📚 Year 9 WJEC Politics: Key Terminology Recall Guide | Year 9 WJEC 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential glossary for Year 9 WJEC Politics. Mastering these terms will help you discuss how the UK is governed, understand your rights and responsibilities, and prepare for GCSE Citizenship studies. Use this guide for quick recall and revision.
欢迎使用 Year 9 WJEC 政治课程必备词汇表。掌握这些术语将帮助你讨论英国的治理方式，理解自己的权利与责任，并为 GCSE 公民教育学习做好准备。这本速记指南可用于快速回顾与复习。
1. Government and the State | 政府与国家
State – a political entity with a defined territory, permanent population, government, and sovereignty. The United Kingdom is a state made up of four nations.
国家 – 一个拥有明确领土、常住人口、政府和主权的政治实体。联合王国是由四个民族组成的国家。
Government – the group of people who govern a country at a given time. In the UK, the government is formed by the party with the most MPs and includes the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
政府 – 一定时期内治理国家的一群人。在英国，政府由拥有最多议员席位的政党组建，包括首相和内阁。
Sovereignty – supreme power or ultimate authority. In the UK, Parliament is sovereign, meaning it can make, amend, or repeal any law; no other body can override it.
主权 – 最高权力或最终权威。在英国，议会是主权的，这意味着它可以制定、修改或废除任何法律；没有其他机构可以凌驾其上。
Nation – a large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, often inhabiting a particular territory. Wales, Scotland, and England are nations within the UK state.
民族 – 由共同的血统、历史、文化或语言联系在一起的一大群人，通常居住在一个特定领土上。威尔士、苏格兰和英格兰是联合王国内的民族。
Remember: The State is the permanent book, the Government is the temporary chapter, and Sovereignty is the pen that writes the rules.
记法贴士：国家是那本永久的书，政府是暂时的章节，而主权是书写规则的笔。
2. Democracy | 民主
Direct democracy – a form of democracy where citizens vote on every decision directly, without representatives. Ancient Athens used this model, and today the UK uses it for referendums.
直接民主 – 一种公民无需代表就可直接对每一项决定进行投票的民主形式。古代雅典采用这种模式，如今英国在公投中使用它。
Representative democracy – the system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy with regular elections for MPs.
代议制民主 – 公民选举代表替自己做决策的制度。英国是一个代议制民主国家，定期选举下议院议员。
Liberal democracy – a representative democracy that also protects individual rights, freedoms, and the rule of law. In the UK, this means free speech, fair trials, and limits on government power.
自由民主制 – 一种既保护个人权利、自由和法治的代议制民主。在英国，这意味着言论自由、公正审判以及对政府权力的制约。
Think of direct democracy as everyone in a classroom voting on every lunch menu item; representative democracy is choosing a class monitor to decide for the week.
把直接民主想象成教室里每个同学对午餐菜单的每一道菜投票；代议制民主则是选出一个班长来决定这一周的菜单。
3. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
General election – a UK-wide election where citizens vote to elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons. It usually happens every five years.
大选 – 全英国范围的选举，公民投票选出下议院议员。通常每五年举行一次。
Constituency – a geographical area represented by one MP. The UK is divided into 650 constituencies, each sending one MP to Westminster using the First Past the Post system.
选区 – 由一名议员代表的地理区域。英国划分为 650 个选区，每个选区使用简单多数制选出一名议员送往威斯敏斯特。
First Past the Post (FPTP) – an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even if they do not get a majority (over 50%). It tends to produce strong governments but can be unrepresentative.
简单多数制 – 一种选举制度，每个选区中获得最多票的候选人获胜，即使没有获得过半数选票。它往往产生强势政府，但可能代表性不足。
Referendum – a direct vote by the electorate on a single political question, such as the 2016 EU membership referendum. It bypasses the usual representative process.
公投 – 选民就某一政治问题进行的直接投票，例如 2016 年的欧盟成员身份公投。它绕开了常规的代议过程。
FPTP is like a race: the first runner to cross the line wins, regardless of how far behind the others finish.
简单多数制像一场赛跑：第一个冲过终点线的选手获胜，无论其他人落后多少。
4. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Political party – an organised group of people with similar political aims and opinions, seeking to gain power through elections. Major UK parties include the Conservative Party, Labour Party, and Liberal Democrats.
政党 – 一个有组织的团体，成员持有相似的政治目标和观点，试图通过选举获取权力。英国主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。
Manifesto – a public declaration of a party’s policies and promises, published before an election to inform voters. If the party wins, they are expected to implement it.
竞选宣言 – 一份公开的政党政策和承诺声明，在大选前发布以告知选民。若该党获胜，人们期望其落实宣言。
Left wing – a political position supporting greater equality, social welfare, state intervention in the economy, and progressive social policies. Labour is often described as centre-left.
左翼 – 一种支持更大平等、社会福利、国家干预经济和进步社会政策的政治立场。工党常被描述为中左翼。
Right wing – a political position emphasising individual freedom, free markets, lower taxes, traditional values, and limited state intervention. The Conservative Party is considered centre-right.
右翼 – 一种强调个人自由、自由市场、低税收、传统价值和有限国家干预的政治立场。保守党被视为中右翼。
| Left Wing / 左翼 | Right Wing / 右翼 |
|---|---|
| More government spending on public services / 增加公共服务政府开支 | Lower taxes, smaller government / 降低税收，小政府 |
| Strong welfare state / 强大的福利国家 | Personal responsibility and self-reliance / 个人责任与自力更生 |
| Regulation of businesses / 监管企业 | Free market, deregulation / 自由市场、放松监管 |
Memory aid: ‘Left likes leveling the ladder, Right rewards risk-taking.’
记忆辅助：’左翼喜欢拉平梯子，右翼奖励冒险精神。’
5. Parliament and Law-making | 议会与立法
Parliament – the supreme legislative body in the UK, consisting of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. It makes laws, scrutinises the government, and approves budgets.
议会 – 英国最高立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。它负责制定法律、监督政府和批准预算。
House of Commons – the elected lower house made up of 650 MPs. It is the more powerful chamber, where most legislation originates and where the Prime Minister must command confidence.
下议院 – 由 650 名议员组成的民选下院。它是更有权力的议院，是大多数立法的起点，首相必须获得其信任。
House of Lords – the appointed upper house, whose members (peers) are not elected. It revises legislation, provides expertise, and can delay but not permanently block bills.
上议院 – 任命产生的上院，其成员（贵族）不经选举产生。它修订立法、提供专家建议，可以延迟但不能永久阻止法案通过。
Bill – a proposal for a new law or a change to an existing one. It must pass through both Houses and receive Royal Assent to become an Act of Parliament.
法案 – 一项新法律或修改现有法律的提议。它必须经过两院通过并获得御准才能成为议会法令。
Act of Parliament – a bill that has completed all legislative stages and has been signed into law. For example, the Equality Act 2010 is an Act of Parliament.
议会法令 – 完成了所有立法阶段并已被签署成为法律的法案。例如，《2010 年平等法》就是一项议会法令。
Visualise a bill as a caterpillar crawling through the Commons and Lords; once it gets the Royal stamp, it becomes a butterfly (Act).
把法案想象成一条毛毛虫，爬过下议院和上议院；一旦获得皇家印章，它就变成蝴蝶（法令）。
6. Monarchy and Constitution | 君主制与宪法
Constitutional monarchy – a system in which the monarch is the Head of State but has limited powers, acting within a framework of laws and conventions. The UK’s King or Queen reigns but does not rule.
君主立宪制 – 一种君主是国家元首但权力有限的制度，君主在宪法和惯例框架内行事。英国的国王或女王统而不治。
Head of State – the person who officially represents a country at home and abroad. In the UK, this is the monarch; in contrast, the USA has an elected President as Head of State.
国家元首 – 在国内和国际上正式代表国家的人物。在英国，这是君主；相比之下，美国有一位民选总统作为国家元首。
Uncodified constitution – a constitution not written in a single document. The UK’s constitution is found in statutes, common law, conventions, and works of authority, making it flexible but sometimes unclear.
不成文宪法 – 未写在一部单一文件中的宪法。英国宪法存在于成文法、普通法、惯例和权威著作中，因而灵活但有时不够明确。
Royal Assent – the formal approval by the monarch that turns a bill passed by Parliament into an Act. It is nowadays a formality and has not been refused since 1708.
御准 – 君主对议会通过法案的正式批准，使法案成为法令。如今这已是形式，自 1708 年以来从未被拒绝。
Think of the constitution as a rulebook that is not bound in one volume but stored in many folders around the house.
把宪法想象成一本未装订成册的规则手册，而是散放在房子各个文件夹中。
7. Devolution in the UK | 英国权力下放
Devolution – the transfer of certain powers from the central UK Parliament to regional governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It allows these nations to manage areas like health and education locally.
权力下放 – 将某些权力从英国中央议会移交给苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰地区政府的过程。这使这些地区可以自行管理卫生和教育等领域。
Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament) – the devolved parliament for Wales, based in Cardiff. It has 60 Members of the Senedd (MSs) who make laws on devolved matters such as education, health, and transport.
Senedd Cymru (威尔士议会) – 威尔士的权力下放议会，位于加的夫。它有 60 名议会成员，就在教育、卫生和交通等下放事务制定法律。
Devolved powers – areas in which the Senedd can legislate, including health, education, local government, environment, and agriculture. These are listed in the Government of Wales Act.
下放权力 – 威尔士议会可以立法的领域，包括卫生、教育、地方政府、环境和农业。这些在《威尔士政府法》中列明。
Reserved powers – matters that remain under the control of the UK Parliament, such as defence, foreign affairs, immigration, and the constitution. Wales cannot pass laws on these topics.
保留权力 – 仍由英国议会控制的事务，如国防、外交、移民和宪法。威尔士不能就这些议题通过法律。
Use the acronym ‘D-R-E-A-M’ for Devolved: D for Devolution, R for Regional, E for Education/Health, A for Agriculture, M for made in Cardiff.
用缩写 ‘D-R-E-A-M’ 记忆下放：D=权力下放，R=地区的，E=教育/卫生，A=农业，M=在加的夫制定。
8. Judiciary and the Law | 司法与法律
Judiciary – the branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying the law. Judges in the UK are independent from Parliament and the government to ensure fair trials.
司法机关 – 负责解释和适用法律的政府部门。英国的法官独立于议会和政府，以确保审判公正。
Rule of law – the principle that everyone, including those in power, must obey the law. No one is above the law, and laws should be clear, applied equally, and protect rights.
法治 – 一项原则，即每个人，包括当权者，都必须遵守法律。没有人凌驾于法律之上，法律应明确、平等适用并保护权利。
Supreme Court – the highest court in the UK, established in 2009. It hears appeals on cases of major public importance and clarifies points of law; its judgments bind all lower courts.
最高法院 – 英国的最高法院，成立于 2009 年。它审理具有重大公共意义的案件的上诉并澄清法律要点；其判决对所有下级法院具有约束力。
Criminal law vs Civil law – Criminal law deals with offences against the state (e.g. theft, murder) and aims to punish. Civil law resolves disputes between individuals or organisations (e.g. contracts, defamation) and aims to compensate.
刑法与民法 – 刑法处理针对国家的犯罪（如盗窃、谋杀），目的在于惩罚。民法解决个人或组织之间的纠纷（如合同、诽谤），目的在于赔偿。
Remember: ‘Criminal has a crime that hurts society; Civil solves squabbles between citizens.’
记住：’刑事有损害社会的罪行；民事解决公民间的争吵。’
9. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Human rights – basic rights and freedoms to which all people are entitled, such as the right to life, freedom from torture, and the right to education. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law.
人权 – 所有人都应享有的基本权利和自由，如生命权、免于酷刑的自由和受教育权。在英国，《1998 年人权法》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入国内法。
Equality Act 2010 – a UK law that protects people from discrimination based on characteristics like age, disability, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation. It applies in workplaces, schools, and public services.
《2010 年平等法》 – 一部保护人们免受基于年龄、残疾、种族、宗教、性别和性取向等特征的歧视的英国法律。它适用于工作场所、学校和公共服务。
Freedom of speech – the right to express opinions without censorship or restraint by the government, subject to laws against hate speech and incitement. It is a cornerstone of democracy.
言论自由 – 不受政府审查或限制而表达意见的权利，但须遵守反仇恨言论和煽动的法律。它是民主的基石。
Jury service – a responsibility of citizens aged 18–75, who may be randomly selected to serve on a jury in criminal trials. Juries decide guilt based on evidence, ensuring community participation in justice.
陪审义务 – 18 至 75 岁公民的一项责任，他们可能被随机选中在刑事审判中担任陪审员。陪审团根据证据裁决是否有罪，确保社区参与司法。
Rights and responsibilities are two sides of the same coin: you enjoy freedom, but you must respect others’ rights.
权利与责任是同一枚硬币的两面：你享有自由，但必须尊重他人的权利。
10. Citizenship and Participation | 公民身份与参与
Citizen – a legally recognised member of a state, with rights such as voting and a passport, and responsibilities such as obeying the law and paying taxes. British citizens can vote in UK elections.
公民 – 国家在法律上承认的成员，享有投票权和护照等权利，负有遵守法律和纳税等责任。英国公民可以在英国选举中投票。
Pressure group – an organised group that tries to influence government policy without standing for election. Examples include Greenpeace (environment) and the British Medical Association (doctors).
压力团体 – 试图影响政府政策但不参选的有组织团体。例子包括绿色和平组织（环境）和英国医学会（医生）。
Trade union – an association of workers formed to protect their rights, improve working conditions, and negotiate pay. Unions like Unison and the RCN represent public sector and nursing staff.
工会 – 为保护工人权利、改善工作条件并谈判薪酬而成立的工人协会。如 Unison 和皇家护理学院工会代表公共部门和护理人员。
Volunteering – freely offering time and skills to help others or a cause without payment. It builds community spirit and can include charity work, mentoring, or helping in schools.
志愿服务 – 无偿奉献时间和技能帮助他人或某项事业。它培养社区精神，可以包括慈善工作、辅导或在学校帮忙。
Think of participation as a spectrum: voting is the minimum; joining a pressure group or volunteering deepens democracy.
把参与看作一谱系：投票是底线；加入压力团体或志愿服务深化了民主。
11. International Relations | 国际关系
United Nations (UN) – an international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation. Its agencies include UNICEF for children and the WHO for health. The UK is a permanent member of the UN Security Council.
联合国 (UN) – 成立于 1945 年、旨在促进和平、安全与合作的国际组织。其机构包括负责儿童的 UNICEF 和负责卫生的 WHO。英国是联合国安理会常任理事国。
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) – a military alliance of 32 countries, including the UK and USA, committed to collective defence: an attack on one member is considered an attack on all.
北约 (NATO) – 由包括英国和美国在内的 32 个国家组成的军事联盟，承诺集体防御：对一个成员国的攻击被视为对所有成员国的攻击。
European Union (EU) – a political and economic union of 27 European countries, with a single market for goods, services, and people. The UK left the EU in 2020, but the two maintain close ties.
欧洲联盟 (EU) – 由 27 个欧洲国家组成的政治经济联盟，拥有商品、服务和人员的单一市场。英国于 2020 年脱离欧盟，但双方保持紧密联系。
Commonwealth – a voluntary association of 56 countries, mostly former British territories, promoting democracy, development, and trade. The British monarch is the Head of the Commonwealth.
英联邦 – 由 56 个国家（多为前英国领地）组成的自愿协会，旨在促进民主、发展和贸易。英国君主是英联邦元首。
Link the UN to peace, NATO to military shield, EU to economic club, and Commonwealth to family ties.
将联合国与和平联系，北约与军事盾牌联系，欧盟与经济俱乐部联系，英联邦与家族纽带联系。
12. Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论
Mass media – means of communication that reach large audiences, including television, newspapers, radio, and online platforms. The media inform citizens, set the public agenda, and hold politicians accountable.
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