📚 Year 10 CAIE Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 CAIE 心理学：核心知识点梳理
This article is designed for Year 10 CAIE Psychology students who need a clear and structured revision of the most important topics. We cover the fundamental concepts from the syllabus: the nature of psychology, research methods, memory, perception, sleep, dreaming, ethics and sampling. Each section presents key ideas in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learning and exam confidence.
本文专为 Year 10 CAIE 心理学学生设计，旨在帮助大家系统梳理核心知识点。内容涵盖课程大纲中的基础主题：心理学的本质、研究方法、记忆、感知、睡眠、梦境、伦理事宜及抽样方法。每个要点均提供中英双语解释，以便巩固理解和备考复习。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. It uses systematic methods to observe, measure and test ideas about how people think, feel and act. Unlike everyday intuition, psychology relies on empirical evidence gained through research.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它运用系统的方法来观察、测量和检验有关人的思维、情感和行为的观点。与日常直觉不同，心理学依赖于通过研究获得的实证证据。
The four main goals of psychology are: to describe behaviour, to explain why it occurs, to predict future behaviour, and to control or change behaviour for the better.
心理学的四大目标是：描述行为、解释为何发生、预测未来行为，以及为了更好地改善而控制或改变行为。
- Describe: record what people do in a particular situation. / 描述：记录人们在特定情境下的行为。
- Explain: offer reasons for behaviour, such as brain processes or past experiences. / 解释：为行为提供理由，例如大脑活动或过往经历。
- Predict: forecast future actions based on established patterns. / 预测：基于已知模式预见未来的行为。
- Control: apply psychological principles to help people improve their lives. / 控制：应用心理学原理帮助人们改善生活。
Psychological research must be objective, replicable and based on evidence. This distinguishes psychology from pseudosciences and common-sense beliefs.
心理学研究必须客观、可重复，并基于证据。这使得心理学区别于伪科学以及常识性看法。
2. Research Methods: The Experimental Method | 研究方法：实验法
The experimental method is the most powerful tool for establishing cause-and-effect relationships. In a true experiment, the researcher manipulates one variable and observes its effect on another, while keeping all other conditions constant.
实验法是建立因果关系的最有力工具。在真正的实验中，研究者操纵一个变量并观察它对另一个变量的影响，同时保持所有其他条件不变。
The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates. The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome that is measured. All other variables that could influence the DV are called extraneous variables and must be controlled (becoming control variables, CV).
自变量 (IV) 是实验者有意改变或操纵的因素。因变量 (DV) 是被测量的结果。所有其他可能影响因变量的变量都称为额外变量，必须加以控制（成为控制变量, CV）。
An operational definition is essential: it states exactly how the IV and DV will be manipulated or measured, making replication possible.
操作定义至关重要：它准确说明自变量和因变量将被如何操纵或测量，从而使重复实验成为可能。
| Component / 要素 | Example: Caffeine and Memory / 例子：咖啡因与记忆 |
|---|---|
| IV / 自变量 | Amount of caffeine (0 mg vs 200 mg) / 咖啡因剂量（0 mg 对比 200 mg） |
| DV / 因变量 | Number of words correctly recalled from a list / 从词表中正确回忆的单词数 |
| Controls / 控制变量 | Age of participants, time of day, difficulty of word list / 被试年龄、实验时段、词表难度 |
By carefully controlling the conditions, a well-designed experiment can show that changes in the IV cause changes in the DV.
通过仔细控制条件，一个设计良好的实验可以表明自变量的变化会引起因变量的变化。
3. Types of Experimental Design | 实验设计类型
Choosing the right experimental design is crucial to control participant variables and avoid bias. The three main designs are independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs.
选择合适的实验设计对于控制被试变量和避免偏差至关重要。三种主要设计是独立组设计、重复测量设计和匹配配对设计。
| Design / 设计 | Description / 描述 | Advantage / 优点 | Disadvantage / 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Independent groups / 独立组 | Different participants are used in each condition. / 每种条件下使用不同的被试。 | No order effects; less chance of demand characteristics. / 无顺序效应；要求特征的可能性较低。 | Participant variables may differ between groups; requires more participants. / 组间被试变量可能不同；需要更多被试。 |
| Repeated measures / 重复测量 | The same participants take part in all conditions. / 同一批被试参与所有条件。 | Participant variables are perfectly controlled; fewer participants needed. / 被试变量得到完美控制；所需被试较少。 | Order effects (practice, fatigue); risk of participants guessing the aim. / 顺序效应（练习、疲劳）；被试可能猜到实验目的。 |
| Matched pairs / 匹配配对 | Participants are paired on relevant variables; one from each pair does each condition. / 根据相关变量将被试配对；每对中的一人进入一个条件。 | Controls participant variables without order effects. / 控制被试变量且无顺序效应。 | Time-consuming; perfect matching is impossible. / 耗时；难以做到完美匹配。 |
To overcome order effects in repeated measures, researchers use counterbalancing, in which half the participants do condition A first and half do condition B first.
为了克服重复测量中的顺序效应，研究者采用平衡法，即一半被试先做条件A，另一半先做条件B。
4. Memory: The Multi-Store Model | 记忆：多存储模型
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed the multi-store model, which describes memory as three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows in a fixed sequence and each store has its own coding, capacity and duration.
Atkinson 和 Shiffrin (1968) 提出了多存储模型，将记忆描述为三个独立的存储库：感觉记录器、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息按固定顺序流动，每个存储库都具有各自的编码、容量和持续时间。
Sensory input → Sensory Register → Attention → Short-Term Memory → Rehearsal → Long-Term Memory
The sensory register holds a brief copy of incoming stimuli. Its capacity is very large, but information decays within milliseconds to 1-2 seconds unless attention is paid.
感觉记录器短暂保存传入刺激的副本。其容量很大，但若不加以注意，信息会在毫秒到1-2秒内消退。
Short-term memory can hold approximately 7±2 chunks of information for about 15-30 seconds. Coding is mainly acoustic (by sound). Maintenance rehearsal keeps information active in STM and helps transfer it to LTM.
短时记忆可容纳约7±2个组块，保持时间约15-30秒。编码主要为声学编码（通过声音）。维持性复述可使信息在短时记忆中保持活跃并帮助其转入长时记忆。
Long-term memory has unlimited capacity and can store information for a lifetime. Coding is predominantly semantic (by meaning). Once stored in LTM, information can be retrieved back into STM for use.
长时记忆的容量无限，可终生保存信息。编码主要为语义编码（通过意义）。一旦储存在长时记忆中，信息可被提取回短时记忆中使用。
Evidence for the model includes the primacy and recency effects observed in serial position studies, as well as cases of amnesia where STM and LTM are affected differently.
支持该模型的证据包括系列位置研究中观察到的首因效应和近因效应，以及短时记忆和长时记忆受损程度不同的健忘症病例。
5. Forgetting: Interference and Retrieval Failure | 遗忘：干扰与提取失败
Forgetting can be explained by several theories, but for Year 10 the focus is on interference and retrieval failure. Interference theory suggests that information in memory is disrupted by other information, either learned before or learned after.
遗忘可以用多种理论解释，但在 Year 10 阶段我们重点学习干扰理论和提取失败。干扰理论认为，记忆中的信息会受到其他信息的干扰，无论是之前学习的还是之后学习的。
Proactive interference occurs when older learning interferes with the recall of new material. For example, you struggle to remember your new phone number because the old one comes to mind more easily.
前摄干扰指旧的学习内容干扰对新材料的回忆。例如，你很难记住新电话号码，因为旧号码更容易浮现在脑海。
Retroactive interference occurs when newer learning disrupts the recall of previously learned information. For example, after learning a third language, you may find it harder to recall vocabulary from the second language you studied.
倒摄干扰指新的学习内容干扰了对先前所学信息的回忆。例如，学了第三语言后，你可能发现回忆第二语言的词汇变得更加困难。
Retrieval failure occurs when information is available in LTM but cannot be accessed because of a lack of appropriate cues. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a classic example – you know the word but cannot retrieve it at that moment. Context-dependent forgetting occurs when the environment during recall differs from the environment during learning.
提取失败指信息虽然可用但并不存在于长时记忆中，但由于缺乏适当的提取线索而无法提取。舌尖现象是一个典型例子：你知道那个词，但一时提取不出来。情境依赖遗忘发生在回忆时的环境与学习时的环境不一致时。
A helpful way to reduce retrieval failure is to recreate the original learning context during revision, such as sitting in the same room or using the same type of pen.
减少提取失败的一个有效方法是，在复习时重现最初的学习情境，例如坐在同一间教室或使用同一种笔。
6. Perception: Depth Cues and Visual Constancies | 感知：深度线索与视觉常性
Perception is the process by which the brain interprets and organises sensory information to give it meaning. One remarkable aspect of perception is the ability to see depth and maintain stable perceptions despite changing sensory input.
感知是大脑解读和组织感觉信息并赋予其意义的过程。感知的一个显著特点是，尽管感觉输入不断变化，但我们仍能看到深度并保持稳定的知觉。
Depth cues are divided into monocular cues (requiring only one eye) and binocular cues (requiring both eyes). Monocular cues include linear perspective (parallel lines appear to converge in the distance), relative size (smaller objects appear farther away) and texture gradient (details become less distinct with distance).
深度线索分为单眼线索（只需一只眼睛）和双眼线索（需要两只眼睛）。单眼线索包括线性透视（平行线在远处似乎会聚）、相对大小（较小的物体显得更远）以及纹理梯度（随距离增加细节变得不清晰）。
Binocular depth cues rely on the combined input from both eyes. Retinal disparity refers to the slight difference between the images on the left and right retinas; the brain uses this difference to calculate depth. Convergence is the inward turning of the eyes that occurs when looking at a close object, and the brain monitors the muscle tension to gauge distance.
双眼深度线索依赖于双眼的协调输入。视网膜像差指左右视网膜上图像的微小差异；大脑利用这一差异计算深度。辐合是指注视近处物体时双眼向内转动，大脑检测眼肌的紧张程度以判断距离。
Visual constancies allow us to perceive objects as unchanging even when the retinal image changes. Size constancy means we perceive an object as having the same size even when it is distant and the retinal image is smaller. Shape constancy enables us to see a door as a rectangle even when it is opened and produces a trapezoidal retinal image. Colour constancy produces stable colour perception under varying lighting.
视觉常性让我们即使在视网膜像发生变化时也能感知物体不变。大小恒常性指即使物体较远、视网膜像较小时，我们仍能感知其为同样大小。形状恒常性使我们即使在门打开并形成梯形视网膜像时，仍感知其为矩形。颜色恒常性使我们在不同光线下仍能稳定地感知颜色。
7. Sleep: Stages and Functions | 睡眠：阶段与功能
Sleep has a characteristic architecture that repeats in cycles of about 90 minutes throughout the night. It is divided into non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
睡眠具有特定的结构，整夜以约90分钟的周期重复。它分为非快速眼动 (NREM) 睡眠和快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠。
| Stage / 阶段 | Features / 特点 |
|---|---|
| NREM 1 / 第一阶段 | Light sleep; easily woken; alpha waves transition to theta waves; hypnic jerks may occur. / 浅睡；易醒；α波转为θ波；可能出现入睡抽动。 |
| NREM 2 / 第二阶段 | Deeper sleep; sleep spindles and K-complexes appear; heart rate slows; body temperature drops. / 较深睡眠；出现睡眠纺锤波和K-复合波；心率减慢；体温下降。 |
| NREM 3 / 第三阶段 (Slow-wave sleep / 慢波睡眠) | Deepest sleep; delta waves dominate; very difficult to wake; growth hormone released; tissue repair occurs. / 最深睡眠；δ波为主；极难唤醒；生长激素释放；组织修复。 |
| REM / 快速眼动睡眠 | Eyes move rapidly; brain activity resembles wakefulness; vivid dreaming occurs; voluntary muscles are paralysed (atonia). / 眼睛快速移动；脑活动类似清醒状态；生动的梦境出现；随意肌麻痹（肌肉弛缓）。 |
Two main theories attempt to explain why we sleep. The restoration theory argues that sleep is essential for physical repair, immune function and brain restoration. The evolutionary or protection theory suggests sleep evolved to keep our ancestors safe during the dangerous night hours and to conserve energy.
两个主要理论试图解释我们为何需要睡眠。恢复理论认为，睡眠对于身体修复、免疫功能和大脑恢复至关重要。进化或保护理论则认为，睡眠进化而来是为了在危险的夜间保护祖先安全并保存能量。
During a typical night, early cycles contain more NREM 3 sleep, whereas later cycles contain longer periods of REM sleep. This architecture supports both physiological restoration and cognitive functioning.
在典型的一夜睡眠中，早期周期包含更多的NREM 3期睡眠，而后期周期的REM睡眠时间更长。这种结构同时支持了生理恢复和认知功能。
8. Dreaming Theories: Freud vs. Activation-Synthesis | 梦的理论：弗洛伊德与激活-合成
Why do we dream? Two contrasting explanations are required for CAIE Year 10: Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Hobson and McCarley’s activation-synthesis hypothesis.
我们为什么会做梦？CAIE Year 10 课程要求学习两种对比鲜明的解释：弗洛伊德的精神分析理论和 Hobson 与 McCarley 的激活-合成假说。
According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are the ‘royal road to the unconscious’. He distinguished between the manifest content (the storyline of the dream as recalled) and the latent content (the hidden, unconscious wishes and desires). Freud believed that the latent content is disguised through symbolism to protect the conscious mind from anxiety-provoking material. Dreamwork transforms the latent content into the manifest content through processes such as condensation, displacement and secondary elaboration.
根据弗洛伊德的观点，梦是’通往无意识的皇家大道’。他区分了显梦内容（回忆起的梦境故事）和隐梦内容（隐藏的、无意识的愿望和欲望）。弗洛伊德认为，隐梦内容通过象征手法加以伪装，以保护意识心灵不受引起焦虑的材料影响。梦的工作通过凝缩、移置和二次加工等过程将隐梦内容转化为显梦内容。
In contrast, Hobson and McCarley (1977) put forward the activation-synthesis hypothesis. During REM sleep, random neural signals are generated in the brainstem (the activation part). The cerebral cortex then attempts to make sense of these random signals by weaving them into a coherent story (the synthesis part). In this view, dreams do not carry hidden meanings; they are simply the brain’s interpretation of random neural activity.
相比之下，Hobson 和 McCarley (1977) 提出了激活-合成假说。在REM睡眠期间，脑干产生随机的神经信号（激活部分）。然后大脑皮层试图将这些随机信号整合成一个连贯的故事（合成部分）。按照这种观点，梦并不带有隐藏的意义；它们只是大脑对随机神经活动的解读。
| Freud / 弗洛伊德 | Activation-Synthesis / 激活-合成 |
|---|---|
| Dreams reveal unconscious wishes. / 梦揭示无意识的愿望。 | Dreams are the brain’s explanation of random signals. / 梦是大脑对随机信号的解释。 |
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