Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide for Year 12 CIE Business | CIE 商务词汇术语速记指南

📚 Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide for Year 12 CIE Business | CIE 商务词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key business terminology is essential for success in the Year 12 CIE Business syllabus. This guide provides concise definitions and clever memory hooks to help you quickly recall crucial concepts, from sectors of industry to financial ratios.

掌握关键商务术语对 Year 12 CIE 商务课程的成功至关重要。本指南提供简洁的定义和巧妙的记忆挂钩，帮助你快速回忆从行业分类到财务比率的关键概念。

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1. Types of Business Activity and Sectors | 商业活动类型与行业分类

The economy is divided into three main sectors: primary (extracting raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (providing services). Understanding these helps classify any business.

经济分为三个主要部门：第一产业（开采原材料）、第二产业（制造业）和第三产业（提供服务业）。理解这些有助于对任何企业进行分类。

Primary Sector: Businesses that extract or harvest natural resources, such as farming, fishing, mining, and forestry. Think ‘P’ for ‘picking’ or ‘primary extraction’ from the earth.

第一产业： 开采或收获自然资源的企业，如农业、渔业、采矿和林业。记忆技巧是“第一”对应“最初”从自然界获取。

Secondary Sector: These firms take raw materials and transform them into finished or semi-finished goods through manufacturing, construction, and processing. Think ‘S’ for ‘shaping’ or ‘secondary making’.

第二产业： 企业将原材料通过制造、建筑和加工转化为成品或半成品。记忆为第二产业是对材料进行“二次加工”。

Tertiary Sector: Organisations that provide services to consumers and other businesses, including retail, transport, banking, and education. ‘T’ for ‘trading’ or ‘tertiary serving’.

第三产业： 向消费者和其他企业提供服务的组织，包括零售、运输、银行和教育。第三产业是“服务”部门。

Private Sector vs Public Sector: Private sector businesses are owned and controlled by individuals or groups seeking profit. Public sector organisations are owned by the government and provide essential services, often free at the point of use.

私营部门与公共部门： 私营部门企业由个人或团体拥有和控制，以盈利为目的。公共部门组织由政府拥有，提供基本服务，通常在使用时免费。

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2. Enterprise and Entrepreneurship | 企业与企业家精神

An entrepreneur is an individual who takes the risk of starting and running a new business, spotting opportunities and innovating. Their reward is profit. The term ‘enterprise’ broadly refers to any business venture.

企业家是指承担创业和经营新业务风险的个人，他们发现机会并创新。他们的回报是利润。“企业”一词泛指任何商业冒险。

Entrepreneur: A person who organises the other factors of production (land, labour, capital) and bears uncertainty. Key traits: risk-taker, innovative, determined. Remember ‘ENTREPreneur’ = ‘ENTER’ the market with a new idea.

企业家： 组织其他生产要素（土地、劳动、资本）并承担不确定性的人。关键特质：敢于冒险、创新、坚定。记忆：“企业家”就是“企”图“业”绩的开拓者。

Added Value: The difference between the selling price of a product and the cost of bought-in materials and components. Added value = Selling price − Cost of materials. It is not profit, because other costs such as labour and rent must still be paid.

附加值： 产品的销售价格与所购材料和部件的成本之间的差额。附加值 = 销售价格 − 材料成本。它并不是利润，因为还必须支付劳动力和租金等其他成本。

Business Plan: A written document that describes a business, its objectives, strategies, the market it operates in, and financial forecasts. It is essential for securing finance.

商业计划书： 一份书面文件，描述企业、其目标、战略、所在市场以及财务预测。它是获得融资的关键。

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3. Business Structure and Growth | 企业结构与成长

Choosing the right legal structure affects liability, control, and access to finance. Common forms include sole trader, partnership, and limited companies.

选择正确的法律结构会影响责任、控制权和融资渠道。常见形式包括个体经营者、合伙企业和有限公司。

Sole Trader: A business owned and run by one person. The owner has unlimited liability and retains all profits. Memory: ‘Solo’ = alone, so one owner.

个体经营者： 由一个人拥有和经营的企业。所有者承担无限责任并保留所有利润。记忆：“个体”即单独一人。

Partnership: A business formed by two or more people sharing capital, risks, and profits. A deed of partnership outlines the terms. Unlimited liability typically applies, except in limited liability partnerships.

合伙企业： 由两个或更多人组成的企业，共享资本、风险和利润。合伙协议规定了条款。通常适用无限责任，除非是有限责任合伙企业。

Private Limited Company (Ltd): A company with limited liability, owned by shareholders who cannot publicly sell shares. The word ‘Private’ means shares are sold privately.

私人有限公司： 具有有限责任的公司，由股东拥有，股东不能公开出售股份。“私人”一词意味着股份私下出售。

Franchise: An agreement where a franchisor allows a franchisee to use its brand name, products, and systems in return for a fee and royalty payments. It allows rapid growth.

特许经营： 一种协议，特许人允许受许人使用其品牌名称、产品和系统，以换取费用和特许权使用费。它允许快速扩张。

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4. Marketing Essentials | 市场营销核心

Marketing is about identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably. Segmentation and the marketing mix are central to this process.

市场营销是关于以盈利的方式识别和满足客户需求。市场细分和营销组合是这个过程的核心。

Market Segmentation: Dividing the market into distinct groups of consumers with similar characteristics (age, income, lifestyle). This helps businesses target their products effectively.

市场细分： 将市场划分为具有相似特征（年龄、收入、生活方式）的不同消费者群体。这有助于企业有效地定位其产品。

Marketing Mix (4Ps): Product, Price, Place, Promotion – the four key elements that a business can control to influence consumers. For services, it expands to 7Ps adding People, Process, Physical evidence.

营销组合（4P）： 产品、价格、渠道、促销——企业可以控制的四个关键元素，用来影响消费者。对于服务业，扩展为7P，增加人员、过程和有形展示。

Unique Selling Point (USP): The special feature or benefit that makes a product different from its competitors. A strong USP boosts brand loyalty.

独特卖点 (USP)： 使产品与其竞争对手区别开来的特殊功能或优势。强大的USP能提高品牌忠诚度。

Product Life Cycle: The stages a product goes through: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Each stage requires different marketing and pricing strategies.

产品生命周期： 产品经历的阶段：引入期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期。每个阶段需要不同的营销和定价策略。

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5. Operations Management | 运营管理

Operations management involves designing and controlling the production process to achieve efficiency and quality.

运营管理涉及设计并控制生产过程，以实现效率和质量。

Job Production: Producing a one-off, customised product for a specific customer. It is labour-intensive and flexible. Think of a tailor making a bespoke suit.

单件生产： 为特定客户生产一次性的、定制化的产品。它属于劳动密集型且灵活。想象一下裁缝制作定制西装。

Batch Production: Making a group of identical products together, passing through each stage as a batch (e.g. baking loaves of bread). Balances customisation and efficiency.

批量生产： 将一组相同的产品一起生产，以批次通过每个阶段（例如烘焙面包）。平衡了定制化和效率。

Flow Production: Continuous mass production of standardised products moving along an assembly line. High output, low unit cost, but very rigid. Also called mass production.

流水生产： 标准化产品沿装配线连续大量生产。产量高、单位成本低，但非常刚性。也称为大规模生产。

Lean Production & Just-In-Time (JIT): Lean production eliminates waste in all forms. JIT inventory system ensures materials arrive exactly when needed—no buffers. Saves storage cost but requires reliable suppliers.

精益生产与准时制 (JIT)： 精益生产消除一切形式的浪费。准时制库存系统确保材料在需要时到达——无缓冲库存。节省存储成本但需要可靠的供应商。

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6. Financial Management | 财务管理

Sound financial management is vital for business survival. Key tools include break-even analysis

Published by TutorHao | Year 12 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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