: A way in which energy is kept by a system, e.g. kinetic store, gravitational potential store, thermal store, chemical store.
能量储存： 系统保存能量的一种方式，例如动能储存、引力势能储存、热储存、化学储存。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion; it increases with mass and the square of speed.
动能： 物体由于运动而具有的能量；它随质量和速率平方的增大而增大。
Gravitational potential energy: The energy stored in an object raised above the ground; depends on mass, gravitational field strength and height.
引力势能： 物体被举高后所储存的能量；取决于质量、引力场强度和高度。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another or dissipated (spread out) to the surroundings.
能量守恒： 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能从一个储存转移到另一个储存，或耗散（扩散）到周围环境中。
Power: The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done, measured in watts (W). Power = energy transferred / time.
功率： 能量转移或做功的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)。功率 = 转移的能量 / 时间。
3. Waves | 波
Wave: A disturbance that carries energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Waves can be transverse or longitudinal.
波： 一种在不传递物质的情况下将能量从一处传递到另一处的扰动。波可以是横波或纵波。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position; for sound, it relates to loudness.
振幅： 波上一个点偏离平衡位置的最大位移；对声音而言，它与响度相关。
Wavelength: The distance between two successive identical points on a wave, such as crest to crest; symbol λ, measured in metres.
波长： 波上两个相邻的相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰；符号为 λ，单位为米。
Frequency: The number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Frequency = 1 / period.
频率： 每秒通过某点的完整波的个数，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。频率 = 1 / 周期。
Reflection and Refraction: Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave at a boundary; refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in speed when entering a new medium.
反射与折射： 反射是波在边界处的反弹；折射是由于波进入新介质时速度改变而发生的方向变化。
4. Electricity and Magnetism | 电与磁
Current: The flow of electric charge around a circuit, measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, current is the same everywhere.
电流： 电路中电荷的流动，单位为安培 (A)。在一个单一闭合回路中，电流处处相等。
Voltage (potential difference): The push that drives charge around a circuit, measured in volts (V). It is the energy transferred per unit charge.
电压（电势差）： 推动电荷在电路中移动的「推力」，单位为伏特 (V)。它是单位电荷转移的能量。
Resistance: A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Resistance = voltage / current.
电阻： 衡量电流流动难度大小的物理量，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。电阻 = 电压 / 电流。
Series and parallel circuits: In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so current is the same; in a parallel circuit, there is more than one path, and voltage is the same across each branch.
串联与并联电路： 串联电路中元件首尾相连，电流处处相等；并联电路中有多个通路，各支路两端电压相等。
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet produced by passing an electric current through a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core; its strength increases with more turns or higher current.
电磁铁： 通过给绕在铁芯上的线圈通电而产生的暂时性磁体；增加线圈匝数或增大电流可增强其磁性。
5. States of Matter | 物质状态
Solid, liquid, gas: Solids have fixed shape and volume; liquids have fixed volume but take the shape of their container; gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed.
固体、液体和气体： 固体有固定的形状和体积；液体有固定体积但形状随容器而变；气体没有固定的形状和体积，可以被压缩。
Melting and boiling: Melting is the change from solid to liquid at the melting point; boiling occurs when a liquid changes to gas at the boiling point throughout the liquid.
熔化与沸腾： 熔化是固体在熔点时变成液体的过程；沸腾是液体在沸点时内部和表面同时迅速汽化的现象。
Condensation and sublimation: Condensation is the change from gas to liquid; sublimation is the direct change from solid to gas (or vice versa) without passing through the liquid state.
凝结与升华： 凝结是气体变成液体的过程；升华是物质不经过液态而直接从固态转变为气态（或反之）的过程。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by random particle motion.
扩散： 粒子在无规则运动驱动下，从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动的过程。
6. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素和化合物
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties, consisting of protons, neutrons and electrons.
原子： 元素保持其化学性质的最小粒子，由质子、中子和电子组成。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom, listed on the Periodic Table. For example, oxygen (O).
元素： 仅由一种原子组成的纯净物，列在元素周期表中。例如氧 (O)。
Compound: A substance formed when atoms of two or more different elements are chemically bonded together, such as water (H₂O).
化合物： 由两种或两种以上不同元素的原子通过化学键结合而成的物质，例如水 (H₂O)。
Mixture: Two or more substances that are mixed but not chemically combined; they can be separated by physical methods such as filtration.
混合物： 两种或多种物质混合但未发生化学结合，可通过过滤等物理方法加以分离。
Proton, neutron, electron: Proton: positive, in nucleus; Neutron: neutral, in nucleus; Electron: negative, orbits the nucleus in shells.
质子、中子、电子： 质子：带正电，位于原子核内；中子：不带电，位于原子核内；电子：带负电，在核外分层排布。
Atomic number and mass number: Atomic number = number of protons; Mass number = number of protons + neutrons. The Periodic Table arranges elements by atomic number.
原子序数与质量数： 原子序数 = 质子数；质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。元素周期表按照原子序数排列元素。
7. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Reactant and product: Reactants are starting substances in a chemical reaction; products are the new substances formed. For example, in combustion, methane and oxygen are reactants, carbon dioxide and water are products.
反应物与生成物： 反应物是化学反应中的起始物质；生成物是形成的新物质。例如在燃烧反应中，甲烷和氧气是反应物，二氧化碳和水是生成物。
Word equation: A way of summarising a reaction using the names of reactants and products, e.g. methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
文字方程： 用反应物和生成物的名称来总结化学反应的方法，例如：甲烷 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
Combustion: A rapid chemical reaction between a substance and oxygen that releases heat and light. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces CO₂ and H₂O.
燃烧： 物质与氧气发生的一种快速化学反应，并释放出热和光。碳氢化合物的完全燃烧生成 CO₂ 和 H₂O。
Exothermic and endothermic: Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings (temperature rises); endothermic reactions take in energy from the surroundings (temperature falls).
放热与吸热反应： 放热反应向周围环境传递能量（温度升高）；吸热反应从周围环境吸收能量（温度降低）。
Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or permanently changed itself. It lowers the activation energy.
催化剂： 能加快化学反应速率，而自身在反应前后质量和化学性质不变的物质。它降低了反应的活化能。
8. Cells and Organisation | 细胞与组织
Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Animal and plant cells share common structures but plant cells also have a cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts.
细胞： 所有生物体结构和功能的基本单位。动物细胞和植物细胞有共同的结构，但植物细胞还有细胞壁、液泡和叶绿体。
Nucleus and cytoplasm: The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities; cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur.
细胞核与细胞质： 细胞核包含遗传物质 (DNA) 并控制细胞活动；细胞质是胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。
Cell membrane and mitochondria: Cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell; mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy.
细胞膜与线粒体： 细胞膜控制物质进出细胞；线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。
Chloroplast: An organelle found in plant cells and algae that contains chlorophyll, capturing light energy for photosynthesis to make glucose.
叶绿体： 植物细胞和藻类中含有叶绿素的细胞器，能够捕获光能进行光合作用，制造葡萄糖。
Specialised cell, tissue, organ: Specialised cells have adaptations for specific functions, e.g. root hair cell. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together; an organ is made of different tissues working together.
特化细胞、组织、器官： 特化细胞具有适应特定功能的结构，如根毛细胞。组织是一群相似的细胞协同工作；器官由不同的组织协同构成。
9. Digestive System | 消化系统
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids: Carbohydrates (e.g. starch) are broken down into simple sugars; proteins into amino acids; lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.
碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质： 碳水化合物（如淀粉）分解为单糖；蛋白质分解为氨基酸；脂质（脂肪）分解为脂肪酸和甘油。
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up digestion without being changed. Enzymes are specific in shape to their substrate, working at an optimum temperature and pH.
酶： 一种生物催化剂，能加速消化过程而自身不发生改变。酶的形状与底物特异性匹配，在最适温度和最适 pH 下活性最强。
Amylase, protease, lipase: Amylase breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth and small intestine; protease breaks down proteins into amino acids; lipase digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶： 淀粉酶在口腔和小肠将淀粉分解为麦芽糖；蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸；脂肪酶将脂质消化成脂肪酸和甘油。
Absorption and villi: Absorption is the movement of digested food molecules from the small intestine into the blood. Villi are finger-like projections that increase surface area for efficient absorption.
吸收与绒毛： 吸收是消化后的小分子食物从小肠进入血液的过程。绒毛是指状突起，增加了吸收的表面积，使其更高效。
10. Breathing and Circulation | 呼吸与循环
Trachea and bronchi: The trachea (windpipe) carries air to the bronchi, which branch into each lung. They are supported by rings of cartilage.
气管与支气管： 气管将空气输送到支气管，支气管再分别进入两侧肺叶。它们由软骨环支撑。
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where gas exchange takes place. They have a large surface area, thin walls and a rich blood supply.
肺泡： 细支气管末端的微小气囊，是气体交换的场所。它们具有很大的表面积、薄壁和丰富的血液供应。
Gas exchange: The process by which oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out.
气体交换： 氧气从肺泡扩散进入血液，二氧化碳从血液扩散进入肺泡并被呼出的过程。
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood around the body. It has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle.
心脏： 一个将血液泵送至全身的肌肉器官。它有四个腔室：右心房、右心室、左心房和左心室。
Arteries, veins and capillaries: Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; veins return blood to the heart at lower pressure and contain valves; capillaries link arteries and veins, allowing exchange of substances.
动脉、静脉和毛细血管： 动脉将血液从心脏输出，血压较高；静脉将血液送回心脏，血压较低且含有瓣膜；毛细血管连接动脉和静脉，是物质交换的场所。
11. Ecosystems | 生态系统
Habitat, population, community: A habitat is the place where an organism lives; a population is all the organisms of one species in a habitat; a community is all the populations of different species living together.
栖息地、种群、群落： 栖息地是生物生活的地方；种群是生活在同一栖息地的同种生物全部个体；群落是生活在一起的所有不同物种的种群。
Ecosystem: The interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment, such as soil, water and climate.
生态系统： 生物群落（生物因素）与其环境中非生物部分（非生物因素，如土壤、水和气候）之间的相互作用。
Producer, consumer, decomposer: Producers (green plants) make their own food via photosynthesis; consumers eat other organisms; decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead material and recycle nutrients.
生产者、消费者、分解者： 生产者（绿色植物）通过光合作用制造食物；消费者捕食其他生物；分解者（细菌、真菌）分解死去的物质并循环利用养分。
Food chain and food web: A food chain shows a single path of energy transfer from producer to top predator. A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing feeding relationships more realistically.
食物链与食物网： 食物链展示从生产者到顶级捕食者的单条能量传递路径。食物网是由多条相互连接的食物链组成的网络，更真实地反映了捕食关系。
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
光合作用： 绿色植物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。文字方程：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。
12. Memory Techniques | 记忆技巧
Mnemonics: A memory aid that uses patterns, letters or associations to help recall information. For example, ‘MRS GREN’ reminds us of the seven life processes.
记忆口诀： 利用模式、字母或联想来帮助回忆信息的方法。例如，’MRS GREN’ 帮助我们记起生物的七大生命过程。
Flashcards: Cards with a term or question on one side and the definition or answer on the other; repeated self-testing with flashcards strengthens memory through retrieval practice.
闪卡： 一面写术语或问题，另一面写定义或答案的卡片；反复使用闪卡自我测试，通过提取练习来强化记忆。
Spaced repetition: A revision strategy where you review material at gradually increasing intervals, helping move information from short-term to long-term memory.
间隔重复： 一种循序渐进的复习策略，按照逐渐增大的时间间隔回顾学习材料，有助于将信息从短期记忆转入长期记忆。
Retrieval practice: Bringing information to mind from memory without looking at notes, e.g. by answering past paper questions or quizzing. It is one of the most effective studying methods.
提取练习： 不看笔记，主动从记忆中回想信息，例如做往年试题或自测。这是一种最高效的学习方法之一。
Ch
Published by TutorHao | Year 8 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导